Name: Marian B.

Antipolo
Course & Year: BSA-2

Contemporary World

Module 2: The Structures of

Globalization
Topic 1: The Global Economy

Process Questions
1. What is global economy?
• Economic interdependence between the most powerful countries has been
developed, driving the global economic environment. It is the sum of economic
activity, mobility, and influence across all countries. The global economy may be
defined as the economies of all the countries put together. There are more ways to
explain how the phrase economy works besides this one.

2. Discuss how the development of the world trading system changed over a period of
several centuries.
• The tripartite structure of core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral economic zones
was made possible by the centuries-long development of a global trading system. In
accordance with the world-systems theory, a nation's mode of incorporation into the
capitalist world economy determines its upward or downward mobility in the core,
semi-periphery, and periphery. These shifts can only be correctly described by a
thorough examination of the cycles of capitalist accumulation over a long period of
time. (1974, 1980, 1989; Arrighi, 1994; Wallerstein).

3. Does outsourcing in the Philippines contribute to its economic development?

• Yes, a lot. One of the reasons why the economy of the Philippines is rising is because
of the outsourcing activities that are happening right now inside our country. It also
attracts a lot more investors for the country, which is yet another reason for our
economy's rate to rise.

Assessments
Direction: Fill in the blanks with the correct words given below.

WORLD SYSTEM THEORY

DIVISION OF LABOR
TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATION
SUPPLY CHAINS
GLOBAL COMMODITY CHAINS

GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS

INDUSTRIAL UPGRADE
OUTSOURCING
CAPITALIST WORLD-SYSTEM
CORE COMPETENCIES

1. A _CAPITALIST WORLD-SYSTEM__ is an economic interdependence established

between the most influential countries that drives the worldwide economic environment.
2. _OUTSOURCING_ is defined as the act of obtaining semi-finished products, finished
products or services from an outside company if these activities were traditionally
performed internally.
3. According to _WORLD SYSTEM THEORY_ theory, the upward or downward mobility
of nations in the core, semi-periphery, and periphery is determined by a country’s mode of
incorporation in the capitalist world-economy.
4. The _CORE COMPETENCIES_ can be defined as the collective knowledge of the
production system concerned, in particular knowledge of procedures and how to best
integrate and optimize them.
5. _DIVISION OF LABOR_ referred simply to the specialization of workers in different
parts of the production process, usually in a factory setting.
6. The _GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS_ is a chain that emphasizes on the relative value of
those economic activities that are required to bring a good or service from conception,
through the different phases of production.
7. _TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATION_ have become the primary movers and shakers
of the global economy because they have the power to coordinate and control supply chain
operations in more than one country, even if they do not own them.
8. _GLOBAL COMMODITY CHAINS_ is a chain that emphasizes on the internal
governance structure of supply chains and on the role of diverse lead firms in setting up
global production and sourcing networks.
9. _SUPPLY CHAIN_ is a chain that has a generic label for an input-output structure of
value-adding activities, beginning with raw materials and ending with a finished product
International production networks.
10. _INDUSTRIAL UPGRADE_ refers to the process by which economic actors—nations,
firms, and workers—move from low-value to relatively high-value activities in global
production networks.

Assignment
Research on the following topics:
● Market Integration
• When several markets for the same product are combined to form one market, this
is referred to as market integration. Market integration happens when prices over a
 prolonged period of time exhibit consistent patterns across several places or related
items.

● Economic Development During and After World War II

• After World War II, many people feared that the Depression would return, in part
due to the challenges those civilizations would have in absorbing the enormous
human resource generated by the war's eventual end. There was also concern about
the resurgence of trade restrictions and restrictions on the free movement of money,
which had grown customary before World War II. The planners concentrated on
lowering trade barriers and establishing the conditions required for the free
movement of capital and investment. The development of the global financial
stability circumstances was another issue.

● Bretton Woods and the System

• The Bretton Woods System promoted the use of a gold- and foreign-currency-based
exchange standard. Each taking part nation would decide on a "par value" for its
money, measured in terms of gold. The US dollar served as the system's foundation
(at the end of WWII, the US had about three-fourths of the world gold supply and
accounted for over one-fifth of world exports).

● General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

• The Bretton Woods framework for trade liberalization, known as the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), was established in 1947. (Hudec 1975).
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade is an international treaty that was
created with the aim of promoting trade by lowering or removing trade restrictions
like tariffs and quotas.

● World Trade Organization (WTO)

• International commerce is regulated and facilitated by the World Trade
Organization, an intergovernmental organization. The organization is used by
governments to create, amend, and enforce the laws that control international
commerce.

● International Monetary Fund

• The Bretton Woods Conference established the International Monetary Fund
(IMF), a specialized organization of the United Nations (UN), in 1944 to ensure
global monetary cooperation, stable currency exchange rates, and increase global
availability (access to hard currencies).

● World Bank
• The World Bank is a global financial organization that offers grants and loans to
governments in low- and middle-income nations so they may carry out major
projects.
Topic 2: Market Integration

Process Questions
1. What is the relevance of Bretton Woods’ institutions such as the IMF and the World
Bank in today’s globalized world?
• A big part towards enhancing globalization is played by the Bretton Woods
Institutions, the IMF, and the World Bank. In order to help recover and retain the
advantages of globalization, they were founded in 1944 to encourage international
economic cooperation.

2. What does the history of the Bretton Woods tell us? How far shall we trust its
institutions given the criticism and blunders provided by Stiglitz?
• The entire history reveals to us that those who happened to meet at Bretton Woods
imagined an international monetary system that would guarantee exchange rate
stability, prevent competitive devaluations, and foster economic growth. This vision
lay hidden behind the tragic events of the past that caused a great deal of pain and
completely altered everyone and the world. The objectives of the institutions are
admirable because many can benefit from them, but because of Stiglitz's revelation,
it is shown that many also suffer and will suffer if we don't build a wall. Trusting
too much is not good, and neither is what we should do when we put our trust in
these institutions. What Stiglitz revealed about the mistakes and blunders of the
systems of those institutions helps us to be more aware about giving our full trust.

3. How do you analyze the “global” nature of multinational corporations?

• Global employment, investment, and research are heavily influenced by
multinational firms. They are perceived by some as evil monopolists who take
advantage of workers and evade taxes. Others view them as catalysts for innovation
and efficiency that add to the wealth of the entire world. MNCs continue to show
attributes that may be linked to their home base and country of origin, such as their
economic, political, social, and cultural aspects. Seeing no indication that these
organizations are "converging toward a single paradigm," because no matter how
international they grow, MNCs still exhibit the "aroma of native country."

4. Examine the role of regional coalitions in the global economic system.

• In order to accomplish the common objective of facilitating the financial services
sector's recovery following a natural disaster or an intentional assault, regional
coalitions play the function of bringing together groups from the financial services
industry. By encouraging a culture of cooperation and forming alliances with the
federal, state, and local governments before a crisis arises, regional coalitions also
assist in ensuring the continuity of essential financial services in the areas they serve.
These two responsibilities fall largely on regional coalitions. Regional coalitions
bring the financial services sector's organizations together to work toward the
 shared objective of assisting the sector's recovery following a natural catastrophe or
terrorist attack. to the neighborhoods they serve. This gives the community of
financial services a unified voice in the region during a crisis.

5. What do you think would be the role of the nation-state with respect to the changes in
the world economic system?
• The nation-function state's role in a global environment is primarily regulating
since it is the main factor in global interconnection. The role of the nation-domestic
state is fundamentally unchanged, but historically separate governments now need
to cooperate to create rules for international commerce.

Assignments

1. Research on the Global Interstate System topics:

a. Political Globalization
• Governmental action now occurs on a global scale because to the growth and
expanding influence of organizations like the UN and WHO.

b. Political Institution in International Relations

• The groups in a government that make, uphold, and implement laws are known as
political institutions. They frequently serve as dispute mediators, decide
(governmental) policy on the economy and social systems, and represent the public
in various ways.

c. The Nation State

• In a nation state, the state and the country are one political entity. Since a nation
does not always have to have a dominating ethnic group, it is a more specific
definition than "country".

d. Civic Society
• A civic society is a nonprofit organization or society that works to reflect the
concerns of a local community in the United Kingdom. Other people adopt the
position of an amenity society.

e. Global Civil Society

• The broad collection of organizations that operate across borders and outside the
purview of governments is referred to as "global civil society." It is hotly contested
whether these groups represent a brand-new, increasingly independent sphere or
are just relics of Western liberalism.

f. International Nongovernmental Organization (INGOS)

 • An organization that operates independently of the government and broadens the
definition of a non-governmental organization to include all nations is referred to as
an international non-governmental organization.

2. Answer the following:

a. Examine the interaction between the nation-state and civil society,
differentiating between local and global civil society.
• In concerns addressing poverty in order to achieve wellbeing, the republic and
civilized society must support one another. Through the realization of their local
potential, society works to meet its demands. On the contrary hand, a nation-state
preserves a society by providing the resources and access necessary for the
preservation of traditions and their adaptation to a modern, pluralistic society.

b. Do civil society and INGOs strengthen or undermine the role of the

nation-state in international relations? Why?
• By supporting numerous services that the government may not be able to provide or
that it is unable to do well, civil society and INGOs enhanced the function of the
state. They assist the government in achieving its goal of advancing society. In
certain instances, they could exert pressure on the government to implement
progressive policies, serving as a watchdog. This encourages the government to
carry out communal tasks for the citizens.

Topic 3: The Global Interstate System

Process Questions
1. Examine the interaction between the nation state and civil society, differentiating
between local and global civil society.
• In regards to addressing poverty in order to achieve wellbeing, the republic and
civilized society must support one another. Through the realization of their local
potential, society works to meet its demands. On the contrary hand, a nation-state
preserves a society by providing the resources and access necessary for the
preservation of traditions and their adaptation to a modern, pluralistic society.

2. Do civil society and INGOs strengthen or undermine the role of the nation-state in
international relations? Why?
• By supporting numerous services that the government may not be able to provide or
that it is unable to do well, civil society and INGOs enhanced the function of the
state. They assist the government in achieving its goal of advancing society. In
certain instances, they could exert pressure on the government to implement
progressive policies, serving as a watchdog. This encourages the government to
carry out communal tasks for the citizens.
3. Is the civil society truly separated from the market? Can its "global" feature aid in its
separation from the market or not?
• In the marketplace, civilized society is not divided. The rationale is that if it were
removed from the market, nobody would be able to properly interact with it in a
free and equitable manner. Thus, despite the creativity, intellect, and diligence of
the natives, uncivil civilizations are destitute. To preserve its independence,
however, worldwide feature aid is kept outside of the economy.

4. Compare and contrast globalism and informationalism.

• Both the terms "globalism" and "informational" allude to the interconnection of
states all over the world and are measures of trade and communication. Globalism
is a simplification of this interconnectivity, whereas informational refers to a specific
interconnectivity, such as the internet. Informational content also emphasizes the
ability of Technology and other instruments associated with computer networks that
connect to countries, individuals, or nations.

Assignments
1. Do advance reading on the following topics:
a. International Organization
b. The United Nations
c. Challenges of the United Nations
2. Then answer the following questions:
a. Why is global governance multi-faceted?
• Because it covers a number of worldwide sectors of governance, such safety, justice,
individual rights, innovation, commerce, and financing, the systems of global
governance have many facets.

b. How do international organizations take on “lives of their own?”

• Once established, they frequently take on lives of their own, stumbling ahead due to
inertia and the survival instinct of bureaucracy. They may appear to be of the
highest importance as a result. However, the objectives of individual member
nations frequently co-opt them.

c. What are the challenges faced by the United Nations in maintaining global security.
• Dangers from state-to-state violence as well as threats from environmental
degradation, sickness, and poverty (the threats to human security included in the
Millennium Development Goals). violent threats and widespread breaches of human
rights within states. terrorism-related dangers. Relevant concerns include
addressing the links between climate and political violence, combating
misinformation and disinformation that might escalate conflicts, and assisting in
reducing the impact of COVID-19 in tense places.

Topic 4: The United Nations and Contemporary Global Governance

Process Questions
1. Why is global governance multifaceted?
• Because it covers a number of worldwide sectors of governance, such safety, justice,
individual rights, innovation, commerce, and financing, the systems of global
governance have many facets.

2. How do international organizations take on “lives of their own”?

• Once established, they frequently take on lives of their own, stumbling ahead due to
inertia and the survival instinct of bureaucracy. They may appear to be of the
highest importance as a result. However, the objectives of individual member
nations frequently co-opt them.

3. What are the challenges faced by the United Nations in maintaining global security?
• Dangers from state-to-state violence as well as threats from environmental
degradation, sickness, and poverty (the threats to human security included in the
Millennium Development Goals). violent threats and widespread breaches of human
rights within states. terrorism-related dangers. Relevant concerns include
addressing the links between climate and political violence, combating
misinformation and disinformation that might escalate conflicts, and assisting in
reducing the impact of COVID-19 in tense places.

Assessments
A. Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. It is a wide range of political structures relevant to globalization. There certainly are a

number of separable political flows of various sorts that are relevant to an understanding
of contemporary globalization.
a. Political Institutions in International Relations
b. Political Globalization
c. Globalization
d. Nationalism

2. This refers to a social group that is linked through common, descent, culture, language,
or territorial continuity.
a. Global
b. State
c. Nation
d. Nation State

3. It is a dynamic non government system or interconnected socioeconomic institutions that

straddle the whole earth, which have complex effects felt in its four corners.
a. Global Civil Society
b. Civic Society
c. Civil Society
d. None of the above

4. They are private, voluntary, and nonprofit and most are oriented to bringing about some
sort of social and or political change.
a. International Government Organization
b. Political Globalization
c. Political Institutions in International Relations
d. International Nongovernment Organizations

5. “Networks of connections spanning multi-continental distances, drawing them close

together economically, socially, culturally and informationally."
a. Nationalism
b. Globalism
c. Nation
d. Global

6. "Technological paradigm that constitutes the material basis of early twenty-first century
societies."
a. Informalism
b. Informationalism
c. Only B
d. BothAandB

7. They operate in an array of economic, political, social, and cultural environments.

a. International Monetary Fund
b. World Bank
c. Multinational Corporation
d. World Trade Organization

8. MNC activity is usually measured by

a. International Government Organizations
b. International Nongovernmental Organizations
c. Foreign Direct Investment
d. Bretton Woods

9. Is a lightning rod for critics who see it as supporting development countries and their
efforts to impose their policies on less developed countries.
a. International Monetary Fund
b. Multinational Corporation
c. World Trade Organization
d. World Bank
10.He set up a new system of rules, regulations, and procedures for the major economies
stability.
a. Bretton Woods and Bretton Woods System
b. Joseph E. Stiglitz
c. Dicken's
d. None of the above

B. Match the given word(s) below with each statement that follows.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

World Trade Organizations (WTO)
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
World Bank
Civil Society
Nation State
Nationalism
State
Portfolio Investment
Changes in Bretton Woods Era Organizations
Multinational Corporations (MNC)
Noted economist Joseph E. Stiglitz.
Organizations for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Stiglitz

1. It was a system for the liberalization of trade that grew out of Bretton Woods and came
into existence in 1947.
• General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

2. This encompasses much of what GATT's mandate, but has moved onto other issues and
areas such as service. Its operations are premised on the neoliberal idea that all nations
benefit from free and open trade and it is dedicated to reducing and ultimately eliminating
barriers to such trade.
• World Trade Organization (WTO)

3. Its goal is macroeconomic stability for both member nations and the global economy.
• International Monetary Fund (IMF)

4. It is the most important element of the World Bank Group (WBG.

• International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)

5. An international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments
of poorer countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects.
 • World Bank

6. It consists of groups or organizations working in the interest of the citizens but operating
outside of the government and for profit sectors.
• Civil Society

7. An integration of the subgroups that define themselves as a nation with the

organizational structure that constitutes the states
• Nation State

8. A doctrine and/or political movement that seek to make the nation the basis of a political
structure, especially a state
• Nationalism

9. Emerged as a new institutional form in the wake of the demise of the feudal system
• State

10. Another form of MNC activity

• Portfolio Investment

11. The organizations that were spawned by Bretton Woods—WB, IMC, and WTO are
undergoing dramatic changes.
• Changes in Bretton Woods Era Organizations

12. A firm that has the power to coordinate and control operations in more than two
countries, even if it does not own them
• Multinational Corporation (MNC)

13. One of the most effective critics of Bretton Woods Era of Organization
• Noted economist Joseph E. Stiglitz.

14. The most encompassing "club" of the world's rich countries and has little formal
power; it is highly influenced
• Organizations for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

15. He defined globalization as "the removal of barriers to free trade and the closer
integration of national economies.
• Stiglitz

C. Fill in the blanks.

1. Security The biggest challenge of the United Nations is related to issues of.
 2. The United Nations After the collapse of the league of Nations at the end of the
World War ll, countries that worried about another global war began to push for
the formation of a more lasting international league.
3. The P5’s veto power Because of ______ it is tough for the council to release a formal
resolution, much more implement it.
4. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) The third UN organ is "the principal body
for coordination, policy review, policy dialogue, and recommendation on social and
environmental issues, as well as the implementation of internationally agreed
development goals.
5. International Organizations (IOs) When scholars refer to a group like the UN or
institutions like the IMF and the WB, they usually call them.

Assignments
Watch videos at home about “Global Divides: The North and the South, First and Third
Worlds, and Latin America and the Philippines under Globalization.” Then answer the
following questions:

1. What does the contrast between the slums and metro manila and the capital’s posh
village signify?
• The contrast between the slums and the affluent communities of the National
Capital Region suggests that the regional national revenue is still distributed in a
glaringly unbalanced manner. And the quantity of middle income groups is a sign of
a strong economy as a whole area has. The more local governments support middle-
class communities, the less of this disequilibrium progresses.

2. Why are the terms first world and third world, and global north and global south used
interchangeably? It is justifiable to use them as such?
• The phrases were initially used during the Cold War, when the US and its allies
represented the First World, the USSR and its allies represented the Second World,
and the non-aligned countries represented the Third World. The phrases also
acquired an economic meaning, with the Third World consisting of underdeveloped
countries and the First World consisting of developed countries. The term "second
world" is rarely used. However, I don't like how they chose the names of those
nations with better economic standing by comparing them to others as if it were
their fault that they found themselves in that situation knowing full well that it was
the first world nations who actually started the war and contributed to its
worsening.

3. How can the global south catch up with the global north?
• They are often places where democratic ideals have never been established. Greedy
governments that siphon up a sizable percentage of the country's resources are the
primary cause of institutionalized poverty. Another fact that has to be brought out
is really contested. The south is striving to economically catch up to the North by a
 growing emphasis on "speed". Speed is seen as very important to the construction of
cities. These towns are fictitiously referred to as "eco-cities," Smart cities, for
example.

4. Which contemporary proofs of economic dependency in the Philippines and Latin

American are observable? How do these proofs pose a challenge to the mainstream
conceptualization of globalization?
• There are current indicators of economic dependence in the Philippines and Latin
America that are observable, such as the significant preference of Filipino
consumers for imported goods of high quality and their reliance on trustworthy and
affordable foreign manufacturer companies, adaptation to foreign cultures, and
local economic development.

5. Do globalization and regionalization converge? How and when do they converge?

• Perhaps globalization is the norm now, particularly due to trade, which is essential
for every nation in the globe. Regionalism, particularly internal regionalism, may be
a sign of poor leadership by a specific nation. To put it another way, both must
coexist for the benefit of the local population as well as the global community on the
whole. History has already shown that this unity does not weaken a country's
identity values.

6. In your opinion, what is the most pressing concern that developing countries should
address globalization? How should it be addressed?
• One of a nation's main issues that has to be addressed is poverty. One of the main
causes of a developing or third-world country's ongoing development is poverty. I
am aware that each country has its own problems, but the majority of nations
worldwide regard this as their main issue. In my opinion, these nations ought to be
genuinely concerned about and supportive of one another, especially given that
there may still be some competition. Nevertheless, we should support one another by
bringing in more investors to boost their economies.

Reflection Guide
1. What have I LEARNED this day that has helped me do all aspects of this better?
• I have learned more and deeper about globalization: the functions, the organizations
that are involved, and their functions in society and globally.

2. What have I DONE this week that has made me better at doing all aspects of this?
• Learning and studying this module made me informed about those organizations
that are involved and that made me knowledgeable.

3. How can I IMPROVE at doing all aspects of this?

• By applying what I studied from this module.
Expanded Opportunities

For Topic 1:
A. Answer the following questions:
1. What is the relevance of Bretton Wood Institutions such as the IMF and the World Bank
in today’s globalized world?
- A big part towards enhancing globalization is played by the Bretton Woods Institutions,
the IMF, and the World Bank. In order to help recover and retain the advantages of
globalization, they were founded in 1944 to encourage international economic cooperation.

2. What does the history of the Bretton Woods tell us? How far shall we trust its
institution given the criticism and blunders provided by the stiglitz?
- The entire history reveals to us that those who happened to meet at Bretton Woods
imagined an international monetary system that would guarantee exchange rate stability,
prevent competitive devaluations, and foster economic growth. This vision lay hidden
behind the tragic events of the past that caused a great deal of pain and completely altered
everyone and the world. The objectives of the institutions are admirable because many can
benefit from them, but because of Stiglitz's revelation, it is shown that many also suffer and
will suffer if we don't build a wall. Trusting too much is not good, and neither is what we
should do when we put our trust in these institutions. What Stiglitz revealed about the
mistakes and blunders of the systems of those institutions helps us to be more aware about
giving our full trust.

B. Do the following:
1. Present a downloaded video depicting the different contributions of the country in the
production process.
- https://youtu.be/HfN8BnRJryQ

2. Make a collage showing the different contributions of the country in world trade and
discuss comprehensively the collage output.
Do the following:
1. Watch the video on Youtube showing the different scenarios of the society.
2. Write a position paper on ASEAN integration.

The acronym for the Association of South East Asian Nations is ASEAN. This is
additionally known as ASEAN Integration. addressing concerns and problems in the area
during ASEAN summits. Both benefits and drawbacks of ASEAN integration exist. The
fact that these benefits would provide inhabitants more opportunities will undoubtedly
enhance the quality of life. The region's services will be easier to acquire and more
reasonably priced, and mobility will be more practical. There are more prospects for
employment, for student exchange, and for ensuring sustainable development within
ASEAN. Consider how much more empowering it is to view the from another angle.

A variety of opportunities to experience different cultures, cuisines, lifestyles, and so

on are available, and this strengthens and deepens the bonds between nations. Sadly,
despite all of the advantages we may experience, there are also drawbacks. Differences may
occur, and they will have a significant impact on the citizens of these countries. It is
challenging to stay committed to advancing the common welfare of the nation, specifically
when there are differences among citizens that cause conflict. Not everyone will be able to
take use of the advantages and possibilities that comes with ASEAN integration as a result
of these disparities.
 Therefore, it is necessary to develop and intensify efforts toward achieving goals for
the welfare of the local populace in addition to enhancing and enhance the local welfare.

Do the following:
1. Research on the challenges of global governance in the twenty-first century.
2. Answer the following activity table:

COUNTRY CHALLENGES OVERCOMING THE

CHALLENGES
Germany Heatwaves An action plan for the
coming years and a
“vision” to make Germany
climate-resilient by 2060
India Overpopulation THE UTTAR PRADESH
POPULATION
(CONTROL,
STABILIZATION AND
WELFARE) BILL,
2021 revealed by Uttar
Pradesh chief minister Yogi
Adityanath on World
Population Day states that
those with more than two
children will be barred
from applying for
government jobs, seeking
promotions in them or
benefitting from
government subsidies.
People with only one child
and couples who get
sterilised would be eligible
for more benefits, including
free healthcare and
education for their child up
to age 20.
Africa Lack of Water Supply By mid-2021, the National
Water Resources
Infrastructure Agency was
being established to
improve the management of
bulk water resources. The
application process for
issuing single use water
licenses was being fast-
tracked to meet the 90-day
target by March 2022.