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Genetics and Heredity

This document discusses genetics and heredity. It explains that heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring, due to genes. Genes are made of DNA and are found on chromosomes inside cells. Chromosomes carry the genetic code in the form of genes that determine traits like eye and hair color. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans, including one pair of sex chromosomes that determine gender. Genes give instructions for building proteins, with small differences in genes causing variation in traits between individuals.

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John Emmanuel Ramos
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404 views32 pages

Genetics and Heredity

This document discusses genetics and heredity. It explains that heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring, due to genes. Genes are made of DNA and are found on chromosomes inside cells. Chromosomes carry the genetic code in the form of genes that determine traits like eye and hair color. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans, including one pair of sex chromosomes that determine gender. Genes give instructions for building proteins, with small differences in genes causing variation in traits between individuals.

Uploaded by

John Emmanuel Ramos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Hello Good

day!
AM I UNIQUE?

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AM I UNIQUE?

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AM I UNIQUE?

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AM I UNIQUE?

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AM I UNIQUE?

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What do you notice
about the ff. pictures?

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GENETICS
&
HEREDITY
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HEREDITY is the passing on of
characteristics from one generation to the
next. It is the reason why offspring look like
their parents. It also explains why cats
always give birth to kittens and never
puppies. The process of heredity occurs
among all living things including animals,
plants, bacteria, protists and fungi.
The study of heredity is called GENETICS
and scientists that study heredity are called
geneticists.
“ Through heredity, living
things inherit traits from
their parents. Traits are
physical characteristics.
You resemble your parents
because you inherited your
hair and skin color, nose
shape, height, and other
traits from them.
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How are traits passed on from
parents to offsprings?
➜ Cells are the basic unit of structure
and function of all living things. Tiny
biochemical structures inside each
cell called genes carry traits from
one generation to the next. Genes
are made of a chemical called DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid).
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How are traits passed on from
parents to offsprings?

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How are traits passed on from
parents to offsprings?
➜ Genes are strung together to form long
chains of DNA in structures known as
chromosomes. Genes are like
blueprints for building a house,
except that they carry the plans
for building cells, tissues, organs,
and bodies. They have the instructions
for making the thousands of chemical
building blocks in the body. These building
blocks are called proteins. 13
How are traits passed on from
parents to offsprings?
➜ Proteins are made of smaller
units called amino acids.
Differences in genes cause the
building of different amino acids
and proteins. These differences
cause individuals to have different
traits such as hair color or blood
types. 14
How are traits passed on from parents to
offsprings?
MITOSIS

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How are traits passed on from parents to
offsprings?

A gene gives only the potential for the


development of a trait. How this potential is
achieved depends partly on the interaction
of the gene with other genes. But it also
depends partly on the environment. For
example, a person may have a genetic
tendency toward being overweight. But the
person's actual weight will depend on such
environmental factors as how what kinds of
food the person eats and how much exercise
that person does.
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CHROMOSOMES
Chromosomes are thread-like
structures in which DNA is tightly
packaged within the nucleus. DNA
is coiled around proteins called
histones, which provide the
structural support.
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Chromosomes help ensure that DNA is replicated and
distributed appropriately during cell division. Each
chromosome has a centromere, which divides the
chromosome into two sections – the p (short) arm and
the q (long) arm. The centromere is located at the cell’s
constriction point, which may or may not be the center of
the chromosome.

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HOW DO CHROMOSOMES LOOK
LIKE?

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Centromeres
Centromeres are when chromosomes are
linear. The centromere helps to make sure
that the chromosome is in the right spot
when cell division happens. The
centromeres help prepare the chromosome
to be copied.
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Telomeres
Telomeres help to protect the ends of the
chromosomes. When a mutation occurs, the
telomeres help to make the mutation
stronger and so they play a role in causing
cancer to develop.

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Kinetochore
Kinetochore attaches the
spindle fiber during cell division.

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Chromatids
Chromatid is a chromosome that has been
newly copied or the copy of such a
chromosome, the two of them still joined to
the original chromosome by a single
centromere.
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HUMAN CHROMOSOMES AND
GENDER DETERMINATION
In terms of the human
body,46 , is a truly magical
number – it’s the total number
of chromosomes that are found
in each and every human cell.

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These 46 chromosomes carry the
genetic information that’s passed
from parent to child through
heredity. It is the very detail of this
genetic material – in the DNA – that
makes most people (other than
identical siblings) totally unique.

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Every cell in the human body contains 23 pairs of such chromosomes; our
diploid number is therefore 46, our ‘haploid’ number 23. Of the 23 pairs,
22 are known as autosomes. The 23rd pair is made up of the sex
chromosomes, called the ‘X’ and ‘Y’ chromosome. This is the pair of
chromosomes that is responsible for ‘sex-linked’ medical conditions
that pass through some families, such as the blood disorder hemophilia,
which affects mainly males. Females have a pair of X chromosomes,
males have an X and Y chromosome.

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GENES
A gene is the basic physical and
functional unit of heredity. Genes are
made up of DNA. Some genes act as
instructions to make molecules called
proteins. However, many genes do not
code for proteins.

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Every person has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each
parent. Most genes are the same in all people, but a small number
of genes (less than 1 percent of the total) are slightly different
between people. Alleles are forms of the same gene with small
differences in their sequence of DNA bases. These small
differences contribute to each person’s unique physical features.

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ALLELES
➜ alleles for each gene, one from
each parent. If the two alleles are
the same, the individual is
homozygous for that gene. If the
alleles are different, the
individual is heterozygous.
Though the term allele was
originally used to describe
variation among genes, it now
also refers to variation among
non-coding DNA30 sequences.
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Thanks!

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