COMODITY

SYSTEM
ANALYSIS OF
CORN
I. INTRODUCTION

A. Technical Description of the Commodity

Corn is one of the world’s most productive and dominant crops. It is grown

extensively as food for both humans and livestock, as a biofuel, and as a crude

material in industry. Corn is the third largest plant-based food source in the world

(Britannica, 2018).

The corn plant is a tall annual grass with a stout, erect, solid stem. The large

narrow leaves have wavy margins and are spaced alternately on opposite sides of the

stem. Staminate (male) flowers are borne on the tassel terminating the main axis of

the stem. The pistillate (female) inflorescences, which mature to become the edible

ears, are spikes with a thickened axis, bearing paired spikelets in longitudinal rows;

each row of paired spikelets normally produces two rows of grain. Varieties of yellow

and white corn are the most popular as food, though there are varieties with red, blue,

pink, and black kernels, often banded, spotted, or striped. Each ear is enclosed by

modified leaves called shucks or husks (Britannica, 2018).

According to Mikstas (2022) corn is one of the most popular vegetables in the Unites

States while in the Philippines, it is the second most important crop. About 14 million

Filipinos prefer white corn as their main staple and yellow corn accounts for about 50%

of livestock mixed feeds. Some 600,000 farm households depend on corn as a major

source of livelihood, in addition to transport services, traders, processors and agricultural

input suppliers who directly benefit from corn production, processing, marketing and

distribution. Corn is also processed into high value products, such as cornstarch, corn

syrups, corn oil, gluten and snack foods (DA, Ud.).

 Growing corn varies depending on the area, and its production cycle is different in

all parts of the world. In the Philippines, corn production is based on the landscape

and topography of an area. In 2021, the production volume of corn in the Philippines

amounted to over eight million metric tons, slightly lower than the produced quantity

of 8.12 million metric tons in the previous year (Statista, 2022).

Here are the common variety of corn in the Philippines:

Sweet corn

Sweet corn refers to long, yellow ears of corn, often also called Japanese

sweet corn*, sugar corn, or table corn. These are long ears, with almost bright green

husks and very yellow kernels. You’ll often see these sold streetside or sold in mall

stalls boiled and shredded with margarine and cheese powder. They’re also commonly

sold in supermarkets (Pepper, Ud.).

True to its name, sweet corn is sweet and juicy. It can be added to soups, as

well as desserts such as mais con yelo and corn pudding (like Vietnamese CHÈ BẮP).

You can also use them in ginataang MAIS or make them into sweet tamales (Pepper,

Ud.).

Wild violet corn

Wild Violet corn is a small to medium-sized varietal, averaging 12 to 18

centimeters in length, and has an elongated, cylindrical shape with blunt ends. The

cobs are tightly wrapped in layers of dark to light green husks with thin, pale-yellow

fibers known as silks that act as a layer between the husk and cob. The husks also

have a ridged, textured surface and fibrous, inedible nature. When the husks are

peeled, a plump cob is revealed, covered in densely packed kernels. The kernels have

a semi-glossy appearance and a curved, smooth, and taut surface, showcasing shades
 of violet, dark purple, and ivory. Wild Violet corn should be harvested when some of

the kernels on the cob have just begun turning a light violet-purple hue. As the cobs

age, the purple shades will darken. Wild Violet corn is fleshy, aqueous, and tender

with a crisp, succulent consistency. The bi-colored corn is high in sugar and low in

starch, creating a sweet and subtly nutty flavor. It is important to note that the longer

the ears are stored, the more the sugars will begin to convert to starch in the flesh,

creating a doughy flavor and consistency (Pepper, Ud.).

White lagkitan

White lagkitan (also known as waxy corn or glutinous corn) is one of the most

common varieties harvested in the country. You’ll find it in many corn-producing

regions, where it’s available either fresh, dried, or canned. Dried lagkitan (hominy)

can be ground into a fine powder such as cornmeal, grits, or cornflour. But we usually

enjoy it as binatog or kornik (Pepper, Ud.).

Visayan White Corn

Visayan white corn (tinigib) is a variety of Philippine corn generally found in

the Cebu region. It boasts a low glycemic index, making it slower to digest resulting

in a more gradual release of glucose in the body. This, plus the fact that it tastes like

rice, makes it a common rice substitute. People often use tinigib to make maja blanca,

pintos or binaki (like corn tamales), and SUAM NA MAIS (aka ginarep or

dinengdeng na mais; a fresh corn soup with spinach or malunggay). You can also

roast Visayan white corn to make a drink called kapeng mais, which surprisingly

tastes a bit like coffee.

Purple corn

Purple corn is common in the Andes region of South America. A few years ago, it

was introduced to the Philippines, becoming a hit for its high antioxidant content. When

harvested, purple corn is sticky and sweet. It’s typically soaked in boiling water and used as a

food coloring. But it’s also famously used to make Peruvian CHICHA MORADA. This corn

drink is specifically made using purple corn with a combo of spices like cinnamon and

cloves, served with lime or lemon slices (Pepper, Ud.).

Young corn

Young corn refers to mais harvested at its early stage, while the stalks are still

young and immature. Their mildly sweet flavor and snappy texture make them an

indispensable ingredient for chop suey. You can also simply eat them steamed or

roasted with butter, stir-fried into rice or noodles, or added into soups or stews

(Pepper, Ud.).

B. Importance of the Commodity System Concepts

Corn is a major component of livestock feed. Feed use, a derived demand, is

closely related to the number of animals (cattle, hogs, and poultry) that are fed corn

and typically accounts for about 40 percent of total domestic corn use. The amount of

corn used for feed also depends on the crop's supply and price, the amount of

supplemental ingredients used in feed rations, and the supplies and prices of

competing ingredients. Corn also has food, seed, and industrial (FSI) uses, the most

significant of which is fuel ethanol. Total FSI makes up close 60 percent of total

domestic corn use. Corn is the largest component of the global trade of feed grains
 (corn, sorghum, barley, and oats), generally accounting for about 80 percent of the

total volume over the past decade (ERS, 2022).

II. THE AGRIBUSINESS COMMODITY SYSTEM COMPONENT

A. THE INPUT SUBSYSTEM

MAJOR INPUT USED

Seed

Fertilizer

Pesticides

Human Labor

VOLUME UTILIZATION AND PRICES OF INPUTS

SEED

Quality seeds are one of the important elements in maintaining plant potential. One of

the factors that can affect the growth potential and production of corn for each variety or

genotype is the storages ages of the seeds (Edy et al., 2021).

In the Philippines, the most common seed type or variety is

yellow corn which is, it is the most profitable among the other

variety. According to Esaga and Ganado (2013), planting hybrid

yellow corn intended for feeds in the upland

areas will reduce the use of arable lowland that should be planted with

crops for human consumption. However, choosing the suitable corn

varieties to be planted with high yielded and good quality should be

considered.
Here are samples hybrid corn and its price in the Philippines

HYBRID SEED PRICE

Syngenta Agrisure ( NK8840, NK8850) P5,450.00

Mosanto Dekalb (DK6818, DK6919) P17, 736.00

Pioneer Earlyshield (4097YR, 3774YR) P6,325.00

Table 1. Hybid seed in Philippines

FERTILIZER

Plant fertilizers are typically rated with an NPK ratio which list the balance of

macronutrients found in the formula. These three macronutrients-nitrogen (N), Phosphorus

(P), and potassium (K) - are needed in varying quantities depending on the period of the corn

plant’s life cycle.

Pre-planting fertilizers for corn should have NPK ratios of 1-4-0, 1-3-1, 0r 1-1-1 to

ensure they don’t contain too much nitrogen. This will ensure they develop a healthy root

system and have strong stems and foliage. Corn is heavy feeder and needs a high quantity of

nitrogen to thrive once it is established.

Types of Fertilizer for Corn

Fertilizers typically come in one of two formulations: granular or liquid. Each type is

best suited to different applications.

 Liquid Fertilizers are typically designed to be diluted with water and sprayed onto

plants or soils. They deliver immediate results, but the primary downside of liquid

fertilizer is that they need to be applied frequently at 1-to-2 week’s intervals. Since
 liquid fertilizers can easily be diluted, however, it’s easy to avoid overfertilizing when

using them.

 Granular Fertilizers are a great choice for fertilizing after seeding- otherwise known

as side-dressing because they can be applied to the soil without accidentally being

applied to the plant themselves. Granular fertilizers slowly release nutrients over time,

only requiring application every 4 to 6 weeks (Sher, 2022).

Liquid Fertilizer example

Starter Fertilizer is usually composed of two or more nutrients. Under most

situations, a combination of nitrogen and phosphorus constitutes an effective starter material.

Liquid 10-34-0 and dry 18-46-0 are common used. Other fertilizer formulations may be used

as starters; for example, the addition of zinc and/or sulfur may be warranted in sandy, low

organic matter soils (Vossenkemper and Shanahan, ud.).

Granular Fertilizers example

The Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) monitors fertilizer prices covering 80

provinces/cities including Metro Manila.

NPK Fertilizers Description PRICE

Urea (46-0-0) Urea is the most nitrogenous fertilizer in the P1,121.57

market, with the highest nitrogen content

(about 46 percent). It is a white crystalline

organic chemical compound (Indorama, ud.)

Ammonium Sulphate (21-0-0) Ammonium sulphate is an inorganic salt P622.29

 with a number of commercial uses. The

most common use is as soil fertilizer since

the chemical contains 21% (w/w) nitrogen

and 24% (w/w) sulfur (Speight, 2017).

Triple 14-Complete Fertlizer Triple 14 Complete fertilizer also called 14- P1,136.70
(14-14-14)
14-14 has equal percentage of Nitrogen,

phosphate, and potassium that will help

crops carry out to their full cycle that can

last up to 3 months.

Ammonium Phospate (16-20- Ammonium phosphate is a homogenous P993.65

0) fertilizer contains sulfur that enhances plant

density and color and can be used as a pre-

plant fertilizer to prepare the soil.

Solophos (0-20-0) Solophos is a commercial fertilizer with P2,579.06

20% phosphorus.

Table 2. Fertilizers price from Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA, 2019).

Application of Fertilizer

1. Side dressing Fertilizer in Corn

The greatest need for nitrogen is from the V12 (plant is about 4 feet tall or

more) stage to the corn blister stage in a corn plant’s life. Typically, corn is side-

dressed at the 6 leaf (V6) stage; however any time prior to V12 will achieve

management goals.

Soil type heavily influences the side-dressing decision. High clay soils should

have a planned split-application of nitrogen fertilizer due to the risk of nitrogen loss
 by denitrification. Corn at 2-3 leaf staging can withstand a broadcast application of

urea. By 4 leaf crop staging, nitrogen should be applied the rows.

2. Top Dressing Fertilizing in Corn

Top dressing fertilizer for maize works best when the timing is key, ie when it is

applied at the correct crop growth stage and at the recommended rate. Nitrogen

applied at the 3-4 leaf stage with a broadcaster leaves nitrogen vulnerable to leaching

when the crop does not require it.

Nitrogen-and other nutrients- are not taken up at a constant rate through the crop

life. Therefore, the table below summarizes the important growth stages and the

amount of nitrogen in particular that the crop takes up at each stage.

What is happening in the Kg of N taken up

Crop?

V1 Crop emerging

V3 stage 3 leaf stage, crop 12 kg/ha N

established
V6 Growing point and tassle at 25 kg/ha N
ground level

V8-V10 Rapid top growth period 80 kg/ha N

V12 The number of rows of 100 kg/ha N

kernels determined. Rapid
nutrient uptake

R1 140 kg/ha N

R3 Little further N uptake 250 kg/ha N

R6 Physiologically mature
PESTICIDE

The pesticide active ingredients used on corn are classified as herbicides (targeting

weeds), insecticides (targeting insects), and fungicides (targeting fungal disease), or other

chemicals (targeting all other pest and other materials, including extraneous crop foliage).

 GLYPHOSATE

Glyphosate herbicides are one of the most common pesticides for corn and other

crops in the Philippines and other country. This organic chemical is best known by its

commercial name, RounUp, which is produced by pesticide giant Monsato. Glyphospate

blocks one of a plants enzymes, which leads to an inhibition of amino acid and protein

production and then, ultimately, its death.

 ATRAZINE

Atrazine has been applied to eliminate broad-leaved weeds and perennial grass, it is

popularly used on corn as well as pineapples, sugarcane and many other crops. Atrazine is

even used for weed reduction in non-farming settings. It is become a major pesticides

because it is inexpensive, does not damage crops heavily and can be applied during a long

widow of time.

 LAMBDA-CYHALOTHRIN

Lambda-cyhalothrin is an insecticide that exterminates a number of common corn

pests. Better known by its commercial name, warrior lambda-cyhalothrin is a pyrethroid,

man-made but designed to mimic natural insecticides.

Fig 1. Most crops used pesticide

IRRIGATION/WATER

As a member of the grass family, corn is a high-demand moisture crop that needs an

inch of water each week. The goal is to keep the soil consistently near the 75% moisture

content. With very sandy soil, a little more may be necessary.

TYPES OF IRRIGATION USED IN CORN PRODUCTION

 Drip Irrigation

Drip irrigation is a water and nutrient

delivery system placed either below or above

the ground that gives you the ability to deliver

water and nutrients directly to the root zone, in

accurate amounts based on the plants current

need.
  Surface Irrigation

Surface irrigation is where water is applied and

distributed over the soil surface by gravity. It is by

far the most common form of irrigation throughout

the world and has been practiced in many years

virtually unchanged for thousands of years.

Corn Water Use and Irrigation Requirements by Growth Stage

High yielding corn requires approximately 22 to 30 inches of water per year

depending on planting date, planting density, maturity group, location and weather

conditions. Corn requires the most water during the early reproductive growth stages, which

are also the most sensitive stages to water stress.

Table 3. Example of crop water use (ET) by growth stage for 113-day maturity corn.
LABOR

Labor is the amount of physical, mental and societal effort used to produce goods and

services in an economy (Amadeo, 2021).

In crop production, land preparation, planting, weeding, pruning and harvesting is

require access to seasonal and migrant farmworkers. Agricultural workers maintain crops and

tend livestock. They perform physical labor and operate machinery under the supervision of

farmers, and other agricultural managers.

SOURCE OF INPUTS

 Fertilizers/Pesticides

Synthetic Fertilizers and pest control chemicals

▪ Agri-vet stores- mostly retailers

▪ Cooperative

Organic inputs

▪ Independent producers

▪ Farmers produce their own inputs

 Seeds

Government- DA-LGU

Seed breeders

Cooperative

 Irrigation/Water

Rainfall

Surface drainage

Groundwater from wells

 Drainage ponds

River

Water pump

 Labor

Household members

Tenant

PROBLEMS OF THE SECTOR

 Rising prices of synthetic inputs.

 Shifting of some farmers to organic farming-for suppliers of synthetic fertilizers

 Stressful conditions such as drought, foliar disease, hail damage, inadequate nutrition

or compaction, and insect damage.

 Pest and Diseases

 Lack of post-harvest facilities

 Climate Change

 Market Forces

 Land rent

 Demographics

B. PRODUCTION SUBSYSTEM
1. Production Trends, Volume and Prices
 In the Philippines, corn production is based on the landscape and topography

of an area. In 2021, the production volume of corn in the Philippines amounted to

over eight million metric tons, slightly higher than the produced quantity of 8.12

million metric tons in the previous year (Statista, 2022).

Production volume of corn in the Philippines from 2012 to 2021(in million metric tons)

The wholesale price of yellow corn grain in the county had been fluctuating over the past

decade. Corn production in the country had been declining in recent years, particularly of

yellow corn, resulting in an increase in corn imports. The average domestic wholesale price

of yellow corn grain in the Philippines was approximately 18.62 Philippine pesos per

kilogram in 2021 (Statista, 2022).

 Domestic wholesale price of yellow corn grain in the Philippines from 2012 to 2021(per
kilogram in Philippine pesos)

2. Farming Systems

The farming system employed in corn production in the Philippines are upland

and lowland farming. Upland corn farming is mainly white corn or lagkitan and it is

planted in sloppy areas such as hill side and kaingin for indigenous people. This is

only for consumption and selling around the community. White corns is low in

number of production because it is a small scale production that almost 0.2 hectares of

farm land is allotted for planting.

Lowland corn farming is mainly composed of yellow corns, it is planted along plains

and near from water source such rivers, irrigation system and deep-well because water is one
of essential input for hybrid corn production. Yellow corn production is larger compared to

white corns because yellow corn are processed it animal feed for hogs, chickens and other

poultry animals. Yellow corn plays a vital role in animal nutrition. It is one of the most

important feed grains in feed milling and accounts for 50-60% of the total mixed feed ration.

About 90 percent of yellow corn produced is used as feed for swine and poultry. It is a

primary source of energy supplement and can contribute up to 30% protein, 60% energy and

90% starch in an animal’s diet (Dado, 1999).

3. Production Concentration

In the Philippines, corn is being produced on 2.5 million hectares, with a total

production volume of eight (8) million metric tons in 2019. The provinces of Isabela

and Bukidnon are the top producing provinces with a total production volume of 1.1

million metric tons and 0.8 million metric tons, respectively (PSA, 2019). Based on

the latest census for agriculture, the country’s average corn farm area is 1.30 hectares

(PSA, 2015).

White corn is predominantly produced in Region 12 (SOCCSKSARGEN), ARMM (now

BARMM), and Region 10 (Northern Mindanao). The combined white corn production of

these three regions accounts for more than one half of total white corn produced in the

Philippines (PSA, 2019). On a provincial level, the top three (3) producing provinces are

Maguindanao, South Cotabato, and Lanao del Sur. Although Mindanao mostly produces

white corn, one major market is still Cebu in the Visayas. The production regions are

themselves, consumers of white corn, also.

 Top white corn-producing regions in the Philippines, 2018
For yellow corn, the regions of Cagayan Valley (Region 2), SOCCSKSARGEN (Region 12),

and Northern Mindanao (Region 10) are the main contributors to national production (Figure

3). These three (3) regions supply around 61 percent of total domestic yellow corn

production. The top producing provinces are Isabela, Bukidnon, and South Cotabato,

accounting for 45

percent of the total national output. The end market of yellow corn are mainly the feed mills.

These mills, in turn, have business operations near hogs and poultry production areas in

Central

Luzon, Southern Tagalog, Central Visayas, and Southern Mindanao (PSA, 2019).

Top yellow corn-producing regions in the Philippines, 2018

4. Technological Development

Technological advancements vary in scope. In corn industry good quality corn and

post-harvest management is important. disease caused pathogens are one of the factor that

reduces the quality of corn. Genetically modified corn is one of the solution that helps famer

cope with this problem. Bt corn in the Philippines was mainly developed to be resistant to the
Asian corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis Guenee) The Asian corn borer is one of the most

destructive corn pests in the country and typically accounts for 20–30 percent of annual crop

damage (Dela Rosa2001). It damages plants by boring holes in the stems and pods that cause

wilting of the leaves and crop losses. Bt corn carries a transplanted gene that produces a

delta-endotoxin protein that paralyzes the larvae of some harmful insects, including Asian

corn borers, when ingested. The Bt protein punctures the mid-gut of the insect, leaving it

unable to eat, and it will eventually die within a few days. Since 2003, farms planted to

conventional hybrid corn varieties have been steadily replaced with Bt corn. From about 0.5

percent of the total area harvested to corn (i.e., 11,000 hectares) in 2003, James (Reference

James2014) reports that Bt corn was planted on about 32.4 percent of the total area harvested

(i.e., 831,000 hectares) in 2014. The Philippine Department of Agriculture (DA) stresses that

the use of Bt corn is a means to ensure the country's food security and global

competitiveness. The Philippine DA believes that Bt corn reduces farmers’ input costs and

increases their yield, while keeping the ecosystem intact and enabling crops to grow under

unfavorable conditions (Sanglestsawai et al., 2017).

Post-harvest technology helps corn farmers to cope with certain losses due to

lack of proper post-harvest management. For example, in transportation, now there

are vehicles that can use to transport the product from farm to market and in drying

before they use sunlight now they use vertical dryer flat bed for 12 hours compered to

sun dry that spent 2 to 3 days.

5. Production Opportunities and Problems

Corn is one of the main ingredient that is needed in making animal feeds. To be

specific corn comprises 60 to 70 percent of the ingredients for the production of animal feeds,

while the cost of feeds can take up 80 percent of the production cost for chicken and other
livestock products. The strong growth demand for pork has potential to increase income

opportunities and alleviate poverty among rural and agricultural households in the

Philippines.

Corn farmer faces different problems. Pests and diseases are one of the main causes of

yield losses of Filipino corn farmers every year. Weeds are also an extensive problem in corn

production that may cause a yield loss of 100% if no hand weeding nor herbicide is applied.

According to Clarice Colleen Q Manuel, In-depth interviews with corn farmers in

Malaybalay and Cabanglasan in Bukidnon reveal serious problems in the corn industry that

have likely contributed to the high poverty incidence among farmers. A common lament

among the interviewed farmers is the occurrence of drought, strong winds and rains, which

have led to corn crop losses for the past 10 years. Most of the corn farmers plant in sloped

areas, which are naturally prone to landslides; thus, extreme weather conditions would likely

result in crop failures. By some accounts, in 2012 there were farmers who experienced zero

yield because of Typhoon Pablo, whose strong winds flattened corn stalks and made the

fallen corn cobs an easy target for hungry field rats. Corn farmers and traders in three of the

country’s major corn producing provinces lose at least 760 million a year due to

postproduction losses, according to results of a study conducted by the Bureau of Postharvest

Research and Extension (BPRE) (PhilStar Global, 2007).

PROCESSING SUBSYSTEM

Corn is included in so many different food items, besides the obvious fresh

corn that we enjoy for so little in the produce section. We also consume a lot of corn
 as a main ingredient in several other processed foods. Then, there is corn that is

grown specifically for use in animal feed, which is not harvested for human

consumption. Corn is grown, harvested and handled in different ways based on the

market in which it is being grown. Below are three different examples of methods in

which corn is harvested.

Corn Harvesting for the Fresh Market

When corn is harvested for the fresh market, it is harvested by hand using a

harvesting tool. This is the most labor-intensive harvesting method as the workers are

working directly with the corn. Luckily, the tractor moves in front of the workers to

help break down the corn stalks so that it is easier for the workers to progress through

the field as they harvest.

Corn Harvesting for Processed Corn

When harvesting corn for the processing market, it is all done with one machine. A

corn combine is used and goes up and down the rows of corn to harvest out the kernels. The

corn combine separates out the kernels from the rest of the stalk and then once the corn

combine is filled, the kernels are released into a hauling trailer to take the kernels to the

processing facility.

Corn Harvesting for Corn Silage

This type of corn harvesting was probably the most interesting to learn about.

The actual purpose is to ferment the harvested corn so that it can be digested by dairy

cows. This harvesting process consists of one machine that goes through and chops up

the majority of the corn plant and transports it to an adjacent trailer that takes the

harvested product to a fermentation pile (The Product Nerd, Ud.).

Processed Products from corn

In the Philippines, corn is also processed into high value products, such as

cornstarch, corn syrups, corn oil, gluten and snack foods.

1. Corn starch

Because of the increased need for grain corn, special breeding programmes need

focused on corn-varieties suitable for the starch industry. These corn varieties offer improved

attributes such as increased starch content, easy going processability and special qualities of

the starch itself. Corn varieties were grown for specific technical applications of starch.

Among these are waxy corn and high-amylose corn (Vekaspedia, Ud.).

2. Corn oil

Corn oil is oil extracted from the germ of corn. Its main use is in cooking, where its

high smoke point makes refined corn oil a valuable frying oil. It is also a key ingredient in

some margarines. Corn oil is generally less expensive than most other types of vegetable oils.

Corn agronomists have developed high-oil varieties; however, these varieties tend to show

lower field yields, so they are not universally accepted by growers. Corn oil is also a

feedstock used for biodiesel. Other industrial uses for corn oil include soap, salve, paint, rust
proofing for metal surfaces, inks, textiles, nitroglycerin, and insecticides. It is insecticides

sometimes used as a carrier for drug molecules in pharmaceutical preparations.

3. Corn Syrup

Corn syrup is a food syrup which is made from the starch of corn and

composed mainly of glucose. Corn syrup is used in foods to soften texture, add volume,

prevent crystallization of sugar, and enhance flavor. Corn syrup is distinct from high-fructose

corn syrup created when corn fructose syrup, syrup undergoes enzymatic processing that

produces a sweeter compound containing higher levels of fructose. The more general term

glucose syrup is often used synonymously with corn syrup, since glucose syrup is most

commonly made from corn starch.

4. High fructose corn syrup

High-fructose corn syrup is produced by milling corn to fructose produce

corn starch, then processing that starch to yield. Corn syrup, which is almost entirely glucose,

and then adding enzymes that change some of the glucose into fructose.

5. Corn flakes
 Breakfast cereal technology has advanced greatly since its origins in the late

nineteenth century. The latest innovation in the industry is the twin twin-screw cooking

extruder. The two rotating screws scrape each other clean as they rotate. This allows the

dough to move more smoothly than in an extruder with only one screw (Vikaspedia, Ud.).

6. Use of corn for Animal Feeds:

Corn is the main source of carbohydrate demand for cattle feed. It’s the most used

food ingredient in the world for low and high nutrition. The cow needs to be fed in such a

way that it is slowly digested in her stomach or rumen and the function of rumen is good.

Corn fermented with yeast is a fancy food for cows. It is a feed processing system. Properly

fermented food is easy to digest and increases the number of beneficial bacteria in the

stomach. During this time, in the process of fermentation, corn breaks down glucose into bile

and turns it into sucrose and alcohol. That is to say, it breaks down the food and makes the

cow easily digestible (VMVD, 2021).

Aside from that, corn cobs are usually thrown away at big corn processing plants

and are often considered a waste disposal problem. Some has contracted to buy 2,000 tons of

corn cobs from a major corn seed company in the country. They crushes the cobs with a

hammer mill so they can be made into fine powder or into coarser sizes. By fermenting the

crushed corn cobs with molasses and beneficial microorganisms, the material does not only

become more nutritious, it also becomes more palatable, and is well-liked by livestock such

as pigs, goats, cattle, carabaos, and even poultry (Anonymous, 2018).

II. MANUFACTURERS AND SCALE OF OPERATION.

The corn processing industry is defined by a large processing area, a lengthy

industrial chain, and an abundance of products, which include starch, starch sugar,

modified starch, alcohol, enzyme preparations, condiments, medicinal, and chemical

products, but primarily starch and alcohol.

LAMSAN INCORPORATED is the foremost corn wet milling company in the Philippines.

Its products include cornstarch, corn gluten feed, corn gluten meal and corn germ. It has been

in the business since 1971 and has steadily grown to become the industry leader today.

Filipino manufacturers of corn and suppliers of corn

Manufacturing company Sample products

1. Leslie corp Clover chips, cheezy corn

crunch, cheezy corn crunch order

2. Regent foods corp Sweet corn cheese ring, snacku, sweet

corn

3. Y.e.s. Exp. & imp. Corp. Bottled sardines in extra spicy corn

4. North ridge foods imp. & exp. Assorted foodstuffs such as fried corn

snacks,

5. Orchid asia trading inc. Assorted snackfoods regent corn puffs,

6. Alenter food inc. Bangus smoked in corn

7. Q phil international trading Snack corn beverages sweet preserve

condiments

8. Pixcel transglobal foods Dry foodstuffs products such as regent

snackfoods (sweet corn-cheese ball

 9. Ncc enterprise inc. Regent golden sweet corn

10. W.l. Food products

Assorted foodstuffs (corn, green

peas)

III. VOLUME OF PRODUCTION

OPPORTUNITIES AND PROBLEMS

The Philippine Association of Feed Millers Inc. (PAFMI) has asked the government

to address the need to ensure a reliable and consistent supply of corn and to review its tariff

structure. The local supply of yellow corn in recent years has fallen 48% short of
requirements. PAFMI said a reliable and consistent supply of corn is crucial to boost local

production of animal feed, human food and biodiesel. PAFMI has also asked the Philippines

government to review the tariff structure on yellow corn to prevent more cost increases.

According to a separate report from the Manila Standard, the prices of local and imported

feed corn are approaching record highs and contributing to higher food prices.

“Tariffs are supposed to protect local corn growers, but with the significant supply

gap, feed millers need to import more corn to supply the requirements of livestock growers,”

the report said. “The country’s yellow corn importation is now more than what is locally

available and has a more significant impact on consumer foods.”

A policy program is needed, PAFMI said, to address corn production concerns, as

well as post-harvest facilities, credit, warehousing, marketing, transport and other logistics

concerns. “PAFMI vows to support all measures needed to improve the country’s corn supply

sufficiency, reliability and consistency given the strategic role corn plays in ensuring the

country’s food security and in keeping vibrant economic activity,” (Reus, 2021). It is because

the Philippines still has insufficient capability to process its corn. Farmers must also be

trained on good agricultural practices to make them more competitive so they could

maximize their yield and address problems affecting the sector. This competitiveness is a

vital element in making sure that the farmers are up to the standards set by the Association of

Southeast Asian Countries (Asean) as the economic integration of its member-countries will

kick off. Most farmers still lack the technology to process corn efficiently at a faster rate

(Reus, 2021).

Institutions Supporting the Commodity System of Corn

A. Department of Agriculture and Projects

CORN PROGRAM’S GOAL

Increase production of quality corn and cassava for human consumption, feeds and industrial

uses, as well as empower the farmers and increase their income, thereby improving their

quality of life.

CORN PROGRAM OBJECTIVES

 Continue in promoting the utilization and health benefits of white corn grains and

expand the market for high quality white corn grits to help ease the pressure on rice

demand

 Continue in promoting productivity-enhancing and cost-reducing

measures/technologies to aid corn and cassava farmers gain better income

 Increase production per hectare from 6.17 t/ha – 6.54 t/ha for yellow, 2.35 t/ha – 2.56

t/ha for white corn & 16.25 t/ha.

PROGRAM COMPONENTS

Production Support Services

1. Biological Control

 Trichogramma Production

 Earwig Production Program

 Pest & Disease Surveillance

& Control Program

2. Pilot Farm Mechanization and

Tractor Pool (Corn & Cassava)

3. National & Regional Field

Monitoring (Corn & Cassava)

Market Development Services

1. Market Development & Support

 Market Matching Projects

Irrigation Support Services

 Open Source Pump

Postharvest Development Services

1. Post Harvest Facilities (85 : 15 scheme)

 Combined Harvester

 Mechanical Sheller

 Vertical Dryer

Extension Support, Education & Training

Farmer Education Training

1. Techno Demo

 Tipid-Abono

2. Farmers Field School (FFS)

3. Entrepreneurial (Corn Husk Handicraft) Training

4. Post Harvest Technology Promotion, Extension and Training

 Technical Briefings

Research and Development

 Farmers’ Participatory Tech. Dev’t. Program

Source: Department of Agriculture (DA)

 B. SIKAT SAKA PROGRAM (SSP)

The DA Sikat Saka Program is a project of the Department of Agriculture in

support of its Foods Staples Sufficiency Program. This is in partnership with the Land

Bank of the Philippines (LANDBANK) to provide credit assistance to small palay and

corn farmers for their production activities/projects. DA agencies, together with the

Irrigators’ Association, will provide support to farmers such as extension,

administrative services, assured market, and irrigation.

The Sikat Saka Program is an integrated financing program jointly implemented

by the Department of Agriculture and Land Bank of the Philippines. The program

aims to help more palay and corn farmers access timely, adequate, and affordable

production credit and improve the viability of agricultural production by ensuring

availability of irrigation services, extension, links to markets and providing a

favorable economic environment (Department of Agriculture DA, Ud).

C. DOST-PCAARRD

FLE project to enhance corn yield and agri students’ entrepreneurship skills in Isabela

The project “Enhancing corn productivity and entrepreneurship through FLE-

managed technology transfer in Isabela, Region 2” was co-funded by PCARRD and

the Department of Agriculture-Regional Field Unit 2 (DA-RFU 2). It will commence

in mid 2010 and end in 2011.

FLE is an agricultural extension strategy that promotes technologies by harnessing the

expertise and capabilities of farmer-leaders. Here, farmer-leaders demonstrate and teach

techniques to other farmers. The strategy was conceived by former DA-RFU 2 Regional Dir.

Gumersindo D. Lasam and was piloted from 2004 to 2008.

The technique fosters the “to-see-is-to-believe” attitude, that is once farmers see that a

technique is effective, they would adapt it. Farmers also learn more easily with a hands-on

approach.

Enhancing corn productivity

The project aims to increase corn production by 600 kg/ha in areas with non-acidic soils, 500

kg/ha in areas with acidic soils, and 1,000 kg/ha in traditional white corn areas. The project

areas are divided into 103 clusters, each cluster consisting of 200- 400 ha of contiguous

cornfields in Isabela.

Components of the project are selection of farmer-leaders; capacity building; mobilizing and

organizing farmers; establishment of FLE-managed technology demonstrations; conduct of

field days; and project monitoring and evaluation.

To increase productivity of FLE-managed farms, science and technology (S&T) interventions

such as application of Bio-N and agricultural lime, demo on open-pollinated variety, and

production and utilization of bio-organic fertilizer will be implemented.

Enhancing student entrepreneurship

In a related development, the corn project received an added P3.3 million from PCARRD’s

“Enhancing the demand for agriculture, forestry and natural resources graduates through

S&T” program. Hence, some components of the project were reoriented to accommodate

agriculture interns from ISU.

Aside from increased corn production, the additional expected outputs are enhanced ISU

learning modules and agriculture students trained on corn production and marketing in FLE-

managed farms (DOST-PCAARRD, Ud).

Development Programs and Projects:

CPAR farmers’ field days showcase corn production technologies in Region 2

Farmers, researcher, project implementers, national and local government units, and other

stakeholders gathered for the farmers’ field days in provinces of Quirino and Cagayan,

Cagayan valley. The two-day event carried the theme, “Negosyo sa Sakahan at Pangisdaan,

Laban sa Kahirapan” that aimed to share farming knowledge and experience, highlight on-

farm demonstrations and technologies, while building strong farming communities through

Community-based Participatory Action Research (CPAR).

Two projects titled “Community-based Participatory Action Research (CPAR) on

Sustainable Corn Production in Sloping Areas (SCOPSA) in Corn-based Hilly Areas in

Madella, Quirino” and “Community-based Participatory Action Research (CPAR) on Corn-

based Integrated Farming System in the Riverflood Plain in Alcala, Cagayan” carried out

their farmers’ field day activities in each of the project sites.

With corn as Region 2’s primary commodity, CPAR projects target to address common

agro-climatic conditions in the province in relation to corn production. The region, with its

hilly and river flood prone areas, deals with adverse circumstances affecting farm

productivity. The interventions identified by the Department of Agriculture-Regional Field

Office (DA-RFO) 2 through CPAR include suitable land use management approaches, water

conservation practices, and soil health preservation measures. In both projects, the farmer-

cooperators showed positive returns from production to income (DA-BAR, 2022).

PART III. INTEGRATED ANALYSIS

Overall SWOT Analysis

Strength

The strengths of Commodity Corn in Corn Products

Effective Research and Development (R&D)

Commodity Corn has innovation driven culture where significant part of the revenues

are spent on the research and development activities. This has resulted in staying

ahead in the industry in terms of – new product launches, superior customer

experience, highly competitive pricing strategies, and great returns to the

shareholders.

High switching costs

The high switching costs that Commodity Corn has built up over years in its products

and services offer has resulted in high retention of customers, lower marketing costs,

and greater ability of the firm to focus on its customers.

Highly skilled collaborators

Commodity Corn has highly efficient outsourcing and offshoring strategy. It has

resulted in greater operational flexibility and bringing down the costs in highly price

sensitive segment. Cross disciplinary teams

Horizontal connected teams at the Commodity Corn are driving operational speed,

building greater agility, and keeping the organization nimble to compete with new
competitors. Sustainable margins compare to other players in Strategy &

Execution industry

Corn Products International, Inc. firm has clearly differentiated products in the

market place. This has enabled Commodity Corn to fetch slight price premium

compare to the competitors in the Strategy & Execution industry.

Low bargaining power of suppliers

Suppliers of Commodity Corn in the sector have low bargaining power. Corn

Products International, Inc. has further diversified its suppliers portfolio by building a

robust supply chain across various countries. This helps Commodity Corn to manage

not only supply disruptions but also source products at highly competitive prices.

Ability to recruit top talent

Commodity Corn is one of the leading recruiters in the industry. Managers in the

Corn Products International, Inc. are in a position to attract the best talent available.

The firm has a robust talent identification program that helps in identifying the

brightest.

High brand equity

Commodity Corn has strong brand awareness and brand recognition among both - the

exiting customers and potential new customers. Strong brand equity has enabled

Commodity Corn to keep acquiring new customers and building profitable

relationship with both the new and loyal customers

The weaknesses of Corn Products International, Inc. are -

High cash cycle compare to competitors

 Commodity Corn has a high cash cycle compare to other players in the industry. It

needs to shorten the cash cycle by 12% to be more competitive in the marketplace,

reduce inventory costs, and be more profitable.

Need for greater diversity

Commodity Corn has taken concrete steps on diversity, equity, and inclusion. But the

efforts so far has resulted in limited success.

Slow decision making process

As mentioned earlier in the report, Commodity Corn has a very deliberative decision

making approach. This approach has resulted in prudent decisions, but it has also

resulted in missing opportunities in the industry over the last five years.

Skills based hiring

The stress on hiring functional specialists at Commodity Corn has created an

environment where the organization is dominated by functional specialists rather than

management generalist. This has resulted into product oriented approach rather than

marketing oriented approach or consumers oriented approach.

Workers concerns about automation

As automation is fast increasing in the segment, Commodity Corn needs to come up

with a strategy to reduce the workers concern regarding automation

The opportunities

Buying journey improvements

Commodity Corn can improve the customer journey of consumers in the industry by using

analytics and artificial intelligence. It is suggested that firm can provide automated chats to

help consumers solve their own problems, provide online suggestions to get maximum out of

the products and services, and help consumers to build a community where they can interact

with each other to develop new features and uses.

Low interest rates

Even though inflation is raising its head in most developed economies, Commodity Corn can

still utilize the low interest rates to borrow money for capital investment. Secondly it can also

use the increase of government spending in infrastructure projects to get new business.

Developing new processes and practices

Commodity Corn can develop new processes and procedures in Strategy & Execution

industry using technology such as automation using artificial intelligence, real time

transportation and products tracking.

Loyalty marketing

Commodity Corn has focused on building a highly responsive customer relationship

management platform. The customer analytics can help the organization to fine tune its

loyalty marketing efforts, increase the wallet share of the organization, reduce wastage on

mainstream advertising spending, build better pricing strategies using personalization, etc.

Changes in consumer behavior post Covid-19

Consumer behavior has changed in the Strategy & Execution industry because of Covid-19

restrictions. Some of this behavior will stay once things get back to normal. Commodity Corn

can take advantage of these changes in consumer behavior to build a far more efficient

business model. For example consumer regular ordering of products can reduce both last mile

delivery costs and market penetration costs. Commodity Corn can further use this consumer

data to build better customer loyalty, provide better products and service collection, and

improve the value proposition in inflationary times.

Better consumer reach

The expansion of the 5G network will help Commodity Corn to increase its market reach.

Commodity Corn will be able to reach out to new customers. Secondly 5G will also provide

technology framework to build new tools and products that can help more immersive

consumer experience and faster consumer journey.

Lowering marketing communication costs

5G expansion will open new opportunities for Commodity Corn in the field of marketing

communication. It will bring down the cost of doing business, provide technology platform to

build new products in the Strategy & Execution segment, and it will provide faster access to

the consumers.

Increase in government spending

As governments is increasing social spending and infrastructure spending to build economies

post Covid-19, Commodity Corn can use these opportunities to build new business models

that can help the communities that Commodity Corn operates in. Secondly it can use

opportunities from government spending in Strategy & Execution sector.

The threats mentioned in the HBR case study Corn Products International, Inc. are -

Increasing international competition and downward pressure on margins

Apart from technology driven competitive advantage dilution, Commodity Corn can face

downward pressure on margins from increasing competition from international players.

Aging population

As the populations of most advanced economies are aging, it will lead to high social security

costs, higher savings among population, and lower demand for goods and services in the

economy.

Regulatory challenges

Commodity Corn needs to prepare for regulatory challenges as consumer protection groups

and other pressure groups are vigorously advocating for more regulations on big business - to

reduce inequality, to create a level playing field, to product data privacy and consumer

privacy, to reduce the influence of big money on democratic institutions, etc. This can lead to

significant changes in the Strategy & Execution industry regulations.

Increasing wage structure of Commodity Corn

Post Covid-19 there is a sharp increase in the wages especially in the jobs that require

interaction with people. The increasing wages can put downward pressure on the margins of

Commodity Corn.

High dependence on third party suppliers

Commodity Corn high dependence on third party suppliers can disrupt its processes and

delivery mechanism.

Shortening product life cycle

It is one of the major threat that Commodity Corn is facing in Strategy & Execution sector. It

can lead to higher research and development costs, higher marketing expenses, lower

customer loyalty, etc.

Learning curve for new practices (Goldberg and Clay, 2022).

CRITICAL PROBLEM

 CLIMATE CHANGE

Corn is considered the second most important cereal crops in the Philippines

(Gerpacio, 2004). It is also among the field crops that will be directly hit by climate

change. The anticipated impact of climate change on corn will not only affect it

production system but also the different social economic activities related to this crop.

Shortage in supply for corn due to yield decrease will surely affect not only the

country’s food production system but also the different livelihood and economic

activities in which this crop is the primary inputs and center of trade activities. Thus,

it is imperative to quantify the extent of climate change impact on corn in the country

(Salvacion, 2015).
 Extreme climate conditions such as flooding during the wet season, the effect of

drought and the abrupt climate change prevent high volume production of corn and therefore

considered as the major problem of corn farmers (Signabon et al, 2017).

 PEST AND DISEASES

Pest and diseases are one of the main causes of yield losses of Filipino corn farmers

every year. It has to survive a number of disease threats throughout the season it includes;

 Gray leaf spot

 Corn leaf blight

 Tar spot

 Common and southern rust.

 Anthracnose

 Eyespot

 Corn Stalk disease and etc.

 WEEDS

Weeds are also an extensive problem in corn production that may cause a yield loss of

100% if no hand weeding nor herbicides is applied. Examples of weeds commonly found in

corn are;

 Water hemp

 Giant ragweed

 Marestail

 Foxtail

 Valvet leaf and morning glory

 No silver bullet and etc (Pocock, 2011).

PART IV. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Recommendation to Further Improve Corn Production

To further improve corn farming operation, provision of financial support was

recommended by 68.17 percent of corn farmers nationwide. Price support was suggested by

56.35 percent while regulation on price of farm inputs was cited by 43.89 percent. Some

20.32 percent recommended provision of new or modern farming technologies and 14.44

percent, infrastructure facilities. Soil testing analysis was mentioned by 12.94 percent. About

4 to 5 percent mentioned addressing environmental concerns, implementing land reform and

improving irrigation services.

The proportion of corn farmers suggesting financial support ranged from 30 percent

in MIMAROPA (Palawan) to 96.30 percent in CAR (Ifugao). Price support and regulation of

prices of farm inputs were recommended by all corn farmers in Central Luzon (Tarlac). There

were 33.33 percent in Central Luzon (Tarlac) who mentioned improvement of irrigation

services. Establishment of infrastructure facilities was suggested by 30 percent in

MIMAROPA (Palawan). Meanwhile, in CALABARZON (Quezon), about 54.55 percent

proposed the conduct of soil testing/analysis while 81.82 percent recommended the

development of new or modern farming technologies to further improve corn production.

Addressing environmental concern was cited by 37.04 percent in CAR (Ifugao) (PSA, 2014).

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showcase-corn-production-technologies-inregion-2
 ACTIVITY
IN

INTRODUCTION TO
AGRICULTURAL
COMMODITY AND
ENTERPRISE
DEVELOPMENT

Submitted by: BTVTED 3 ACP

Roselle L. Ramos
Kristine M. Mangilog
John Paul Q. Ablir
Dominic D. Lagrada

Submitted to: Sir Ryan Mark A. Ambong

November 17, 2022