In-House Practical Training

on
Machine Learning with python
Submitted to
Amity University Uttar Pradesh

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in
Computer Science
Submitted By
Student Name: Tulika Yadav
Enrolment No. : A07605220018
under the guidance of
Dr. Pooja Khanna
Department of Computer Science and Engineering

AMITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH
LUCKNOW (U.P.)

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 AMITY UNIVERSITY
–––––––––UTTAR PRADESH–––––––––
DECLARATION BY THE STUDENT

I, Tulika Yadav, student of B.Tech (CSE) hereby declare that the project titled “Machine learning”
which is submitted by me to Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Amity School of
Engineering and Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in Computer Science
has not been previously formed the idea for the award of any degree, diploma or other similar title or
recognition.
The author attests that permission has been obtained for the utilization of any copyrighted material
appearing within the Project report aside from brief excerpts requiring only proper acknowledgment
in scholarly writing and all such use is acknowledged.

Lucknow
Date

Tulika yadav
B. tech(CSE)

A7605220018

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 AMITY UNIVERSITY
–––––––––UTTAR PRADESH–––––––––
CERTIFICATE
On the basis of declaration submitted by Tulika yadav student of B.Tech, I hereby certify that the
project titled “Machine learning” which is submitted to Amity School of Engineering and
Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for
the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in CSE, is an original contribution
with existing knowledge and faithful record of work carried out by her under my guidance and
supervision.
To the best of my knowledge this work has not been submitted in part or full for any Degree or
Diploma to this University or elsewhere.
Lucknow
Date

Dr. Pooja Khanna

Assistant Professor
Amity University, Lucknow

Wg.Cdr (Dr.) Anil Kumar (Retd)

Asst. Pro. VC & Director ASET Amity University, Lucknow

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would wish to precise my gratitude to my guide Dr. Pooja Khanna (NTCC Guide) of the ASET
department to encourage me to absolutely the best peak and supply me the prospect to rearrange
this composition and whose valuable guidance has been the one to assist patch this project and
make it a perfect success.
Her commendation and guidance have served as an enormous contribution to the completion of
the paper.
I would also like to thank my parents for supporting me in every aspect and giving me
encouragement, enthusiasm and assistance without which the completion of term paper was
impossible.
Lastly, I would like to thank my friends for helping me in the comletion of the term paper by
giving me useful suggestions ,instructions and invaluable assistance.

Student’s signature

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 Table Of Contents

ABSTRACT----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INTRODUCTION---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Machine learning-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.1 Need for machine learning-----------------------------------------------------------------------

1.2 History of ML----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.3 AI vs ML ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.4 Scenarios to Make Machines Learn?
-----------------------------------------------------------
1.5 Machine learning models
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.6 Classification of ML-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.7 Applications of
ML----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.8 What is dataset in ML? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

CONCLUSION-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
REFERENCES--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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 Abstract

More brilliant applications are utilizing the bits of knowledge gathered from
information, affecting each industry and exploration discipline. At the center of this
upheaval lies the instruments and the strategies that are driving it, from handling the
enormous heaps of information created every day to learning from and making a
helpful move. Profound brain organizations, alongside headways in traditional
machine learning and versatile broadly useful illustrations handling unit (GPU)
processing, have become basic parts of man-made consciousness, empowering a
significant number of these bewildering leap forwards and bringing the hindrance
down to reception. Python keeps on being the most favored language for logical
processing, information science, and machine learning, supporting both execution and
efficiency by empowering the utilization of low-level libraries and clean undeniable
level APIs. This overview offers understanding into the field of machine learning with
Python, taking a visit through significant points to recognize a portion of the center
equipment and programming ideal models that have empowered it. We cover
generally utilized libraries and ideas, gathered together for comprehensive correlation,
fully intent on instructing the peruser and driving the field of Python machine learning
forward.

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 Introduction

Machine Learning (ML) is essentially that field of computer science with the
assistance of which computer systems can give sense to information similarly as
people do. In straightforward words, ML is a kind of man-made brainpower that
concentrate designs out of crude information by utilizing a calculation or strategy.
The vital focal point of ML is to permit computer systems to gain for a fact without
being unequivocally modified or human mediation.
Arthur Samuel, an early American forerunner in the field of computer gaming and
man-made consciousness, authored the expression "Machine Learning " in 1959 while
at IBM. He characterized machine learning as "the field of study that enables
computers to learn without being expressly customized ". Be that as it may, there is no
all around acknowledged definition for machine learning. Various creators
characterize the term in an unexpected way. We give under two additional definitions.

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Machine learning is customizing computers to streamline an exhibition standard
utilizing model information or previous experience . We have a model characterized
dependent upon certain boundaries, and learning is the execution of a computer
program to streamline the boundaries of the model utilizing the preparation
information or previous experience. The model might be prescient to make
expectations later on, or enlightening to acquire information from information.
The field of study known as machine learning is worried about the subject of how to
develop computer programs that consequently improve with experience.

Machine Learning

AI (ML) is that field of software engineering with the assistance of which PC

frameworks can give sense to information similarly as individuals do.
In other words,Machine learning (ML) is a kind of man-made reasoning (AI) that
permits programming applications to turn out to be more exact at foreseeing results
without being unequivocally customized to do as such. AI calculations utilize
verifiable information as contribution to foresee new result values.

Need for Machine Learning

Individuals, as of now, are the most wise and high level species on the planet
since they can think, assess and take care of mind boggling issues. On the opposite
side, AI is still in its underlying stage and haven't outperformed human knowledge in
numerous perspectives. Then the question that is the need to make machine learn?
The most appropriate justification behind doing this is, "to decide, in light of
information, with productivity and scale". Recently, associations are putting
vigorously in fresher advances like Artificial Intelligence, AI and Deep Learning to
get the vital data from information to perform a few genuine undertakings and take
care of issues. We can call it information driven choices taken by machines,
especially to mechanize the cycle. These information driven choices can be utilized,
rather than utilizing programing rationale, in the issues that can't be customized
innately. The truth of the matter is that we can't manage without human insight,
however other angle is that we as a whole need to tackle certifiable issues with
productivity at a tremendous scope. For that reason the requirement for AI emerges.

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History of Machine Learning

AI (ML) is a significant instrument for the objective of utilizing advancements around

computerized reasoning. As a result of its learning and thinking skills, AI is
frequently alluded to as AI, however, truly, it is a region of AI. Until the last part of
the 1970s, it was a piece of AI's development. Then, it diverge to advance all alone.
AI has turned into a vital reaction device for distributed computing and eCommerce,
and is being utilized in various state of the art advancements.

AI is a vital part of present day business and examination for some associations today.
It utilizes calculations and brain network models to help PC frameworks in logically
working on their exhibition. AI calculations consequently construct a numerical
model utilizing test information - otherwise called "preparing information" - to settle
on choices without being explicitly customized to pursue those choices.

AI is, to a limited extent, in view of a model of synapse cooperation. The model was
made in 1949 by Donald Hebb in a book named The Organization of Behavior (PDF).
The book presents Hebb's hypotheses on neuron energy and correspondence between
neurons.

Hebb expressed, "When one cell over and over helps with terminating another, the
axon of the main cell creates synaptic handles (or grows them in the event that they as
of now exist) in touch with the soma of the subsequent cell." Translating Hebb's ideas
to fake brain organizations and counterfeit neurons, his model can be depicted as an
approach to modifying the connections between fake neurons (likewise alluded to as
hubs) and the progressions to individual neurons. The connection between two
neurons/hubs reinforces if the two neurons/hubs are actuated simultaneously and
debilitates assuming they are enacted independently. "Weight" is utilized to depict
these connections, and hubs/neurons having a tendency to be both positive or both
negative are portrayed as major areas of strength for having loads. Those hubs having
a tendency to have inverse loads major areas of strength for foster loads (for example
1×1=1, - 1x-1=1, - 1×1=-1).

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 S.
No. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MACHINE LEARNING

AI represents Artificial intelligence, where ML represents Machine

intelligence is characterized procurement of Learning which is
information intelligence is characterized as characterized as the obtaining
1. the capacity to gain and apply knowledge. of information or expertise

The aim is to increment

The aim is to build the likelihood of coming exactness, but rather it couldn't
2. out on top and not accuracy. care less about progress

Machine learning is
endeavoring to develop
AI is aiming to foster a keen framework machines that can achieve the
equipped for playing out various complex positions for which they have
3. positions. been trained.

Here, the errands frameworks

It functions as a PC program that hurts machine takes information and
4. work. gains from information.

The objective is to gain from

information on certain errand
The objective is to mimic regular to augment the presentation on
5. intelligence to settle complex problems. that undertaking.

AI has an extremely wide assortment of The extent of machine

6. uses. learning is constrained.

Scenarios to Make Machines Learn?

We have previously examined the requirement for ML, however another inquiry
emerges that in what situations we should make the machine learn? There can be a
few conditions where we really want machines to take information driven choices
with productivity and at a tremendous scope. The followings are some of such
conditions where making machines learn would be more viable:

 Absence of human ability

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The absolute first situation wherein we maintain that a machine should learn and take
information driven choices, can be the space where there is an absence of human
mastery. The models can be routes in obscure regions or spatial planets.

 Dynamic situations

There are a few situations which are dynamic in nature for example they continue to
change over the long run.
In the event of these situations and ways of behaving, we maintain that a machine
should learn and take information driven choices. A portion of the models can be
network and accessibility of foundation in an association.

 Trouble in making an interpretation of mastery into computational errands

There can be different spaces in which people have their mastery,; nonetheless, they
are unfit to make an interpretation of this ability into computational assignments. In
such conditions we need AI. The models can be the areas of discourse
acknowledgment, mental errands and so on.

Machine Learning Models

ML model is characterized as a numerical portrayal of the result of the preparation

cycle. ML is the investigation of various calculations that can work on consequently
through experience and old information and assemble the model. An AI model is like
PC programming intended to perceive examples or ways of behaving in light of past
experience or information. The learning calculation finds designs inside the
preparation information, and it yields a ML model which catches these examples and
makes forecasts on new information.

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Classification of Machine Learning models

 Supervised Learning
 Unsupervised Learning
 Reinforcement Learning

 Supervised Learning - Supervised Learning as the name shows, has the presence
of a manager as an educator. Fundamentally regulated learning is the point at
which we instruct or prepare the machine utilizing information that is very much
marked. And that implies a few information is as of now labeled with the right
response. From that point forward, the machine is furnished with another
arrangement of examples(data) so the managed learning calculation examinations
the preparation data(set of preparing models) and creates a right result from
marked information.

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 Unsupervised Learning- Unsupervised learning is the preparation of a machine
utilizing data that is neither characterized nor named and permitting the
calculation to follow up on that data without direction. Here the undertaking of
the machine is to bunch unsorted data as per similitudes, examples, and contrasts
with no earlier preparation of information.
Dissimilar to managed learning, no instructor is given that implies no
preparation will be given to the machine. In this manner the machine is limited to
track down the secret construction in unlabeled information without anyone else.

 Reinforcement Learning- Reinforcement learning is an area of Machine

Learning. It is tied in with making a reasonable move to expand prize in a
specific circumstance. It is utilized by different programming and machines to
find the most ideal way of behaving or way it ought to take in a particular
circumstance. Reinforcement learning varies from directed learning such that in
administered learning the preparation information has the response key with it so
the model is prepared with the right response itself though in reinforcement
learning, there is no response except for the reinforcement specialist chooses how
to play out the given assignment. Without a trace of a preparation dataset, it will
undoubtedly gain from its insight.

Applications of Machines Learning

Machine Learning is the most quickly developing innovation and as indicated by

specialists we are in the brilliant year of AI and ML. Taking care of some certifiable
complex problems is utilized which can't be settled with customary methodology.
Following are some genuine world
uses of ML:

  Feeling investigation
  Opinion investigation
  Mistake location and avoidance
  Weather conditions estimating and forecast
  Securities exchange investigation and determining
  Discourse union
  Discourse acknowledgment

  Client division
  Object acknowledgment
  Extortion location
  Extortion counteraction
  Proposal of items to client in web based shopping.

What is Datasets in Machine Learning?

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A datasets in machine learning is, basically, an assortment of information pieces that
can be treated by a PC as a solitary unit for scientific and expectation purposes. This
implies that the information gathered ought to be made uniform and reasonable for a
machine that doesn't see information the same way as people do. For this, in the wake
of gathering the information, it's essential to preprocess it by cleaning and finishing it,
as well as explain the information by adding significant labels comprehensible by a
PC.
Your business has forever been founded on information. Factors, for example, what
the client purchased, the prevalence of the items, irregularity of the client stream have
forever been significant in business making. Notwithstanding, with the coming of
machine learning, presently it means quite a bit to gather this information into
datasets. Adequate volumes of information permit you to break down the patterns and
secret examples and settle on choices in view of the dataset you've assembled. In any
case, while it might look rather basic, working with information is more muddled
since it requires legitimate treatment of the information you, most importantly, have,
from the reasons for utilizing a dataset to the readiness of the crude information for it
to be really usable.

Datasets can be divided into four parts from Machine Learning perspective:

 Numerical Data

Numerical information is any information where information focuses are careful

numbers. Analysts likewise could call numerical information, quantitative
information. This information has significance as an estimation, for example, house
costs or as a count, for example, various private properties in Los Angeles or the
number of houses that sold in the previous year.

Numerical information can be portrayed by ceaseless or discrete information.

Ceaseless information can expect any worth inside a reach though discrete
information has unmistakable qualities.

 Categorical Data

Categorical information addresses qualities, for example, a hockey player's situation,

group, old neighborhood. Categorical information can take numerical qualities. For
instance, perhaps we would involve 1 for red and 2 for blue. Be that as it may, these
numbers don't have a numerical significance. That is, we can't add them together or
take the normal.

In the context of super grouping, categorical information would be the class mark.
This would likewise be something like in the event that an individual is a man or lady,
or property is private or business.

There is likewise something many refer to as ordinal information, which in some

sense is a blend of numerical and categorical information. In ordinal information, the
information actually falls into classifications, yet those classifications are requested or
positioned in some specific manner.

 Time Series Data

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Time series information is a grouping of numbers gathered at customary spans over
some timeframe. It is vital, particularly specifically handles like money. Time series
information has a worldly worth connected to it, so this would be something like a
date or a timestamp that you can search for patterns in time.

 Text

Text information is essentially words. A ton of the time the main thing that you do
with text is you transform it into numbers utilizing a few intriguing capabilities like
the sack of words plan.

Balanced and imbalanced datasets

A balanced dataset alludes to a dataset whose dissemination of names is roughly

equivalent. Names in this setting allude to a class related with every data of interest.

For instance, consider a dataset with two classes; male and female. Assuming roughly
a portion of the dispersion addresses the male class and the other half addresses the
female class, we say the dataset is balanced.

The dissemination of an imbalanced dataset is portrayed by exceptionally high

contrasts between the classes in question. Taking the model above of male and female
classes, an imbalanced dataset may have an exceptionally high distinction between the
two classes.

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 Conclusion

This report has acquainted you with Machine Learning. Presently, you realize that
Machine Learning is a procedure of preparing machines to play out the exercises a
human cerebrum can do, but bit quicker and better than a typical individual. You have
seen that machines can be prepared to perform human exercises in a few regions and
can help people in carrying on with better lives.

Machine Learning can be a Supervised or Unsupervised. Assuming you have lesser

measure of information and obviously named information for preparing, select
Supervised Learning. Unaided Learning would for the most part give better execution
and results for huge informational collections. In the event that you have a colossal
informational index effectively accessible, dive for deep learning methods. You
additionally have learned Reinforcement Learning and Deep Reinforcement Learning.
You currently understand what Neural Networks are, their applications and
impediments.

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 References

 https://github.com/letspython3x/Books/blob/master/Deep%20Learning%20with

%20Python.pdf

 https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/definition/machine-learning-ML

 ML by Andrew Ng

 https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fstatic.javatpoint.com%2

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