Telemark University College Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology and Cybernetics

So You Think You Can

MATLAB
HANS-PETTER HALVORSEN, 2010.09.08

Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

Faculty of Technology, Postboks 203, Kjlnes ring 56, N-3901 Porsgrunn, Norway. Tel: +47 35 57 50 00 Fax: +47 35 57 54 01

PREFACE
In this MATLAB Course you will learn basic MATLAB and how to use MATLAB in Control and Simulation applications. An introduction to Simulink and other Tools will also be given. MATLAB is a tool for technical computing, computation and visualization in an integrated environment. MATLAB is an abbreviation for MATrix LABoratory, so it is well suited for matrix manipulation and problem solving related to Linear Algebra, Modelling, Simulation and Control applications. This is a self-paced course based on this document and some short videos on the way. This document contains lots of examples and self-paced tasks that the users will go through and solve on their own. The user may go through the tasks in this document in their own pace and the instructor will be available for guidance throughout the course. The MATLAB Course consists of 3 parts (8 hours x 3): MATLAB Course Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics MATLAB Course Part II: Modelling, Simulation and Control MATLAB Course Part III: Advanced Topics, Simulink and other Tools

In Part I of the course (Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics) you will be familiar with the MATLAB environment and learn basic MATLAB programming. The course consists of lots of Tasks you should solve while reading this course manual and watching the videos referred to in the text.

Make sure to bring your headphones for the videos in this course. The course consists of several short videos that will give you an introduction to the different topics in the course. What is MATLAB? MATLAB is a tool for technical computing, computation and visualization in an integrated environment. MATLAB is an abbreviation for MATrix LABoratory, so it is well suited for matrix manipulation and problem solving related to Linear Algebra. MATLAB is developed by The MathWorks. MATLAB is a short-term for MATrix LABoratory. MATLAB is in use world-wide by researchers and universities. For more information, see www.mathworks.com For more information about MATLAB, etc., please visit http://home.hit.no/~hansha/

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface ..................................................................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................................... iii 1 2 Introduction....................................................................................................................................................1 The MATLAB Environment .............................................................................................................................2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 3 4 Command Window .................................................................................................................................2 Command History ...................................................................................................................................3 Workspace ..............................................................................................................................................4 Current Directory....................................................................................................................................5 Editor ......................................................................................................................................................7

Using the Help System in MATLAB .................................................................................................................9 MATLAB Basics .............................................................................................................................................11 4.1 4.2 Basic Operations ...................................................................................................................................11 Arrays; Vectors and Matrices ...............................................................................................................15 Colon Notation .............................................................................................................................16

4.2.1 4.3

Tips and Tricks ......................................................................................................................................17 Array Operations..........................................................................................................................18

4.3.1 5

Linear Algebra; Vectors and Matrices ..........................................................................................................21 5.1 5.2 Vectors..................................................................................................................................................21 Matrices ................................................................................................................................................22 Transpose.....................................................................................................................................22 Diagonal .......................................................................................................................................23 Triangular .....................................................................................................................................24 Matrix Multiplication ...................................................................................................................24 Matrix Addition ............................................................................................................................25 Determinant .................................................................................................................................25 Inverse Matrices...........................................................................................................................26

5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5 5.2.6 5.2.7 5.3

Eigenvalues ...........................................................................................................................................27 iii

iv 5.4 6

Table of Contents Solving Linear Equations .......................................................................................................................28

M files; Scripts and user-define functions ....................................................................................................31 6.1 6.2 Scripts ...................................................................................................................................................31 Functions ..............................................................................................................................................33

Plotting .........................................................................................................................................................36 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Plotting Multiple Data Sets in One Graph.............................................................................................38 Displaying Multiple Plots in One Figure Sub-Plots .............................................................................39 Custimizing ...........................................................................................................................................41 other Plots ............................................................................................................................................44

Flow Control .................................................................................................................................................45 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Flow Control .........................................................................................................................................45 If-else Statement ..................................................................................................................................45 Switch and Case Statement ..................................................................................................................47 For loop.................................................................................................................................................49 While loop.............................................................................................................................................50 Additional Tasks ....................................................................................................................................51

Mathematics.................................................................................................................................................53 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Basic Math Functions............................................................................................................................53 Statistics ................................................................................................................................................53 Trigonometric Functions.......................................................................................................................53 Complex Numbers ................................................................................................................................55 Polynomials...........................................................................................................................................58

10

Additional Tasks............................................................................................................................................60

Appendix A: MATLAB Functions.............................................................................................................................65

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

INTRODUCTION

This Lab Work has its own web page with additional resources, documents, web links, etc.

http://home.hit.no/~hansha/?lab=matlab
This course contains of 3 parts of 8 hours each, totally 8 hours x 3 = 24 hours. Part I (8 hours): Introduction to MATLAB consists of the following: The MATLAB Environment Using the Help System in MATLAB MATLAB Basics Linear Algebra; Vectors and Matrices M files; Scripts and User-defined functions Plotting Flow Control; For and While Loops, If and Case statements Mathematics Additional Tasks

THE MATLAB ENVIRONMENT

The MATLAB Environment consists of the following main parts: Command Window Command History Workspace Current Directory Editor

Below we see the MATLAB environment:

Task 1: Video

Before you start, you should watch the video Working in the Development Environment. The video is available from: http://home.hit.no/~hansha/?lab=matlab [End of Task]

2.1

COMMAND WINDOW

The Command window is the main window. Use the Command Window to enter variables and to run functions and M-files scripts (more about m-files later).

The MATLAB Environment

You type all your commands after the command Prompt >>, e.g., defining the following matrix:

The MATLAB syntax is as follows: >> A = [1 2;0 3] Or >> A = [1,2;0,3] If you, for an example, want to find the answer to

Type like this: >>a=4 >>b=3 >>a+b MATLAB then responds: ans = 7

2.2

COMMAND HISTORY

Statements you enter in the Command Window are logged in the Command History. From the Command History, you can view and search for previously run statements, as well as copy and execute selected statements. You can also create an M-file from selected statements.

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

The MATLAB Environment

2.3

WORKSPACE

The Workspace window list all your variables used as long you have MATLAB opened.

You could also use the following command >>who This command list all the commands used or
MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

5 >>whos This command lists all the command with the current values, dimensions, etc. The command clear, will clear all the variables. >>clear

The MATLAB Environment

Save your data: You may also save all your variables and data to a text file (.mat file), this is useful if you want to save your data and use it for later. Select the variables you want to save and right-click and select Save As:

MATLAB also have commands for this: save/load and diary.

2.4

CURRENT DIRECTORY

The Current Directory window lists all m files, etc. available in the current directory.

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

The MATLAB Environment

You should set your working folder as the Current Directory or set your working folder as part of the search path, if you dont MATLAB will not find your files. Search Path: You set your search path from FileSet Path. The Set Path dialog appears, see Figure below.

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

The MATLAB Environment

2.5

EDITOR

The Editor is used to create scripts and m-files. Click the New M file button in the Toolbar menu or File New M file.

Below we see the Editor window:

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

The MATLAB Environment

When you learn about m-files (scripts and functions) in a later chapter you will be using this editor.

Task 2: MATLAB Environment

Click around and make yourself familiar with the MATLAB Environment. [End of Task]

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

USING THE HELP SYSTEM IN MATLAB

The Help system in MATLAB is quite comprehensive, so make sure you are familiar with how the help system works. From the menu: Help MATLAB Help or use the Shortcut: F1

The following window appears:

You may also type Help in the Command window:

10

Using the Help System in MATLAB

MATLAB answers with links to lots of Help topics. You may also type more specific, e.g., Help elfun (Elementary Math Functions), and MATLAB will list all functions according to the specific category. If you type help <functionname> you will get specific help about this function.

You may also type doc <topic> to open the Help window on the specific topic of interest. Searching: We can use the help keyword when we want to get help for a specific function, but if we want to search for all functions, etc. with a specific keyword you may use the lookfor command. Example: lookfor sine

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

MATLAB BASICS

Task 3: Video

Before you start, you should watch the video Getting Started with MATLAB The video is available from: http://home.hit.no/~hansha/?lab=matlab [End of Task]

4.1

BASIC OPERATIONS

Variables: Variables are defined with the assignment operator, =. MATLAB is dynamically typed, meaning that variables can be assigned without declaring their type, and that their type can change. Values can come from constants, from computation involving values of other variables, or from the output of a function. Example: >> x = 17 x = 17 >> x = 'hat' x = hat >> x = [3*4, pi/2] x = 12.0000 1.5708 >> y = 3*sin(x) y = -1.6097 3.0000 [End of Example] Note! MATLAB is case sensitive! The variables x and X are not the same. Note! Unlike many other languages, where the semicolon is used to terminate commands, in MATLAB the semicolon serves to suppress the output of the line that it concludes. >> a=5 a = 5 >> a=6; >> As you see, when you type a semicolon (;) after the command, MATLAB will not respond. Built-in constants: MATLAB have several built-in constants. Some of them are explained here: 11

12 Name i, j pi inf NaN Description Used for complex numbers, e.g., z=2+4i , Infinity Not A Number. If you, e.g., divide by zero, you get NaN

MATLAB Basics

Naming a Variable Uniquely: To avoid choosing a name for a new variable that might conflict with a name already in use, check for any occurrences of the name using the which command: which Example: >> which -all pi built-in (C:\Matlab\R2007a\toolbox\matlab\elmat\pi) -all variablename

You may also use the iskeyword command. This command causes MATLAB to list all reserved names. >> iskeyword ans = 'break' 'case' 'catch' 'classdef' 'continue' 'else' 'elseif' 'end' 'for' 'function' 'global' 'if' 'otherwise' 'persistent' 'return' 'switch' 'try' 'while' You cannot assign these reserved names as your variable names. MATLAB allows you to reassign built-in function names as variable names, but that is not recommended! so be carefully when you select the name of your variables. Example:

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

13 >> sin=4 sin = 4 >> sin(3) ??? Index exceeds matrix dimensions. If you accidently do so, use the clear command to reset it back to normal. [End of Example]

MATLAB Basics

Task 4: Basic Operations

Type the following in the Command window: >>y=16; >>z=3; >>y+z Note! When you use a semicolon, no output will be displayed. Try the code above with and without semicolon. Note! Some functions display output even if you use semicolon, like disp, plot, etc. Other basic operations are: >>16-3 >>16/3 >>16*3 Try them. [End of Task] Built-in Functions: Here are some descriptions for the most used basic MATLAB functions. Function help help <function> who, whos clear size length format disp plot clc Description
MATLAB displays the help information available Display help about a specific function who lists in alphabetical order all variables in the currently active workspace. Clear variables and functions from memory. Size of arrays, matrices Length of a vector Set output format Display text or array This function is used to create a plot
>>help >>help plot

Example

>>who >>whos >>clear >>clear x >>x=[1 2 ; 3 4]; >>size(A) >>x=[1:1:10]; >>length(x) >>A=[1 2;3 4]; >>disp(A) >>x=[1:1:10]; >>plot(x) >>y=sin(x); >>plot(x,y) >>cls

Clear the Command window

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

14 rand max min mean std

Creates a random number, vector or matrix Find the largest number in a vector Find the smallest number in a vector Average or mean value Standard deviation
>>rand >>rand(2,1) >>x=[1:1:10] >>max(x) >>x=[1:1:10] >>min(x) >>x=[1:1:10] >>mean(x) >>x=[1:1:10] >>std(x)

MATLAB Basics

Task 5: Help
Before you start, you should use the Help system in MATLAB to read more about these functions. Type help <functionname> in the Command window. [End of Task]

Task 6: Statistics functions

Create a random vector with 100 random numbers between 0 and 100. Find the minimum value, the maximum value, the mean and the standard deviation. [End of Task]

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

15

MATLAB Basics

4.2

ARRAYS; VECTORS AND MATRICES

Task 7: Video

Before you start, you should watch the video Working with Arrays. The video is available from: http://home.hit.no/~hansha/?lab=matlab [End of Task]

Matrices and vectors (Linear Algebra) are the basic elements in MathScript and also the basic elements in control design theory. So it is important you know how to handle vectors and matrices in MATLAB. A general matrix A may be written like this:

In MATLAB we type vectors and matrices like this: >> A=[1 2; 3 4] A = 1 2 3 4 or: >> A=[1, 2; 3, 4] A = 1 2 3 4 To separate rows, we use a semicolon ; To separate columns, we use a comma , or a space . To get a specific part of a matrix, we can type like this: >> A(2,1) ans = 3 or: >> A(:,1) ans = 1 3 or:

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

16 >> A(2,:) ans = 3

MATLAB Basics

From 2 vectors x and y we can create a matrix like this: >> x=[1;2;3]; >> y=[4; 5; 6]; >> B=[x y] B = 1 4 2 5 3 6

4.2.1 COLON NOTATION

The colon notation is very useful for creating vectors:

Example: This example shows how to use the colon notation creating a vector and do some calculations.

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

17

MATLAB Basics

Task 8: Vectors and Matrices

Type the following vector in the Command window:

Type the following matrix in the Command window:

Type the following matrix in the Command window:

Use Use MATLAB to find the value in the second row and the third column of matrix C. Use MATLAB to find the second row of matrix C. Use MATLAB to find the third column of matrix C. [End of Task]

Deleting Rows and Columns: You can delete rows and columns from a matrix using just a pair of square brackets []. Example: Given

To delete the second column of a matrix A, use: >>A=[0 1; -2 -3]; >>A(:,2) = [] A = 0 -2 [End of Example]

4.3

TIPS AND TRICKS

Naming conversions:

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

18

MATLAB Basics

When creating variables and constants, make sure you create a name that is not already exists in MATLAB. Note also that MATLAB is case sensitive! The variables x and X are not the same. Use the which command to check if the name already exists: which all <your name> Example: >> which -all sin built-in (C:\Matlab\R2007a\toolbox\matlab\elfun\@double\sin) built-in (C:\Matlab\R2007a\toolbox\matlab\elfun\@single\sin) Large or small numbers: If you need to write large or small numbers, like >> 2e5 ans = 200000 >> 7.5e-8 ans = 7.5000e-008 Line Continuation: For large arrays, it may be difficult to fit one row on one command line. We may then split the row across several command lines by using the line continuation operator .... Example: >> x=[1 2 3 4 5 ... 6 7 8 9 10] x = 1 2 3 , you can use the e notation, e.g.:

% double method % single method

10

Multiple commands on same line: It is possible to type several commands on the same line. In some cases this is a good idea to save space. Example: >> x=1,y=2,z=3 x = 1 y = 2 z = 3

4.3.1 ARRAY OPERATIONS

We have the following basic matrix operations:
MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

19

MATLAB Basics

The basic matrix operations can be modified for element-by-element operations by preceding the operator with a period. The modified operations are known as array operations. Given

Then

The elements of A.*B are the products of the corresponding elements of A and B. We have the following array operators:

Example: >> A=[1;2;3] A = 1 2 3 >> B=[-6;7;10] B = -6 7 10 >> A*B ??? Error using ==> mtimes Inner matrix dimensions must agree. >> A.*B ans = -6 14 30
MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

20 [End of Example]

MATLAB Basics

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

LINEAR ALGEBRA; VECTORS AND MATRICES

Linear algebra is a branch of mathematics concerned with the study of matrices, vectors, vector spaces (also called linear spaces), linear maps (also called linear transformations), and systems of linear equations. MATLAB are well suited for Linear Algebra. This chapter assumes you have some basic understanding of Linear Algebra and matrices and vectors. Here are some useful functions for Linear Algebra in MATLAB: Function rank det inv eig ones eye diag Description
Find the rank of a matrix. Provides an estimate of the number of linearly independent rows or columns of a matrix A. Find the determinant of a square matrix Find the inverse of a square matrix Find the eigenvalues of a square matrix Creates an array or matrix with only ones Creates an identity matrix Find the diagonal elements in a matrix

Example
>>A=[1 2; 3 4] >>rank(A) >>A=[1 2; 3 4] >>det(A) >>A=[1 2; 3 4] >>inv(A) >>A=[1 2; 3 4] >>eig(A) >>ones(2) >>ones(2,1) >>eye(2) >>A=[1 2; 3 4] >>diag(A)

Type help matfun (Matrix functions - numerical linear algebra) in the Command Window for more information, or type help elmat (Elementary matrices and matrix manipulation). You may also type help <functionname> for help about a specific function.

Task 9: Help
Before you start, you should use the Help system in MATLAB to read more about these functions. Type help <functionname> in the Command window. [End of Task]

5.1

VECTORS
:

Given a vector

Example:

21

22 >> x=[1; 2; 3] x = 1 2 3 The Transpose of vector x:

Linear Algebra; Vectors and Matrices

>> x' ans = 1 2 3

The Length of vector x:

Orthogonality:

[End of Example]

5.2

MATRICES

Given a matrix A:

Example:

>> A=[0 1;-2 -3] A = 0 1 -2 -3 [End of Example]

5.2.1 TRANSPOSE
The Transpose of matrix A:

Example:
MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

23

Linear Algebra; Vectors and Matrices

>> A' ans = 0 1 -2 -3

[End of Example]

5.2.2 DIAGONAL
The Diagonal elements of matrix A is the vector

Example: >> diag(A) ans = 0 -3 [End of Example]

The Diagonal matrix is given by:

Given the Identity matrix I:

Example: >> eye(3) ans = 1 0 0

0 1 0

0 0 1

[End of Example]
MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

24

Linear Algebra; Vectors and Matrices

5.2.3 TRIANGULAR
Lower Triangular matrix L:

Upper Triangular matrix U:

5.2.4 MATRIX MULTIPLICATION

Given the matrices and , then

where

Example: >> A=[0 1;-2 -3] A = 0 1 -2 -3 >> B=[1 0;3 -2] B = 1 0 3 -2 >> A*B ans = 3 -2 -11 6 Check the answer by manually calculating using pen & paper. [End of Example]

Note!

Note!
MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

25

Linear Algebra; Vectors and Matrices

5.2.5 MATRIX ADDITION

Given the matrices and , then

Example: >> A=[0 1;-2 -3] >> B=[1 0;3 -2] >> A+B ans = 1 1 1 -5 Check the answer by manually calculating using pen & paper. [End of Example]

5.2.6 DETERMINANT
Given a matrix , then the Determinant is given:

Given a 2x2 matrix

Then

Example: A = 0 -2 1 -3
MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

26 >> det(A) ans = 2 Check the answer by manually calculating using pen & paper. [End of Example]

Linear Algebra; Vectors and Matrices

Notice that

and

Example: >> det(A*B) ans = -4 >> det(A)*det(B) ans = -4 >> det(A') ans = 2 >> det(A) ans = 2 [End of Example]

5.2.7 INVERSE MATRICES

The inverse of a quadratic matrix is defined by:

if

For a 2x2 matrix we have:

The inverse

is given by

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

27 Example: A = 0 1 -2 -3 >> inv(A) ans = -1.5000 -0.5000 1.0000 0 Check the answer by manually calculating using pen & paper. Notice that:

Linear Algebra; Vectors and Matrices

[End of Example]

5.3
Given

EIGENVALUES
, then the Eigenvalues is defined as:

Example: A = 0 1 -2 -3 >> eig(A) ans = -1 -2 Check the answer by manually calculating using pen & paper. [End of Example]

Task 10:

Matrix manipulation

Given the matrix A, B and C:

Solve the following basic matrix operations using MATLAB:

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

28 where eig = Eigenvalues, diag = Diagonal, det = Determinant Use MATLAB to prove the following: where is the unit matrix

Linear Algebra; Vectors and Matrices

[End of Task]

5.4

SOLVING LINEAR EQUATIONS

Task 11:

Linear Equations

Given the equations:

Set the equations on the following form:

Find A and b. Solve the equations, i.e., find , using MATLAB.

[End of Task]

When dealing with large matrices (finding inverse of A is time-consuming) or the inverse doesnt exist other methods are used to find the solution, such as: LU factorization Singular value Decomposition Etc.
MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

29

Linear Algebra; Vectors and Matrices

Task 12:

LU Factorization
is given by

LU factorization of

where L is a lower triangular matrix

U is an upper triangular matrix

Find L and U using A found from the equations in the previous task. Tip! Use the built-in lu function in MATLAB. We have then that:

Then we may solve

by first solving

with respect to Then solving

with respect to [End of Task]

using back substitution.

Task 13:

Singular value Decomposition

is given by

The Singular value Decomposition (SVD) of the matrix

where U is an orthogonal matrix

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

30 V is an orthogonal matrix S is a diagonal singular matrix

Linear Algebra; Vectors and Matrices

Find U, S and V using matrix A from the previous task. Tip! Use the built-in svd function in MATLAB. [End of Task]

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

M FILES; SCRIPTS AND USER-DEFINE FUNCTIONS

Scripts or m-files are text files containing MATLAB code. Use the MATLAB Editor or another text editor to create a file containing the same statements you would type at the MATLAB command line. Save the file under a name that ends with .m.

Task 14:

Video

Before you start, you should watch the video Writing a MATLAB Program. The video is available from: http://home.hit.no/~hansha/?lab=matlab [End of Task]

6.1

SCRIPTS

A Script is a collection of MATLAB commands and functions that is bundled together in a m-file. When you run the Script, all the commands are executed. Create a new m-file from the File New menu or the New button on the Toolbar.

The built-in Editor for creating and modifying m-files are shown below:

31

32

M files; Scripts and user-define functions

In the Editor you create a sequence of MATLAB commands that you save as a m-file (the file extension ends with .m). Push the Save and Run button when you want to run your program. Note! when you have saved the file, the button changes to Run. If the code contains errors or warning the MATLAB compiler will let you know by display some colors symbols to the right in the Editor, as shown on the Figure above. Running a m-file in the Command window (just type the name of the m-file and hit Enter to run the m-file):

You may open or edit a m-file using the open button in the toolbar or the FileOpen menu from MATLAB. An alternative is to type Edit <m-file> from the Command window.

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

33

M files; Scripts and user-define functions

Task 15:

Script

Create a Script (M-file) where you create a vector with random data and find the average and the standard deviation Run the Script from the Command window. [End of Task]

6.2

FUNCTIONS

MATLAB includes more than 1000 built-in functions that you can use, but sometimes you need to create your own functions. To define your own function in MATLAB, use the following syntax: function outputs = function_name(inputs) % documentation Or in more detail:

Note! It is recommended that you use lowercase in the function name Example: Here is a simple Example: function total = add(x,y) % this function add 2 numbers total = x+y; You may use the function like this:

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

34 %Example 1: add(2,3) %Example 2: a=4; b=6; add(a,b); %Example 3: answer = add(a,b) [End of Example]

M files; Scripts and user-define functions

You may create your own functions and save them as a m-file. Example: Create a function called linsolution which solve Below we see how the m-file for this function looks like:

You may define A and b in the Command window and the use the function on order to find x: >> A=[1 2;3 4]; >> b=[5;6]; >> x = linsolution(A,b) x = -4.0000 4.5000 After the function declaration (function [x] = linsolution(A,b)) in the m.file, you may write a description of the function. This is done with the Comment sign % before each line. From the Command window you can then type help <function name> in order to read this information: >> help linsolution Solves the problem Ax=b using x=inv(A)*b Created By Hans-Petter Halvorsen [End of Example]

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

35 Naming a Function Uniquely:

M files; Scripts and user-define functions

To avoid choosing a name for a new function that might conflict with a name already in use, check for any occurrences of the name using this command: which -all functionname

Task 16:

User-defined function

Create a function calc_average that finds the average of two numbers. Test the function afterwards as follows: >>x=2; >>y=4; >>z=calc_average(x,y) [End of Task]

Task 17:

User-defined function

Create a function circle that finds the area in a circle based on the input parameter r (radius). Run and test the function in the Command window. [End of Task]

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

PLOTTING

Plotting is a very important and powerful feature in MATLAB. In this chapter we will learn the basic plotting functionality in MATLAB.

Task 18:

Video

Before you start, you should watch the video Visualization Data. The video is available from: http://home.hit.no/~hansha/?lab=matlab [End of Task]

Plots functions: Here are some useful functions for creating plots: Function plot figure subplot Description
Generates a plot. plot(y) plots the columns of y against the indexes of the columns. Create a new figure window Create subplots in a Figure. subplot(m,n,p) or subplot(mnp), breaks the Figure window into an m-by-n matrix of small axes, selects the p-th axes for the current plot. The axes are counted along the top row of the Figure window, then the second row, etc. Creates grid lines in a plot. grid on adds major grid lines to the current plot. grid off removes major and minor grid lines from the current plot. Control axis scaling and appearance. axis([xmin xmax ymin ymax]) sets the limits for the x- and y-axis of the current axes. Add title to current plot title('string') Add xlabel to current plot xlabel('string') Add ylabel to current plot ylabel('string') Creates a legend in the corner (or at a specified position) of the plot Freezes the current plot, so that additional plots can be overlaid

Example
>X = [0:0.01:1]; >Y = X.*X; >plot(X, Y) >>figure >>figure(1) >>subplot(2,2,1)

grid

>>grid >>grid on >>grid off

axis title xlabel ylabel legend hold

>>axis([xmin xmax ymin ymax]) >>axis off >>axis on >>title('this is a title') >> xlabel('time') >> ylabel('temperature') >> legend('temperature') >>hold on >>hold off

Type help graphics in the Command Window for more information, or type help <functionname> for help about a specific function.

Task 19:

Help

Before you start, you should use the Help system in MATLAB to read more about these functions. Type help <functionname> in the Command window. [End of Task]

36

37 Example: Here we see some examples of how to use the different plot functions:

Plotting

[End of Example]

Task 20:

Video

Before you start using these functions, you should watch the video Using Basic Plotting Functions. The video is available from: http://home.hit.no/~hansha/?lab=matlab [End of Task]

Task 21:

Plotting

In the Command window in MATLAB window input the time from t=0 seconds to t=10 seconds in increments of 0.1 seconds as follows: >>t=[0:0.1:10]; Then, compute the output y as follows: >>y=cos(t);

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

38 Use the Plot command: >>plot(t,y) [End of Task]

Plotting

7.1

PLOTTING MULTIPLE DATA SETS IN ONE GRAPH

In MATLAB it is easy to plot multiple data set in one graph. Example: x = 0:pi/100:2*pi; y = sin(x); y2 = sin(x-.25); y3 = sin(x-.5); plot(x,y,x,y2,x,y3) This gives:

Another approach is to use the hold command: x=0:0.01:2*pi; plot(x, sin(x)) hold on plot(x, cos(x)) hold off This gives:

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

39

Plotting

[End of Example]

Task 22:

Plot of dynamic system

Given the autonomous system:

where

,where

is the time constant

The solution for the differential equation is:

Set

and the initial condition in the time interval

Create a Script in MATLAB (.m file) where you plot the solution Add Grid, and proper Title and Axis Labels to the plot. [End of Task]

7.2

DISPLAYING MULTIPLE PLOTS IN ONE FIGURE SUB-PLOTS

The subplot command enables you to display multiple plots in the same window or print them on the same piece of paper. Typing subplot(m,n,p) partitions the figure window into an m-by-n matrix of small subplots and selects the pth subplot for the current plot. The plots are numbered along the first row of the figure window, then the second row, and so on.

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

40

Plotting

The syntax is as follows: subplot(m,n,p)

Example: t = 0:pi/10:2*pi; [X,Y,Z] = cylinder(4*cos(t)); subplot(2,2,1); mesh(X) subplot(2,2,2); mesh(Y) subplot(2,2,3); mesh(Z) subplot(2,2,4); mesh(X,Y,Z) This gives:

[End of Example]

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

41

Plotting

Task 23:

Sub-plots

Plot Sin(x) and Cos(x) in 2 different subplots. Add Titles and Labels. [End of Task]

7.3

CUSTIMIZING

There is lots of customizing you can do with plots, e.g., you can add a title, x- and y-axis labels, add a legend and customize line colors and line-styles. The functions for doing this is; title, xlabel, ylabel, legend, etc. Example: x=0:0.1:2*pi; plot(x, sin(x)) %Customize the Plot: title('This is a Title') xlabel('This is a X label') ylabel('This is a y label') legend('sin(x)') grid on This gives the following plot:

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

42 [End of Example]

Plotting

For line colors and line-styles we have the following properties we can use for the plot function: Line Styles:

Marker specifiers:

Colors:

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

43

Plotting

Example: >> x=0:0.1:2*pi; >> plot(x, sin(x), 'r:o') This gives the following plot:

[End of Example]

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

44

Plotting

7.4

OTHER PLOTS

MATLAB offers lots of different plots.

Task 24:

Other Plots

Check out the help for the following 2D functions in MATLAB: loglog, semilogx, semilogy, plotyy, polar, fplot, fill, area, bar, barh, hist, pie, errorbar, scatter. Try some of them, e.g., bar, hist and pie. [End of Task]

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

8 8.1

FLOW CONTROL FLOW CONTROL

You may use different loops in MATLAB For loop While loop

If you want to control the flow in your program, you may want to use one of the following: If-else statement Switch and case statement

8.2

IF-ELSE STATEMENT

The if statement evaluates a logical expression and executes a group of statements when the expression is true. The optional elseif and else keywords provide for the execution of alternate groups of statements. An end keyword, which matches the if, terminates the last group of statements. The groups of statements are delineated by the four keywordsno braces or brackets are involved. The general syntax is as follows:

if expression1 statements1 elseif expression2 statements2 else statements3 end Example: n=5 if n > 2 M = eye(n) elseif n < 2 M = zeros(n) else M = ones(n) end or: n=5 if n == 5 M = eye(n) 45

46 else M = ones(n) end Note! You have to use if n == 5 not if n = 5 [End of Example]

Flow Control

Example: if A == B, ... Note! If A and B are scalars this works but If A and B are matrices this might not work as expected! Try it! Use instead: if isequal(A, B), ... Try it! [End of Example] Operators: You may use the following operators in MATLAB: Mathematical Operator Description Less Than Less Than or Equal To Greater Than Greater Than or Equal To Equal To Not Equal To MATLAB Operator < <= > >= == ~=

Logical Operators: You may use the following logical operators in MATLAB: Logical Operator AND OR MATLAB Operator & |

Task 25:

If-else Statements

Given the second order algebraic equation:

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

47 The solution (roots) is as follows:

Flow Control

where

- there is no solution,

- any complex number is a solution

Create a function that finds the solution for x based on different input values for a, b and c, e.g., function x = solveeq(a,b,c)

Use if-else statements to solve the problems Test the function from the Command window to make sure it works as expected, e.g., >> a=0, b=2,c=1 >> solveeq(a,b,c) [End of Task]

8.3

SWITCH AND CASE STATEMENT

The switch statement executes groups of statements based on the value of a variable or expression. The keywords case and otherwise delineate the groups. Only the first matching case is executed. There must always be an end to match the switch. The general syntax is as follows:

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

48

Flow Control

switch variable case case_value1 statements1 case case_value2 statements2 otherwise statements end Example: n=2 switch(n) case 1 M = eye(n) case 2 M = zeros(n) case 3 M = ones(n) end [End of Example]

Task 26:

Switch-Case Statements

Create a function that finds either the Area or the circumference of a circle using a Switch-Case statement You can, e.g., call the function like this: >> r=2; >> calccircl(r,1) % 1 means area >> calccircl(r,2) % 2 means circumference

[End of Task]

Task 27:

Switch-Case Statements

Given the second order algebraic equation:

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

49

Flow Control

The solution (roots) is as follows:

where

- there is no solution,

- any complex number is a solution

Create a function that finds the solution for x based on different input values for a, b and c, e.g., function x = solveeq2(a,b,c) Try to use a Switch-Case statements to solve the problem Test the function from the Command window to make sure it works as expected, e.g., >> a=0, b=2,c=1 >> solveeq2(a,b,c) [End of Task]

8.4

FOR LOOP

The For loop repeats a group of statements a fixed, predetermined number of times. A matching end delineates the statements. The general syntax is as follows:

for variable = initval:endval statement ... statement end

Example: m=5 for n = 1:m r(n) = rank(magic(n));

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

50 end r [End of Example]

Flow Control

Task 28:

Fibonacci Numbers

In mathematics, Fibonacci numbers are the numbers in the following sequence: 0, 1, 1, 2 ,3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, By definition, the first two Fibonacci numbers are 0 and 1, and each subsequent number is the sum of the previous two. Some sources omit the initial 0, instead beginning the sequence with two 1s. In mathematical terms, the sequence Fn of Fibonacci numbers is defined by the recurrence relation:

with seed values:

Write a function in MATLAB that calculates the N first Fibonacci numbers, e.g., >> N=10; >> fibonacci(N) ans = 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 Use a For loop to solve the problem. Fibonacci numbers are used in the analysis of financial markets, in strategies such as Fibonacci retracement, and are used in computer algorithms such as the Fibonacci search technique and the Fibonacci heap data structure. They also appear in biological settings, such as branching in trees, arrangement of leaves on a stem, the fruitlets of a pineapple, the flowering of artichoke, an uncurling fern and the arrangement of a pine cone. [End of Task]

8.5

WHILE LOOP

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

51

Flow Control

The while loop repeats a group of statements an indefinite number of times under control of a logical condition. A matching end delineates the statements. The general syntax is as follows:

while expression statements end

Example: m=5; while m > 1 m = m - 1; zeros(m) end [End of Example]

Task 29:

While Loop

Create a Script or Function that creates Fibonacci Numbers up to a given number, e.g., >> maxnumber=2000; >> fibonacci(maxnumber) Use a While Loop to solve the problem. [End of Task]

8.6

ADDITIONAL TASKS

Here are some additional tasks about Loops and Flow control.

Task 30:

For Loops

Extend your calc_average function from a previous task so it can calculate the average of a vector with random elements. Use a For loop to iterate through the values in the vector and find sum in each iteration: mysum = mysum + x(i); Test the function in the Command window [End of Task]

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

52

Flow Control

Task 31:

If-else Statement

Create a function where you use the if-else statement to find elements larger then a specific value in the task above. If this is the case, discard these values from the calculated average. Example discarding numbers larger than 10 gives: x = 4 6 12 >> calc_average3(x) ans = 5

[End of Task]

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

MATHEMATICS

MATLAB is a powerful tool for mathematical calculations. Type help elfun (elementary functions) in the Command window for more information about basic mathematical functions.

9.1

BASIC MATH FUNCTIONS

Some Basic Math functions in MATLAB: exp, sqrt, log, etc. Look up these functions in the Help system in MATLAB.

Task 32:

Basic Math function

Create a function that calculates the following mathematical expression:

[End of Task]

9.2

STATISTICS

Some Statistics functions in MATLAB: mean, max, min, std, etc. Look up these functions in the Help system in MATLAB.

Task 33:

Statistics

Create a vector with random numbers between 0 and 100. Find the following statistics: mean, median, standard deviation, minimum, maximum and the variance. [End of Task]

9.3

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

MATLAB offers lots of Trigonometric functions, e.g., sin, cos, tan, etc. Look up these functions in the Help system in MATLAB. Note! Most of the trigonometric functions require that the angle is expressed in radians. Example: >> sin(pi/4) ans = 0.7071

53

54 [End of Example]

Mathematics

Task 34:

Conversion

It is quite easy to convert from radians to degrees or from degrees to radians. We have that:

This gives:

Create two functions that convert from radians to degrees (r2d(x)) and from degrees to radians (d2r(x)) respectively. Test the functions to make sure that they work as expected. [End of Task]

Task 35:

Trigonometric functions on right triangle

Given right triangle:

Create a function that finds the angle A (in degrees) based on input arguments (a,c), (b,c) and (a,b) respectively. Use, e.g., a third input type to define the different types above. Use you previous function r2d() to make sure the output of your function is in degrees and not in radians. Test the functions to make sure it works properly. [End of Task]

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55

Mathematics

Task 36:
Given:

Law of cosines

Create a function where you find c using the law of cosines.

Test the functions to make sure it works properly. [End of Task]

Task 37:
Plot and

Plotting
for in the same plot.

Make sure to add labels and a legend, and use different line styles and colors for the plots. [End of Task]

9.4

COMPLEX NUMBERS

Complex numbers are important in modelling and control theory. A complex number is defined like this:

or

The imaginary unit

or

is defined as:

a is called the real part of z and b is called the imaginary part of z

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

56 Re(z)=a, Im(z)=b You may also imaginary numbers on exponential/polar form:

Mathematics

where:

Note that

and

Rectangular form of a complex number Example: Given the following complex number:

Exponential/polar form of a complex number

In MATLAB we may type: >> z=2+3i or: >> z=2+3j [End of Example]

The complex conjugate of z is defined as:

To add or subtract two complex numbers, we simply add (or subtract) their real parts and their imaginary parts. In Division and multiplication, we use the polar form.
MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

57 Given the complex numbers: and Multiplication:

Mathematics

Division:

MATLAB functions: Some Basic functions for complex numbers in MATLAB: abs, angle, imag, real, conj, complex, etc. Function i,j Description
Imaginary unit. As the basic imaginary unit SQRT(-1), i and j are used to enter complex numbers. For example, the expressions 3+2i, 3+2*i, 3+2j, 3+2*j and 3+2*sqrt(-1) all have the same value. abs(x) is the absolute value of the elements of x. When x is complex, abs(x) is the complex modulus (magnitude) of the elements of X. Phase angle. angle(z) returns the phase angles, in radians Complex imaginary part. imag(z) is the imaginary part of z. Complex real part. real(z) is the real part of z. Complex conjugate. conj(x) is the complex conjugate of x. Construct complex result from real and imaginary parts. c = complex(a,b) returns the complex result A + Bi
>>z=2+4i >>z=2+4j

Example

abs angle imag real conj complex

>>z=2+4i >>abs(z)

>>z=2+4i >>angle(z) >>z=2+4i >>b=imag(z) >>z=2+4i >>a=real(z) >>z=2+4i >>z_con=conj(z) >>a=2; >>b=3; >>z=complex(a,b)

Look up these functions in the Help system in MATLAB.

Task 38:

Complex numbers

Given two complex numbers

Find the real and imaginary part of c and d in MATLAB. Use MATLAB to find .

Use the direct method supported by MATLAB and the specific complex functions abs, angle, imag, real, conj, complex, etc. together with the formulas for complex numbers that are listed above in the text (as you do it when you should calculate it using pen & paper).
MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

58

Mathematics

Find also [End of Task]

and

. Find also the complex conjugate.

Task 39:

Complex numbers

Find the roots of the equation:

Discuss the results. Add the sum of the roots. [End of Task]

9.5

POLYNOMIALS

A polynomial is expressed as:

where

are the coefficients of the polynomial.

MATLAB represents polynomials as row arrays containing coefficients ordered by descending powers. Example: Given the polynomial:

In MATLAB we write: >> p=[-5.45 0 3.2 8 5.8] p = -5.4500 0 3.2000 [End of Example] MATLAB offers lots of functions on polynomials, such as conv, roots, deconv, polyval, polyint, polyder, polyfit, etc. Look up these functions in the Help system in MATLAB.

8.0000

5.8000

Task 40:

Polynomials

Define the following polynomial in MATLAB:

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

59

Mathematics

Find the roots of the polynomial ( Find Use the polynomial functions listed above. [End of Task]

Task 41:

Polynomials

Given the following polynomials:

Find the polynomial Find the roots of the polynomial ( Find Find the differentiation/derivative of Use the polynomial functions listed above. [End of Task] )

using MATLAB and find the roots

, i.e.,

Task 42:

Polynomial Fitting

Find the 6.order Polynomial that best fits the following function:

Use the polynomial functions listed above. Plot both the function and the 6. order Polynomial to compare the results. [End of Task]

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

10 ADDITIONAL TASKS
If you have time left or need more practice, solve the tasks below.

Task 43:

User-defined function

Create a function that uses Pythagoras to calculate the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle, e.g.: function h = pyt(a,b) % .. h =

Pythagoras theorem is as follows: Note! The function should handle that a and b could be vectors. [End of Task]

Task 44:

MATLAB Script

Given the famous equation from Albert Einstein:

The sun radiates

of energy per day.

Calculate how much of the mass on the sun is used to create this energy per day.

How many years will it take to convert all the mass of the sun completely? Do we need to worry if the sun will be used up in our generation or the next? The mass of the sun is [End of Task]

Task 45:

Cylinder surface area

60

61

Additional Tasks

Create a function that finds the surface area of a cylinder based on the height (h) and the radius (r) of the cylinder.

[End of Task]

Task 46:

Create advanced expressions in MATLAB

Create the following expression in MATLAB:

Given Find (The answer should be )

Tip! You should split the expressions into different parts, such as: poly = num = den =. f = This makes the expression simpler to read and understand, and you minimize the risk of making an error while typing the expression in MATLAB. [End of Task]

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

62

Additional Tasks

Task 47:

Solving Equations

Find the solution(s) for the given equations:

[End of Task]

Task 48:

Preallocating of variables and vectorization

Here we will use preallocating of variables and vectorization and compare with using a For Loop. We will use the functions tic and toc to find the execution time. We will create a simple program that calculates Create the following Script: % Test 1: Using a For Loop clear tic tmax=100000; for t=1:tmax y(t,1)=cos(t); end toc What was the execution time? for t=1 to 100 000.

We will improve the Script by preallocating space for the variable y. Create the following Script: % Test 2: For Lopp with preallocating clear tic tmax=100000; y=zeros(tmax,1); % preallocating for t=1:tmax y(t,1)=cos(t); end toc What was the execution time?

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

63 We will improve the Script further by removing the For Loop by using vectorization instead: % Test 3: Vectorization clear tic tmax=100000; t=1:tmax; %vectorization y=cos(t); toc What was the execution time? Discuss the result. [End of Task]

Additional Tasks

Task 49:

Nested For Loops

and , then

Given the matrices

where

In MATLAB it is easy to multiply two matrices: >> A=[0 1;-2 -3] A = 0 1 -2 -3 >> B=[1 0;3 -2] B = 1 0 3 -2 >> A*B ans = 3 -2 -11 6 But her you will create your own function that multiply two matrices: function C = matrixmult(A,B)

Tip! You need to use 3 nested For Loops.

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

64 [End of Task]

Additional Tasks

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

APPENDIX A: MATLAB FUNCTIONS

Built-in constants: MATLAB have several built-in constants. Some of them are explained here: Name i, j pi inf NaN Basic Functions: Here are some descriptions for the most used basic MATLAB functions. Function help help <function> who, whos clear size length format disp plot clc rand max min mean std Description
MATLAB displays the help information available Display help about a specific function who lists in alphabetical order all variables in the currently active workspace. Clear variables and functions from memory. Size of arrays, matrices Length of a vector Set output format Display text or array This function is used to create a plot
>>help >>help plot

Description Used for complex numbers, e.g., z=2+4i , Infinity Not A Number. If you, e.g., divide by zero, you get NaN

Example

>>who >>whos >>clear >>clear x >>x=[1 2 ; 3 4]; >>size(A) >>x=[1:1:10]; >>length(x) >>A=[1 2;3 4]; >>disp(A) >>x=[1:1:10]; >>plot(x) >>y=sin(x); >>plot(x,y) >>cls >>rand >>rand(2,1) >>x=[1:1:10] >>max(x) >>x=[1:1:10] >>min(x) >>x=[1:1:10] >>mean(x) >>x=[1:1:10] >>std(x)

Clear the Command window Creates a random number, vector or matrix Find the largest number in a vector Find the smallest number in a vector Average or mean value Standard deviation

Linear Algebra: Here are some useful functions for Linear Algebra in MATLAB: Function rank det inv eig ones eye Description
Find the rank of a matrix. Provides an estimate of the number of linearly independent rows or columns of a matrix A. Find the determinant of a square matrix Find the inverse of a square matrix Find the eigenvalues of a square matrix Creates an array or matrix with only ones Creates an identity matrix

Example
>>A=[1 2; 3 4] >>rank(A) >>A=[1 2; 3 4] >>det(A) >>A=[1 2; 3 4] >>inv(A) >>A=[1 2; 3 4] >>eig(A) >>ones(2) >>ones(2,1) >>eye(2)

65

66 diag
Find the diagonal elements in a matrix

Appendix A: MATLAB Functions

>>A=[1 2; 3 4] >>diag(A)

Type help matfun (Matrix functions - numerical linear algebra) in the Command Window for more information, or type help elmat (Elementary matrices and matrix manipulation). You may also type help <functionname> for help about a specific function. Plotting: Plots functions: Here are some useful functions for creating plots: Function plot figure subplot Description
Generates a plot. plot(y) plots the columns of y against the indexes of the columns. Create a new figure window Create subplots in a Figure. subplot(m,n,p) or subplot(mnp), breaks the Figure window into an m-by-n matrix of small axes, selects the p-th axes for the current plot. The axes are counted along the top row of the Figure window, then the second row, etc. Creates grid lines in a plot. grid on adds major grid lines to the current plot. grid off removes major and minor grid lines from the current plot. Control axis scaling and appearance. axis([xmin xmax ymin ymax]) sets the limits for the x- and y-axis of the current axes. Add title to current plot title('string') Add xlabel to current plot xlabel('string') Add ylabel to current plot ylabel('string') Creates a legend in the corner (or at a specified position) of the plot Freezes the current plot, so that additional plots can be overlaid

Example
>X = [0:0.01:1]; >Y = X.*X; >plot(X, Y) >>figure >>figure(1) >>subplot(2,2,1)

grid

>>grid >>grid on >>grid off

axis title xlabel ylabel legend hold

>>axis([xmin xmax ymin ymax]) >>axis off >>axis on >>title('this is a title') >> xlabel('time') >> ylabel('temperature') >> legend('temperature') >>hold on >>hold off

Type help graphics in the Command Window for more information, or type help <functionname> for help about a specific function. Operators: You may use the following operators in MATLAB: Mathematical Operator Description Less Than Less Than or Equal To Greater Than Greater Than or Equal To Equal To Not Equal To Logical Operators: You may use the following logical operators in MATLAB:
MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

MATLAB Operator < <= > >= == ~=

67 Logical Operator AND OR MATLAB Operator & |

Appendix A: MATLAB Functions

Complex Numbers: Functions used to create or manipulate complex numbers. Function i,j Description
Imaginary unit. As the basic imaginary unit SQRT(-1), i and j are used to enter complex numbers. For example, the expressions 3+2i, 3+2*i, 3+2j, 3+2*j and 3+2*sqrt(-1) all have the same value. abs(x) is the absolute value of the elements of x. When x is complex, abs(x) is the complex modulus (magnitude) of the elements of X. Phase angle. angle(z) returns the phase angles, in radians Complex imaginary part. imag(z) is the imaginary part of z. Complex real part. real(z) is the real part of z. Complex conjugate. conj(x) is the complex conjugate of x. Construct complex result from real and imaginary parts. c = complex(a,b) returns the complex result A + Bi
>>z=2+4i >>z=2+4j

Example

abs angle imag real conj complex

>>z=2+4i >>abs(z)

>>z=2+4i >>angle(z) >>z=2+4i >>b=imag(z) >>z=2+4i >>a=real(z) >>z=2+4i >>z_con=conj(z) >>a=2; >>b=3; >>z=complex(a,b)

MATLAB Course - Part I: Introduction MATLAB Basics

Telemark University College Faculty of Technology Kjlnes Ring 56 N-3914 Porsgrunn, Norway www.hit.no

Hans-Petter Halvorsen, M.Sc. Telemark University College Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology and Cybernetics

Phone: +47 3557 5158 E-mail: [email protected] Blog: http://home.hit.no/~hansha/ Room: B-237a