Heat Transfer Laboratory

Duhok Polytechnic University

Technical College of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Department
3rd Stage
2022-2023

Lecturer's Name: Experiment No. (2)

Mr. Aras Abdel Khaleq Group (A)

Title of Experiment:

Linear Conduction (Part-B)

Student Name:

Hayder Hassan Hussain

Date Expt. Performed:

06/10/2022

Date Report Submitted:

13/10/2022
 Conduction is defined as the transfer of energy from more energetic particles to
adjacent less energetic particles as a result of interactions between the particles. In
solids, conduction is the combined result of molecular vibrations and free electron
mobility. Metals typically have high free electron mobility, which explains why
they are good heat conductors. Conduction can be easily understood if we imagine
two blocks, one very hot and the other cold. If we put these blocks in contact with
one another but insulate them from the surroundings, thermal energy will be
transferred from the hot to the cold block, as evidenced by the increase in
temperature of the cold block. This mode of heat transfer between the two solid
blocks is termed 'conduction.

• To gauge the temperature distribution for heat energy transfer through a

composite metal wall in steady condition.
• To comprehend how the Fourier Rate Equation is used to calculate the steady-
state, one-dimensional heat flow rate through a composite metal wall.
• To show how changing the wall's metal and surface area affects the steady state
temperature distribution.

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 Linear Conduction of heat along a simple bar. If a plane wall of thickness (AX)
and area (A), supports a temperature difference (AT) then the heat transfer rate per
unit time (Q) by conduction through the wall is found to be:
Q = -kA dT/dX
Heat flow is positive in the direction of temperature fall. What is the effect of
average temperature on the values of thermal conductivity for brass?
The heat flow through a material cannot always be evaluated at steady state e.g.,
through the wall of a furnace that is being heated or cooled. To calculate the heat
flow under these conditions it is necessary to find the temperature distribution
through the solid and how the distribution varies with time. Using the equipment
set-up described above, it is a simple matter of monitoring the temperature profile
variation during either a heating or cooling cycle thus facilitating the study of
unsteady state conduction.

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1) Display and control unit.
2) Measuring Object.
3) Experimental Set-Up for Radial Heat Conduction.
4) Experimental set-up for linear heat conduction.
5) Power supply to the heater.
6) Cooling water connection.

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• Make sure the main switch is turned off at first. The linear module should then
have an intermediate segment of (25mm stainless steel) conductor that you can
clamp together.
• Make that water is flowing from the water pipe's free end to the drain by turning
on the water supply.
• Connect the linear heat conduction module's data and power cables from the
experimental unit to the display and control unit.
• Switch the operating mode to manual.
• Switch the heating on and off from the display and control device.
• Set the heater's power control knob to 20 Watt and wait until a steady state has
been reached before taking the temperatures at all six sensor locations and the
wattmeter's input power reading (Q).
• Repetition of the aforementioned steps with a 15mm brass intermediate portion
and a 23 watt heater are required.

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 Table ( 1 ) , Q=30 , Steel=25mm

Distance from
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
T1 (mm)
Intermediate
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9
Section (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
(25 mm) steel
Temperature
121.3 118.5 116.6 95.1 76 58.3 38.1 36 33.6
(°C)
Temp.
difference -2.8 -9.1 -21.5 -19.1 -17.7 -20.2 -2.1 -2.4
∆T(°C)
Heat Flow
(watt) For 15.5 10.52 111.85 11.63 13.29
𝑲𝒃 = 𝟏𝟏𝟑(𝒘/ brass brass brass brass brass
𝒎. °𝑪)
𝑲𝒔 = 𝟐𝟓(𝒘/ 26.34 23.39 21.68
𝒎. °𝑪) steel steel steel

❖ ∆𝑻 = (𝑻𝒃 – 𝑻𝒂 )

𝑇 = (𝑇2 – 𝑇1) → 𝑇 (118.5 – 121.3) = −2.8 °𝐶

𝑇 = (𝑇3 – 𝑇2) → 𝑇 (116.6 – 118.5) = −9.1 °𝐶
𝑇 = (𝑇4 – 𝑇3) → 𝑇 (95.1 − 116.6) = −21.5 °𝐶
𝑇 = (𝑇5 – 𝑇4) → 𝑇 (76 – 95.1) = −19.1 °𝐶
𝑇 = (𝑇6 – 𝑇5) → 𝑇 (58.3 – 76) = −17.7 °𝐶
𝑇 = (𝑇7 – 𝑇6) → 𝑇 (38.1 – 58.3) = − 20.2°𝐶
𝑇 = (𝑇8 – 𝑇7) → 𝑇 (36 – 38.1) = −2.1°𝐶
𝑇 = (𝑇9 – 𝑇8) → 𝑇 (33.6 – 36) = −2.4 °𝐶

∆𝑇
❖ 𝑄 = −𝑘𝐴 ∆𝑋 = 10𝑚𝑚 = 0.01𝑚
∆𝑋

𝜋 25 2
𝐴 = 𝑑2 =? 𝐴 = 𝜋/4 ( )
4 1000
𝐴 = 4.9 ∗ 10−4 𝑚2

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 −2.8𝑘
𝑄 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑇2 → −113 𝑊 ⁄𝑚. °𝐶 ∗ 4.9 ∗ 10−4 𝑚2 ∗ = 15.5 𝑊
0.01𝑚

−1.9𝑘
𝑄 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑇3 → −113 𝑊 ⁄𝑚. °𝐶 ∗ 4.9 ∗ 10−4 𝑚2 ∗ = 10.52 𝑊
0.01𝑚

−21.5𝑘
𝑄 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑇4 → −113 𝑊 ⁄𝑚. °𝐶 ∗ 4.9 ∗ 10−4 𝑚2 ∗ = 26.3 𝑊
0.01𝑚

−19.1𝑘
𝑄 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑇5 → −25 𝑊 ⁄𝑚. °𝐶 ∗ 4.9 ∗ 10−4 𝑚2 ∗ = 23.39 𝑊
0.01𝑚

−17.7𝑘
𝑄 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑇6 → −25 𝑊 ⁄𝑚. °𝐶 ∗ 4.9 ∗ 10−4 𝑚2 ∗ = 21.68 𝑊
0.01𝑚

−20.2𝑘
𝑄 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑇7 → −113 𝑊 ⁄𝑚. °𝐶 ∗ 4.9 ∗ 10−4 𝑚2 ∗ = 111.85𝑊
0.01𝑚

−2.1𝑘
𝑄 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑇8 → −113 𝑊 ⁄𝑚. °𝐶 ∗ 4.9 ∗ 10−4 𝑚2 ∗ = 11.63𝑊
0.01𝑚

−2.4𝑘
𝑄 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑇9 → −113 𝑊 ⁄𝑚. °𝐶 ∗ 4.9 ∗ 10−4 𝑚2 ∗ = 13.29 𝑊
0.01𝑚

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 Table (2 ) , Q=30 , Brass =15mm

Distance from
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
T1 (mm)
Intermediate
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9
Section (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
(15mm) Brass
Temperature
121.6 119.5 117.9 97.2 76.8 57.9 36.2 34.5 32.8
(°C)
Temp.
difference -2.1 -1.6 -20.7 -20.4 -18.9 -21.7 -1.7 -1.7
∆T(°C)
Heat Flow
(watt) For 11.63 8.86 41.4 40.8 37.8 120.15 9.4 9.4
K=113(w/m.°C)

❖ ∆𝑻 = (𝑻𝒃 – 𝑻𝒂 )

𝑇 = (𝑇2 – 𝑇1) → 𝑇 (119.5 – 121.6) = −2.1 °𝐶

𝑇 = (𝑇3 – 𝑇2) → 𝑇 (117.9 – 119.5) = −1.6 °𝐶
𝑇 = (𝑇4 – 𝑇3) → 𝑇 (97.2 − 117.9) = −20.7 °𝐶
𝑇 = (𝑇5 – 𝑇4) → 𝑇 (76.8– 97.2) = −20.4 °𝐶
𝑇 = (𝑇6 – 𝑇5) → 𝑇 (57.9 – 76.8) = −18.9 °𝐶
𝑇 = (𝑇7 – 𝑇6) → 𝑇 (36.2 – 57.9) = − 21.7°𝐶
𝑇 = (𝑇8 – 𝑇7) → 𝑇 (34.5– 36.2) = −1.7°𝐶
𝑇 = (𝑇9 – 𝑇8) → 𝑇 (32.8– 34.5) = −1.7 °𝐶
∆𝑇
❖ 𝑄 = −𝑘𝐴 ∆𝑋 = 10𝑚𝑚 = 0.01𝑚
∆𝑋

𝜋 15 2
𝐴 = 𝑑 2 =? 𝐴 = 𝜋/4 ( )
4 1000

𝐴 = 1.77 ∗ 10−4 𝑚2
−2.1𝑘
𝑄 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑇2 → −113 𝑊 ⁄𝑚. °𝐶 ∗ 4.9 ∗ 10−4 𝑚2 ∗ = 11.63 𝑊
0.01𝑚
−1.6𝑘
𝑄 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑇3 → −113 𝑊 ⁄𝑚. °𝐶 ∗ 4.9 ∗ 10−4 𝑚2 ∗ = 8.86 𝑊
0.01𝑚
−20.7𝑘
𝑄 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑇4 → −113 𝑊 ⁄𝑚. °𝐶 ∗ 1.77 ∗ 10−4 𝑚2 ∗ = 41.4 𝑊
0.01𝑚
−20.4𝑘
𝑄 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑇5 → −113 𝑊 ⁄𝑚. °𝐶 ∗ 1.77 ∗ 10−4 𝑚2 ∗ = 40.8 𝑊
0.01𝑚

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 −18.9𝑘
𝑄 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑇6 → −113 𝑊 ⁄𝑚. °𝐶 ∗ 1.77 ∗ 10−4 𝑚2 ∗ = 37.8 𝑊
0.01𝑚
−21.7𝑘
𝑄 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑇7 → −113 𝑊 ⁄𝑚. °𝐶 ∗ 4.9 ∗ 10−4 𝑚2 ∗ = 120.15𝑊
0.01𝑚
−1.7𝑘
𝑄 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑇8 → −113 𝑊 ⁄𝑚. °𝐶 ∗ 4.9 ∗ 10−4 𝑚2 ∗ = 9.4𝑊
0.01𝑚
−4 2 −1.7𝑘
𝑄 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑇9 → −113 𝑊 ⁄𝑚. °𝐶 ∗ 4.9 ∗ 10 𝑚 ∗ = 9.4 𝑊
0.01𝑚

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3- In the tables.
4- Brass is high conductivity compared with stainless steel because the materials used to
make Brass that make it a better conductivity than Steel.
5- When the area increase then the heat flow will increase too , it means conductivity
will increase , because ( Q & A ) Heat Flow (Q) have a vertical relation with area
𝑑𝐴
depends on the Heat Flow Law (𝑄 = −𝑘𝐴 ).
𝑑𝑋

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This experiment's findings include how to determine one material conducts heat better than
another (brass is more conducive than steel), how area affects conductivity (i.e., conductivity
rises with increasing area), and how to compute heat flow (Q).

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