Non-readers 

cannot recognize words quickly and efficiently. They could notdemonstrate high

word recognition. They possess weak fluency skills. They read with nogood expression,

intonation, pitch, and phrasing. To add, non-readers cannot recognizesome letters or words

like own name, classroom labels, signs, and other environmental print (Mather & Goldstein,

2001).Thus, Saskatchewan (2013) urges that it is important for teachers to understand

thecritical elements of reading instruction. Students who have a reading disability will

requireintensive direct instruction. The critical elements of reading instruction include;

strategiesfor reading comprehension, strategies for building meaning using the cues and

conventions of language including phonological awareness, phonemic awareness, phonics,

vocabularydevelopment, awareness of sentence structures, awareness of text structures

andorganizational patterns, and the pragmatics of text and reading fluency. In addition,Sask

atchewan (2012), believed that Learning English language arts curricula must focuson

teaching students through an integrated process to help them understand

the relationshipamong the elements and how they relate to the ultimate goal of

reading. Expressive andreceptive oral language provide the foundation for these

elements. These critical elementsmust be explicitly and intensively taught if students are to

become proficient readers andwriters. Students who are at risk for reading failure require

direct teaching through asystematic format.Further, an extensive research has found out

that each of the components is animportant element in teaching children to become

proficient readers. A focus on any singleelement is not sufficient to comprise an effective

reading program. All elements need to betaught systematically and explicitly through a

balanced approach. Only when all theelements are taught in a balanced approach do

students have the opportunity to become proficient readers who can gain knowledge from

print.
In the study made by Johnston (2010) emphasized that students with very weakreading

skills have serious academic problems, which can develop into social problems asthey reach

the middle and high school years. Through years of failure and labeling, theyoften develop

hard shells of resistance to reading. They compensate with strong auditoryand observational

skills, generally trying to avoid notice. Feeling helpless and hopeless,they may be vulnerable

to anti-social behavior.

Moreover, Stanovich (2014) describes the downward spiral of students who startout having

trouble acquiring alphabetic coding skills and recognizing words. With these barriers, they

cannot read for meaning, and find reading increasingly unrewarding. They practice less and

have more negative experiences around reading. Increasingly, they avoidreading or me

rely tolerate it, without really engaging in what’s being read. Emotional side

effects begin to be associated with school, and the entire school experience is impacted.To

escape from this spiral, students need an instructional environment that fostersthe optimism

that they can improve. Motivation must be as important a focus as

skillsdevelopment. Effective programs provide students access to interesting reading

materialsat their own levels, opportunities to share reading experiences, activities they

choose anddirect, interspersed with more prescriptive lessons . . . but above all, effective

programs provide instructors who convey a message of faith in the student’s

capability to achieve success

Designing Reading Programs that Work

To rescue non-readers, we need programs that teach them to read well enough

to profit from their education. The research in this realm is voluminous and

highlycontroversial. Although most would agree that non-readers need

explicit phonicsinstruction and practice in the beginning phases of reading acquisition, there

is seriousdisagreement about how, when, and to what degree to integrate contextual

reading.Researches on which types of classroom programs have the greatest benefits for

non-readers, and why specific rem

ediation approaches do and don’t produce results, are not

generally accepted.

honological Awareness and the Graphophonic Cueing System

 is for beginningreaders who develop their concept of letters and the alphabet. The

recognition and namingof letters is foundational to using the graphophonic cueing

system. By noticing letters inenvironmental print, singing, and recognizing their own name,

students begin to exploreand understand this relationship. Students who do not develop

this understanding willrequire explicit and direct instruction in phonics. Likewise,

Phonics instruction should begin with a foundational understanding of

phonemic awareness and letters of the alphabet.Most students eventually develop sound-

letter relationships that help them decode and spell

words. Effective phonics instruction focuses students’ attention on noticing the letter 

-sound patterns. By embedding phonics instruction in the total language arts program

and by using teachable moments, teachers can assist most students to develop an

understandingof the graphophonic cueing system

RESEARCH TITLE:

The use of Original Hiligaynon Audio-Visual Presentation to recognize letter sounds for

non-readers age 5-7 years old.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Q#1: What are the advantages and disadvantages of using audio-visual presentation

for learners from 5 to 7 years old?

Q#2: How does Hiligaynon audio-visual improve the letter recognition of learners from

5 to 7 years old?

Q#3: How often do educators use original Hiligaynon audio-visual materials?

III. Innovation, Intervention, Strategy

The Philippines' linguistic and cultural variety adds complexity to the subject of

language policy in education. With over 7000 islands and 181 unique languages (Lewis,

Simons, & Fenn, 2013), the Philippines presents a tough setting for enacting a language

strategy that serves the entire nation. Consequently, language policies for schools in the

Philippines have evolved significantly over the past century, with practically every generation

having a distinct policy. The Bilingual Education Policies of 1974 and 1987 established

Filipino and English as the languages of teaching in schools until recently. Despite the fact

that over 80% of the people does not speak either of these as a first language, this is the

situation.

In 2009, the Department of Education (DepEd) issued an order mandating the

establishment of mother tongue- based multilingual education in opposition to the Bilingual

Education Policy (MTB-MLE). This decree mandates the use of the learner's native language

as the medium of teaching for all subject areas from prekindergarten through third grade,

with Filipino and English taught as separate subjects (Philippines Department of Education,

2009). Another order was issued in 2012 with more detailed rules for MTB-MLE, and the

reform was incorporated into the newly adopted K-12 Basic Education Program (Philippines

Department of Education, 2012). This decree deviated from the original mother tongue

policy by mandating the use of twelve major regional languages as instruction languages.

Under this instruction, teachers are provided with government-issued materials in their

regional languages, but must adjust them to reflect the pupils' native tongues.

DepEd and Congress made the decision to adopt MTB-MLE based on the findings of

previous quantitative and longitudinal studies that highlighted the advantages of using the

mother tongue as the language of instruction. Two studies conducted in the United States

(Ramirez, Yuen, & Ramey, 1991; Thomas & Collier, 1997) and one in the Philippines (Walter

& Dekker, 2011) concluded that minority language students who acquired literacy in their

native language had higher academic achievement than those who learned in a second or

third language. They hypothesized that second and third languages can be learned more

easily if the first language is mastered early on. 1 In addition, these studies highlighted the

significance of late-exit programs, in which the mother tongue is used until the sixth grade

and other languages are taught as separate subjects.

DepEd's policy statements regarding the objectives and outcomes of the MTBE-MLE

reform reflect these findings. The 2009 order cited three outcomes related to the rate at

which students will acquire literacy skills as a result of the MTB-MLE reform:

1) Learners read faster in their first language

2) Pupils who have learned to read and write in their first language learn to speak, read,

and write in a second and third language more quickly than those who are taught in a

second or third language first; and

3) In terms of cognitive development and its effects on other academic areas, pupils taught

to read and write in their first language acquire such competencies more quickly (Philippines

Department of Education, 2009).

Application of Mother Tongue can be used in activities such as conversations,

discussions, sharing of experiences, feelings, and ideas, asking and answering questions,

using simple instructions, rhymes, and songs; reading aloud to the children; playing games;

engaging children in drama or role-playing and dialogue; and reading aloud to the children.

Children must be able to comprehend, among other things, colors, shapes, distance,

measurement, size, length, weight, height, time, spatial awareness, and one-to-one

correspondence. Recognize numbers, count and recount, listen with comprehension, initiate

vocabulary development, and use their native language effectively.

Action Research Methods

McNiff (2013, as cited in University of Bristol, 2022) stated that action research is a

method of systematic inquiry that teachers use to investigate their own practice as

researchers. Action research's goal is to address a specific matter in a particular setting,

such as a workplace, program, or organization. The goal of this research.... Tenny et al.

(2022) define qualitative research as a kind of research that investigates and provides

deeper insights into real-world problems. Qualitative research collects information about

individuals' experiences, perceptions, and behavior. Instead of how many or how much, it

addresses the hows and whys.

Participants and Other Sources of Data and Information

 The study's participants are a child or children of any gender, ages 5-7, who are

non-readers. Purposive sampling will be used to select participants for this research.

According to Business Research Methodology (n.d.) purposive sampling, sometimes referred

to as judgment, selective, or subjective sampling, is a sampling approach where the

researcher uses his or her own judgment to choose members of the population to take part

in the study. The researcher's judgment is used to select elements of the sample.

Moreover, researchers will use observational notes, journals, and work samples

from the chosen participant as additional sources of data and information on the participant.

This will allow the researchers to determine the participants' level of understanding about

letter recognition before using Hiligaynon audio-visuals. This will also enable the researchers

to determine whether there are any changes, improvements, or growth in participants' letter

recognition after using the Hiligaynon audio-visuals.

Data Gathering Methods

Data will be gathered through interviews and observation. Before conducting the

interview and observation, the researchers will request permission from the child and

parents through consent letter to ask whether they are willing to grant permission to the

researchers to undertake an action research, interview, and observation on their child or

children.

The first method of data collection will be interview, which will be conducted before

and after the activity. Interviewing participants and their responses before and after the

activity will reveal any changes or progress as a result of using the Hiligaynon audio-visual,

as well as provide a deeper understanding of the thought behind the participants' responses.

The interview will be recorded and transcribed verbatim.

 Observation is another method of gathering data as it provides a firsthand account of

the situation under investigation. Observation will be conducted out for the duration of the

activity. Observation is a method of gathering data by observing or watching. The

observation data gathering method may involve observing, hearing, reading, touching, and

recording the behavior and characteristics of phenomena (Business Research Methodology,

n.d.). Field notes will be made to document the events of the day. While performing the

activity, the researchers will keep a brief reflective journal to record any field notes at that

moment and prior to the lesson. The field notes, in which the researchers provide observer

remarks about what is happening on, will be utilized as a reflective and analytic summary of

the circumstances throughout the research. Field notes are written down by a researcher

while conducting a study in order to recall and record the behaviors, actions, events, and

other aspects of an observation. Field notes are intended to be read by the researcher as

evidence in order to gain understanding of the culture, social situation, or phenomenon they

are investigating. The notes may comprise all of the information gathered for a research

study or contribute to it, as when field notes supplement traditional interview data or other

data collection methods (Schwandt, 2015, as cited in University of Southern California,

2022). Data collected will be organized, managed, and analyzed, all of which will uncover

the research findings of this study.

Data Analysis

Organizing the collected research data will be a critical step in processing and

managing the data. For physical organization, hard copies of all field notes, transcriptions,

samples, and data collected will be kept in a file organizer. A crucial phase of the action

research cycle is data analysis. It is referred to as a process for classifying, transforming,

and interpreting data into useful information for project implementation or professional
decision-making (VSO International Organization, 2019). Encoding data is the first step in

data analysis. Each piece of data gathered will be analyzed. Moreover, interviews which are

recorded will be transcribed and field notes, and other materials that the researchers will be

accumulated will be arranged and interpret to increase the understanding of them to enable

the researchers to present what will be discovered to others. Triangulation is the process of

using several methods or data sources in qualitative research to generate a comprehensive

understanding of a phenomenon (Patton, 1999, as cited in Oncology Nursing Society, 2014).

Triangulation has also been considered a qualitative research method to examine validity by

bringing together data from many sources. The researchers will look for connections or links

between the various types of data in order to identify patterns or developing themes that

appear in several forms in this study. For triangulation, the researchers will compare and

cross-check the data from the study's observations, interviews, and document analysis.

Triangulation, an internal validity approach, will correlate with the critical ethics aspect of

our research.

Ethical Consideration

Qualitative research emphasizes the importance of authenticity and trustworthiness.

To ensure validity and reliability in qualitative research, the study must be conducted in an

ethical manner. Examining the accuracy of each step of the analytical process, such as

preparation, organization, and reporting of results, is crucial. The confidentiality of this

research is important. Before starting the study, consent letters will be sent to the parents

and participants, seeking their permission to participate. The researchers' research adviser

will approve and sign the consent letters. To avoid plagiarism, all sources utilized in this

research for the ideas and arguments presented will be accurately credited using a

reference that indicates the author's last name and the publication date. Every citation in

the review's text will be included in full in the reference list at the end of the research paper.
All sources will be cited using the APA (American Psychological Association) standard citation

format (7th edition). As with any qualitative study, pseudonyms will be utilized to guarantee

that student participation and places remain anonymous in order to protect both the child

and parents. The researcher will conduct the study in accordance with the ethical guidelines.

All data and information will also be stored in a safe, secure area to ensure the safety and

security of documents and participants' information.

Reference List

Burton, L. A. (n.d.). Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education in the Philippines:

Studying Top-Down Policy Implementation from the Bottom Up. Retrieved January 3,
2023, from
https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/152603/Burton_umn_0130E_136
32.pdf 

Sharma, K. (2021, August 26). Mother tongue, play-based activities, drama - new NCERT
rules on prep module for children. ThePrint. Retrieved January 3, 2023, from
https://theprint.in/india/education/mother-tongue-play-based-activities-drama-new-
ncert-rules-on-prep-module-for-children/722694/?amp 

University of Southern California. (2022). Research guides.

https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/assignments/fieldnotes

VSO International Organization. (2019). Research guidebook.

https://www.vsointernational.org/sites/default/files/2020-04/vso-cambodia-action-
research-guidebook-english.pdf

University of Bristol. (2022). Action research.

http://www.bris.ac.uk/education/study/continuing-professional-development-cpd/
actionresearch/

Business Research Methodology. (n.d.). Purposive sampling.

https://research-methodology.net/sampling-in-primary-data-collection/purposive-sampling/

Oncology Nursing Society. (2014). The use of triangulation in qualitative research.

https://store.ons.org/onf/41/5/use-triangulation-qualitative-research

Tenny, S., Branna, J., Brannan, G. (2022). Qualitative Study.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470395/