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Chapter 10

The document discusses IP addressing and routing. It describes: - The Internet Protocol (IP) uses IP addresses and subnet masks to determine if a datagram is on the local or remote network, forwarding it to the default gateway if remote. - IP keeps track of the number of "hops" or transverses through routers as the datagram travels, removing it if it exceeds 255 hops. This hop count is called the Time to Live (TTL). - IP addressing originally used 32-bit addresses organized into four 8-bit octets, represented in dotted decimal format. Address classes A, B, and C allocated the bits differently to support networks of different sizes.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
37 views15 pages

Chapter 10

The document discusses IP addressing and routing. It describes: - The Internet Protocol (IP) uses IP addresses and subnet masks to determine if a datagram is on the local or remote network, forwarding it to the default gateway if remote. - IP keeps track of the number of "hops" or transverses through routers as the datagram travels, removing it if it exceeds 255 hops. This hop count is called the Time to Live (TTL). - IP addressing originally used 32-bit addresses organized into four 8-bit octets, represented in dotted decimal format. Address classes A, B, and C allocated the bits differently to support networks of different sizes.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 10

Internetworking
Internet Protocol
• The Network Layer protocol for TCP/IP is the
Internet Protocol (IP).
• It uses IP addresses and the subnet mask to
determine whether the datagram is on the local or
a remote network.
• If it is on the remote network, the datagram is
forwarded to the default gateway which is a router
that links to another network.
• IP keeps track of the number of transverses
through each router that the datagram goes
through to reach its destination
Internet Protocol
• IP keeps track of the number of transverses
through each router that the datagram goes
through to reach its destination
• Each transverse is called a hop
• If the hop count exceeds 255 hops, the datagram is
removed and the destination considered
unreachable
• IP's name for the hop count is called Time To Live
(TTL).
IP Addressing
• An important prerequisite to internetworking is
having an efficient address architecture that is
adhered to by all users of that network
• Address architecture can take many different
forms.
– Network addresses are always numeric, but
they can be expressed in
• Binary
• decimal or even hexadecimal
– The address architecture implemented by the IP
has evolved substantially over the last 20 years
IP Addressing

• The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) elected to use


machine friendly numeric addresses to identify IP networks and
hosts.
– Thus, each network in the internet would have its own
unique numeric address (network address).
• The original version of the IP address, IP version 4 (IPv4), uses
32-bit binary addresses (IPv6 uses 128-bits more on this latter).
• Each address is organized as four 8 bit numbers
• Each 8-bit number is called an octet
• Binary numbers are extremely machine friendly, but are not user
friendly.
– Thus, provisions were made to support the use of more
intuitive decimal number system for internetwork
addressing.
IP Addressing

• The original 32-bit IPv4 address architecture meant that the


Internet could support 232 (4,294,267,296) possible addresses, a
number originally deemed ridiculously excessive
• But, now the number is not sufficient due to a number of
wasteful practices.
IP Addressing

• IP address Format
– IP was standardized in September 1981.
– It uses dotted decimal format.
– The lowest possible value is 0.0.0.0 and
– The highest possible value is 255.255.255.255.
• This address was then broken into classes, to accommodate
large, medium, and small networks
• The differences between the classes were the number of bits
allocated to network versus host addresses.
• There are five classes of IP addresses of which three are in
common use.
• They are named class A, class B, class C, class D, and class E.
IP Addressing

Class A addresses
• The class A address was designed to support extremely large networks.
• Class A IP address uses only the first octet to indicate the network
address.
• The remaining three octets enumerate host addresses
• The first bit of a Class A address is always a 0.
– This mathematically limits the possible range of class A network
addresses to 126
– That is 27-2 is subtracted because all 0’s and 1’s are reserved.
• The last 24 bits (three dotted decimal numbers) of class A address
represent possible host address.
• The range of possible class A network address is, therefore, from
1.0.0.0 to 126.0.0.0.
• Each class A address can support 16,777,214 (224 -2) unique host
addresses.
IP Addressing

Class A addresses
• Subtracting 2 is necessary because IP reserved the all zeros address for
identifying the network and the all ones address for broadcasting
within the network.
• Class A address architecture is :
• {Network.Host.Host.Host}
IP Addressing

Class B address
• Class B addresses was designed to support the needs of
moderate to large sized networks.
• It uses two of the four octets to indicate the network address.
• The other two octets enumerate host addresses. The first two
bits of the first octet of a class B address are 10.
• The remaining six bits may be populated with either ones or
zeros.
• This mathematically limits the possible rang of the Class B
address space to 16,382 (214 – 2),
– 2 is subtracted because all 0’s and all 1’s are reserved.
• The last 16 bit (two dotted decimal numbers) identifies potential
host addresses.
IP Addressing

Class B address
• The range of possible class B network address is, therefore,
– from 10000000.00000001.0.0 to 10111111.11111110.0.0 i.e.
128.1.0.0 to 191.254.0.0.
• Each class B address can support 65,534(216-2) unique host
addresses.
– 2 subtracted because the 0’s and 1’s are reserved.
• Class B address architecture is:
– {Network.Network.Host.Host}
IP Addressing

Class C Address
• The class C address space was intended to support lots of small
networks.
• It uses 3 of the 4 octets to indicate network addresses.
• The remaining one octet is used for host numbering.
• The first three bits of the first octet of class C address are 110.
• The first two bits sum to a decimal value 192 (128+64).
• This forms the lower mathematical boundary of the class C
space.
• The third bit equates to a decimal value 32.
• Forcing this bit to the value zero establishes the upper
mathematical boundary of the address space to 223(11011111).
IP Addressing

Class C Address
• Thus the range of possible class C network address is from
192.0.1.0 to 223.255.254.0.
• The last octet is used for host addressing.
• Each class C address can support 254 unique host numbers.
• There can be 2,097,150(221 – 2) different class C network
numbers.
• Class C address architecture
– {Network.Nework.Network.Host}
IP Addressing

Class D
• The first four bits of class D must be 1110
– giving 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.254 as address space.
• Class D addresses always have bits 0-3 set to 1110, bits 4-
31 are used as the Multicast address
• Class D network addresses are used by multicasting
E Address
• The first four bits Class E address must always be set to 1111
– giving 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 as the address space.
• Class E is used for IETF’s research purpose.
Sub netting

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