DIFFERENTIATION 1

Associate Professor Dr. Abdulkareem Sh. Mahdi Al-Obaidi

 DIFFERENTIATION 2

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lecture, you should be able to:

(1) Differentiate functions given implicitly,
(2) Differentiate parametric equations,
(3) Apply differentiation to solve
Rate-of-Change Problems

Associate Professor Dr. Abdulkareem Sh. Mahdi Al-Obaidi

 DIFFERENTIATION 3

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lecture, you should be able to:

(1) Differentiate functions given implicitly,
(2) Differentiate parametric equations,
(3) Apply differentiation to solve
Rate-of-Change Problems

Associate Professor Dr. Abdulkareem Sh. Mahdi Al-Obaidi

 DIFFERENTIATION 4

Implicit Differentiation
An implicit function is one in which the
dependent variable is not expressed as a
simple function of the independent variable.
Explicit: y = 1 + x2 → y = f (x)
Implicit: y + sin(xy) + x2 = 0
How do we find the derivative of an implicit
function?
Associate Professor Dr. Abdulkareem Sh. Mahdi Al-Obaidi
 DIFFERENTIATION 5

Implicit Differentiation
dy
Differentiating y gives
dx
What is the derivative of y2?
d (y2) = 2y dy
By the Chain Rule
dx dx
This approach can be used on other
functions of y.
Associate Professor Dr. Abdulkareem Sh. Mahdi Al-Obaidi
 DIFFERENTIATION 6

Implicit Differentiation
So to differentiate an implicit function remember
that y is a function of x. For example, given:

x + y = 25
2 2

dy
Differentiating throughout gives: 2 x + 2 y =0
dx

so dy x
=−
dx y
Associate Professor Dr. Abdulkareem Sh. Mahdi Al-Obaidi
 DIFFERENTIATION 7

Implicit Differentiation
Example:- 1

If x2 + y2 – 2x – 6y+5 = 0, find dy/dx and d2y/dx2.

dy dy
2x + 2 y −2−6 = 0
dx dx
dy − 2 − 2 x 1 − x
 (2 y − 6) = 2 − 2 x
dy  = =
dx dx 2y − 6 y −3

d 2 y d  1− x 
=  
dx 2
dx  y − 3 
d 2 y − ( y − 3) − (1 − x )
2 2
( y − 3)(− 1) − (1 − x )(1) dy
=
d2y
= dx dx 2
( y − 3)3
dx 2
( y − 3) 2

Associate Professor Dr. Abdulkareem Sh. Mahdi Al-Obaidi

 DIFFERENTIATION 8

Implicit Differentiation
Example:- 2

If x3 + y3 +3xy2 = 8, find dy/dx

dy − 3(x 2 + y 2 ) (x2 + y2 )
= =− 2
dx 3(y + 2 xy )
2
y + 2 xy

The key is to simply remember “y is a function of x”

and then apply the “function of a function” routine.

Associate Professor Dr. Abdulkareem Sh. Mahdi Al-Obaidi

 DIFFERENTIATION 9

Implicit Differentiation
Application: Inverse Trigonometric Functions
What is the derivative of the function y = sin-1(x)

Solution:
To solve this we can make use of the implicit
differentiation and the fundamental
trigonometric identity.

HOW?

Associate Professor Dr. Abdulkareem Sh. Mahdi Al-Obaidi

 DIFFERENTIATION 10

Implicit Differentiation
Application: Inverse Trigonometric Functions
What is the derivative of the function y = sin-1(x)

Solution (cont’d):
y = sin-1(x)
1- Take the sine of both sides
sin y = x ……..(1)
2- Differentiate implicitly
dy
cos y =1
dx
Associate Professor Dr. Abdulkareem Sh. Mahdi Al-Obaidi
 DIFFERENTIATION 11

Implicit Differentiation
Application: Inverse Trigonometric Functions
What is the derivative of the function y = sin-1(x)

dy 1
3- Make dy/dx the subject = ……..(2)
dx cos y
4- Use the fundamental identity to express cos y in
terms of x, how? We know that
sin2y + cos2y = 1
Then cos2y = 1- sin2y
But from Eq. (1) sin y = x , then

Associate Professor Dr. Abdulkareem Sh. Mahdi Al-Obaidi

 DIFFERENTIATION 12

Implicit Differentiation
Application: Inverse Trigonometric Functions
What is the derivative of the function y = sin-1(x)

cos2y = 1- x2
or cos y = 1 − x 2
……..(3)

5- Now express the final formula in terms of x by

substituting cos y from Eq. (3) into Eq. (2)
dy 1
= Done !!!
dx 1− x 2

Associate Professor Dr. Abdulkareem Sh. Mahdi Al-Obaidi

 DIFFERENTIATION 13

Implicit Differentiation
Challenging questions to try at home
➢ Show that the gradients of the curve

4y = x 2 2
(2 − x )
dy 1 2
at the origin are = =
dx 2 2

➢ Given the following function,

y = (ln x) ln( x )

show that y′(e) = 1/e

Associate Professor Dr. Abdulkareem Sh. Mahdi Al-Obaidi
 DIFFERENTIATION 14

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lecture, you should be able to:

(1) Differentiate functions given implicitly,
(2) Differentiate parametric equations,
(3) Apply differentiation to solve
Rate-of-Change Problems

Associate Professor Dr. Abdulkareem Sh. Mahdi Al-Obaidi

 DIFFERENTIATION 15

Differentiation of Parametric Equations

Sometimes the relationship between x and y is
given via a third variable called a parameter.
For example, from the two general parametric
equations. x = x(t ) and y = y(t )
the derivative of y with respect to x is found
as follows:
dy dy dt dy 1
=  = 
dx dt dx dt dx / dt
Associate Professor Dr. Abdulkareem Sh. Mahdi Al-Obaidi
 DIFFERENTIATION 16

Differentiation of Parametric Equations

Example:- 3
Given x = sin t and y = cos 2t , find dy/dx and d2y/dx2
The first derivative is found as follows:

dy dy dt dy 1
=  = 
dx dt dx dt dx / dt
dy dx
= −2 sin 2t , = cos t
dt dt
dy 1 − 4 sin t cos t dy
= −2 sin 2t  = = −4 sin t = −4 sin t
dx cos t cos t dx
Associate Professor Dr. Abdulkareem Sh. Mahdi Al-Obaidi
 DIFFERENTIATION 17

Differentiation of Parametric Equations

Example:- 3 (cont’d)
Given x = sin t and y = cos 2t , find dy/dx and d2y/dx2
The second derivative is found as follows:
d 2 y d dy d
2
= . = .( −4sin t )
dx dx dx dx
d dt
= .( −4sin t ) .
dt dx
1
= −4cos t.
cos t
= −4

Associate Professor Dr. Abdulkareem Sh. Mahdi Al-Obaidi

 DIFFERENTIATION 18

Differentiation of Parametric Equations

Example:- 4
Given y = 3 sin  − sin 3
 and x = cos 3 , find dy/dx and d2y/dx2

dy dy d
= 
dx d dx
(
= 3 cos  − 3 sin 2  cos 
1
- 3sincos 2
)

( )
2
dy 1 cos dy
= 1 − sin 2   = = − cot  = − cot 
dx - sincos - sincos dx

d 2 y d  dy  d d
=   = (− cot  ) =
d
(− cot  )
dx 2
dx  dx  dx d dx
d2y
dx 2
= − (
cos sec 2
 ) 1
− 3 cos 2  sin 
= −
1
3 cos 2  sin 3 
d2y
= −
1
dx 2 3 cos 2  sin 3 
Associate Professor Dr. Abdulkareem Sh. Mahdi Al-Obaidi
 DIFFERENTIATION 19

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lecture, you should be able to:

(1) Differentiate functions given implicitly,
(2) Differentiate parametric equations,
(3) Apply differentiation to solve
Rate-of-Change Problems

Associate Professor Dr. Abdulkareem Sh. Mahdi Al-Obaidi

 DIFFERENTIATION 20

Rate-of-Change Problems
In engineering there are some problems that ask for
the rate at which some variable changes. In each case
the rate is a derivative that has to be computed from
the rate at which some other variable (or perhaps
several variables) is known to change. We will use
derivatives to calculate rates that we cannot measure
using rates that we can measure.
The problem of finding a rate you cannot measure
easily from some other rates that you can is called a
rate-of-change problem or related rates problem.
Associate Professor Dr. Abdulkareem Sh. Mahdi Al-Obaidi
 DIFFERENTIATION 21

Rate-of-Change Problems
Example:- 5
Consider a circle of radius r increasing at
a certain rate with respect to time t. This
implies that the area of the circle A, is also
increasing with respect to time. The following model will
reveal a relationship between these quantities r and area A.
The area of the circle can be represented by the equation
A = πr2
Differentiating both sides of the equation with respect to
t gives us the following Related Rates Equation

Associate Professor Dr. Abdulkareem Sh. Mahdi Al-Obaidi

 DIFFERENTIATION 22

Rate-of-Change Problems
Example:- 5 (cont’d)

The change in area with respect to time is related to the

change in radius with respect to time.
Associate Professor Dr. Abdulkareem Sh. Mahdi Al-Obaidi
 DIFFERENTIATION 23

Rate-of-Change Problems
Example:- 5 (cont’d)
We can use, however, chain rule to find the change in radius
with respect to time. We would like to determine dA/dt and A is
a function of r, and r is a function of t, then we can write
A= f [r(t)] and dA dA dr
= .
dr dt dt
dA d
=
dr dr
2
( )
r = 2r , and
dA
dt
is usually given, then

dA dr
= 2r same as Eq. (1)
dr dt
Associate Professor Dr. Abdulkareem Sh. Mahdi Al-Obaidi
 DIFFERENTIATION 24

Rate-of-Change Problems
Now how we find the rate of change of something if it
depends on more than one independent variables?
We have here two methods:
1) Differentiate both sides with respect to time using
product rule, or
2) Use partial differentiation.
Method 1 is actually an extension of the method we’ve
just used to solve Example 5, how?

Associate Professor Dr. Abdulkareem Sh. Mahdi Al-Obaidi

 DIFFERENTIATION 25

Rate-of-Change Problems
Example:- 6

Associate Professor Dr. Abdulkareem Sh. Mahdi Al-Obaidi

 DIFFERENTIATION 26

Rate-of-Change Problems
Strategies (steps) for solving Rate-of-change Problems
Step 1: Draw a picture and name the variables and constants: Use t for
time. Assume all variables are differentiable functions of t.
Step 2: Write down the numerical information (in terms of the symbols
you have chosen).
Step 3: Write down what you are asked to find (usually a rate, expressed
as a derivative).
Step 4: Write an equation that relates the variables: You may have to combine
two or more equations to get a single equation that relates the variable
whose rate you want to the variable whose rate you know.
Step 5: Differentiate with respect to t: Then express the rate you want
in terms of the rate and variables whose values you know.
Step 6: Evaluate, using known values to find the unknown rate.

Associate Professor Dr. Abdulkareem Sh. Mahdi Al-Obaidi

 DIFFERENTIATION 27

Rate-of-Change Problems
Example:- 7

If z = 2xy -3x2y and x increasing at 2 cm/s, determine at

what rate y must be changing in order that z shall be
neither increasing nor decreasing at the instant when x
= 3 cm and y = 1.
[-1.524 cm/s]

Associate Professor Dr. Abdulkareem Sh. Mahdi Al-Obaidi

 DIFFERENTIATION 28

Rate-of-Change Problems
Example:- 8
If two resistors of R1 and R2 ohms are connected in parallel
in an electric circuit to make an R-ohm resistor, the value of
R can be found from the equation .
1 1 1
= +
R R1 R2
If R1 is decreasing at the rate of 1 ohm/s and R2 is increasing
at the rate of 0.5 ohm/s, at what rate is R changing when R1
= 75 ohms and R2 = 50 ohms?
[1/50 ohm/s]
Associate Professor Dr. Abdulkareem Sh. Mahdi Al-Obaidi
 DIFFERENTIATION 29

Rate-of-Change Problems
Challenging questions to try at home
A woman standing on a cliff is
watching a motorboat through
a telescope as the boat approaches
the shoreline directly below her.
If the telescope is 250 m above
the water level and if the boat is
approaching at 20 m/s,
At what rate is the angle of the telescope changing
when the boat is 250 3 m from the shore?
[-0.02 rad/s]

Associate Professor Dr. Abdulkareem Sh. Mahdi Al-Obaidi

 DIFFERENTIATION 30

Rate-of-Change Problems
Challenging questions to try at home
A ladder-25 feet long is leaning against the wall of a house.
The base of the ladder is pulled away from the wall at a rate of 2 feet
per second.
(a) How fast is the top of the ladder moving down the wall when its
base is 7 feet from the wall?
(b) Consider the triangle formed by the side of the house, the ladder,
and the ground. Find the rate at which the area of the triangle is
changing when the base of the ladder is 7 feet from the wall.

[-7/12 ft/s, 527/24 ft2/s]

Associate Professor Dr. Abdulkareem Sh. Mahdi Al-Obaidi