Ced Dip Beed Ge-Cw Flp..

Jose Rizal Memorial State University
University
The Premier University in Zamboanga del Norte
The Premier University in Zamboanga del
Norte
This is a gender-sensitive instructional material
MARICEL DURAN-ADRIATICO
i
Preface
In today’s constantly changing world, societies are becoming increasingly

interdependent and have more social, economic, political and culttural relationships.
Similarly, the problems and issues that characterize the contemporary world are
interconnected and multidimensional.
The first two units gave broad discission about defining globalization and about the
global economy. The succeding two units deal on the market intergration and global
interstate system.
This module aims to familiarize students with the principles and central ideas of
important globalization theories that they are likely to encounter in the social science
discipline. It also provide students with an overview and brief history of how globalization
as an intellectual topic is developing.
This module includes the following parts,Unit,essential concept, learning

outcomes, pretest, content learning activities and assesment.
Moreover the inclusion of rubrics which are very important in assesing the different
activities and the performance of the learners.
The module is designed primary for the use as a one semester course in college. It
help students become more systematic and thoughtful critical thinkers. Provide students
with an overview and brief his story of how globalization as an intellectual topics is
developing.
- The Author
ii
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Daylinda Luz R. Laput, the President
of Jose Rizal Memorial State University System for the opportunity given in developing
my writing skills. Prof. Jovito Anito chairman Flexible Learning System Committee for his
valuable suggesting and insights for the betterment of the material.
I wish to acknowledge the help provided by my daughter Karylle Marie D.

Adriatico for helping me in encoding.
The help provided by Jenalyn A. Paez for her expertise in designing the cover
page and encoding.
I am grateful to my friends especially Marjorie O. Tudara and July Anne S.

Gahisan in helping me developed my ideas.
I would like to acknowledge with gratitude the support and love of my family, my
husband Carlos S. Adriatico II, my son Charles Rupert D. Adriatico, my daughter Karylle
Marie D. Adriatico. To my mother Lilia S. Duran and to my sisters Doris D. Cruz and
Annie Dela Cerna. They all keep me going and this module not has been possible
without them.
Above all the Almighty God the source of inspiration and for the never ending
blessing, the wisdom and guidance given to me.
- The Author
iii
In The World Today
Contents
Copyright ........................................................................................................................ iii
Course Introduction ........................................................................................................ iv
Course Syllabus ...............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Learning Guide ............................................................................................................. viii
LEARNING AGREEMENT ............................................................................................. xii
Summative Assessment ............................................................................................... xiii
Preface ......................................................................................................................... xix
Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................... x
Unit 1 – ............................................................................................................................1
Unit 2 – .......................................................................................................................... 18
Unit 3 ............................................................................................................................. 32
Unit 4 ............................................................................................................................. 44
References .................................................................................................................... 60
Assessment Rubrics ...................................................................................................... 62
Glossary ........................................................................................................................ 65
USER’S EVALUATION .................................................................................................. 67
Answer Key ................................................................................................................... 68
Not Intended for Publication. For classroom instruction

purposes only.
IN THE WORLD TODAY 1
UNIT 1 – Defining Globalization
Globalization is a global movement towards integration of the economy, finance,

commerce and communications. Globalization means opening up local and nationalistic
perspective to a broader view of an interconnected and interdependent world with free
transfers of capital, goods, and services across national borders.
Learning
LearningOutcomes
Outcomes
At the end of the unit, you will be able to:
• Publish a blog about the advantages and disadvantages of using (a)

broad and inclusive definition (b) narrow and exclusive definition of
globalization
• Create a video interviewing Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW) about their
experiences in other countries and how their stories could provide a
concrete understanding of how globalization affects themselves, their
families and the other country.
Pretest
Pre-test
Multiple Choice
Directions: Read the following questions and encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. Is a blanket term for interaction between two or more people, groups or

organization.
a. Social context c. social structure
b. Social relation d. social order
2. A period of time when there is a prevailing sense of the interconnectedness of all
human being
a. Globalization c. global age
b. Global era d. modernization
3. The action of making a government, area or political group lose power or control
a. Destabilization c. digital form
b. demographic d. colonization
4. the former president of the Third World Network in Malaysia, once regarded
globalization as colonization
a. George Ritzer c. Huntington
b. Arjun Appadurai d. Martin Khor
5. Definitions are better justified but can be limiting in the sense that their adhere to
only particular definitions
a. Narrow and exclusive c. regression
b. Metaphor d. broad and inclusive

purposes only.
Thank you for answering the test. Please see page 68 for
the key answer. The next section is the content of the unit.
Content
Human beings have encountered many changes over the last century especially
in their social relationship and social structure. Of these changes, one can say that
globalization is a very important change, if not the “most important” (Bauman, 2003)
What is meant by social structure?
Social Structure – in sociology, the distinctive, stable arrangement of institution

whereby human beings in a society interact and live together.
Social Structure is often treated together with the concept of social change which deals
with the forces that change the social structure and the organization of society
Social relations – is a blanket term for interactions between two or more people, groups,
or organization.
The reality and omnipresence of globalization make us see ourselves as part of what we
refer to as the “global age” (Albrow, 1996)
For example:
1. The internet allows a person from the Philippines to know what is happening to
the rest of the world simply by browsing Google.
2. Mass media also allows for connections among people, communities, and
countries all over the globe.
What is Globalization?
Over the years globalization has gained many connotations pertaining to
1. progress
2. development
3. integration
Some view globalization as a positive phenomenon.
Swedish journalist (Thomas Larson, 2001) saw globalization as:
1. the process of the world shrinkage

2. distance getting closer
3. things moving closer
- it pertains to the increasing ease with which somebody on one side of the world
can interact to mutual benefit with somebody on the other side of the world.
On the other hand, some see it as occurring through and with:
1. regression

purposes only.
2. colonialism
3. destabilization
Martin Khor – in the mid 1990’s former president of the third world network in Malaysia,
once regarded globalization as colonization
Colonization – the action or process of settling among and establishing control over the
indigenous people of the area
The task of defining Globalization:
Since its first appearance in the Webster’s Dictionary in 1961, many opinions
about globalization have flourished. The literature on the definition of globalization
revealed that definition of globalization could be classified as either;
1. broad and inclusive

2. narrow and exclusive
Globalization – means the onset of the borderless world (Ohmae, 1992)
This is an example of a broad and inclusive type of definition
If one uses such, it can include a variety of issues that deal with overcoming
traditional boundaries.
Narrow and Exclusive – definition are better justified but can be limiting, in the sense
that their application adhere to only particular definitions.
The characteristic of the Globalization trend include the
1. internationalizing of production
2. the new international division of labor
3. the new migratory movement from South to North
4. the new competitive environment that accelerate these processes
5. the internationalizing of the state. . making states into agencies of the globalizing
world (as cited in RAWOO Netherlands Development Assistance Research
Council, 2000, p.14)
(Kumer, 2003) – took on the different argument about the issue. To him, the debate
about what can be do about globalization and what it is are similar. This is in relation to
what some academics have claimed about defining globalization – it is useless task
Globalization – is a transplanetary process or a set of processes involving increasing

liquidity and multidirectional flows of people, objects, places and information as well as
the structure they encounter and create that are barriers to, or expedite those flows
Generally, this definition assumes that globalization could bring either or both integration
and or fragmentation.
Although things flow easily in the global world, hindrances or structural blocks are also
present. These blocks could slow down one’s activity in the other country or could even
limit the places a person can visit.

purposes only.
If so, why are we going to spend time studying this concept? How can we appreciate
these definitions? How can these help us understand globalization?
1. The perspective of the person who defines globalization shapes its definition.
The overview of definitions implies that globalization is many things to many
different people.
In 1996, Arjun Appadurai said “globalization is a ‘world of things’ that have

different speeds, axes, points of origin and termination, and varied relationships
to institutional structures in different regions, nations, or societies.
One’s definition and perspective could determine concrete steps in addressing

the issues of globalization.
For Example:
If one sees globalization as positive, the person can say that it is a
unifying force.
On the other hand, if it is deemed as creating greater inequalities among
nations, globalization is negative treated.
2. To paraphrase the sociologist Cesare Poppi;

Globalization is the debate and the debate is globalization.
“The literature stemming from the debate on globalization has grown in the last
decade beyond any individual’s capability of extracting a workable definition of
the concept.
3. Globalization is a reality. It is changing a human society develops, it has

happened before and is still happening today. The future of globalization is more
difficult to predict.
Overall, globalization is a concept that is not easy to define because in reality,

globalization has a shifting nature. It is complex, multifaceted, and can be
influenced by the people who define it
Thank you for reading. The next topic is the Metaphors of Globalization. Please
read.
Metaphors of Globalization
In order for us to better understand the concept of globalization, we will utilize

metaphors.
Metaphor – makes use of one term to help us understand another term.
In our case, the states of matter – solid and liquid – will be used. In addition,
other related concepts that are included in the definition such as structures and flows will
be elaborated
Solid and Liquid
The epoch that preceded today’s globalization paved way for people, things, information
and places to harden over time. Consequently, they have limited mobility (Ritzer, 2015)

purposes only.
Solidity - also refers to barriers that prevent or make difficult the movement things.
Furthermore, solids can either be natural or man-made.
Examples of natural solids are landforms and bodies of water
Man-made barriers include the
1. Great wall of China

2. Berlin Wall
Modern man-made solid is an imaginary line such as the nine-clash line used by the
People’s Republic of China in their claim to the South China Sea.
Liquid – as a state of matter, takes the shape of its container. Moreover, liquids are not
fixed.
Liquidity – refers to the increasing ease of movement of people, thing, information and
places in the contemporary world.
The characteristic of liquidity, first today’s liquid phenomena
1. Change quickly and their aspects, spatial and temporal are in continuous
fluctuation.
❖ Space and time are crucial elements of globalization. In global finance, for
instance, changes in the stock market are a matter of seconds.
2. their movement is difficult to stop
For example:
Videos uploaded on youtube or facebook are unstoppable once they become

viral.
Finally, the forces (the liquid ones) made political boundaries more permeable to the flow
of people and things (Cartier ,2001)
3. the most important characteristic of liquid; it “tends to melt whatever stands in its
path. (especially solids)”
- The clearest example is the decline, if not death for the nation state.
Liquidity and solidity are in constant interaction. However, liquidity is the one increasing
and proliferating today. Therefore, metaphor that could best describe globalization is
liquidity. Liquids do the flow and idea of flow ( Appadurai 1996; Rey and Ritzer, 2010)
The literature on globalization makes use of the concept of flows.
Flows
The previous section described the melting process of solid phenomena followed by the
increase in liquidity.
Flows – are the movement of people, things, places, and information brought by the
growing”porosity” global limitation (Ritzer ,2015)
Think of different foreign cuisines being patronized and consumed by the Filipinos.

purposes only.
Aside from local dishes, many of us are fond of eating sushi, ramen, hamburger, and
French fries – foods introduced to us by foreign culture. Foods are being globalized.
Another example of flows is global financial crises.
As (Lander 2008) put it “In global financial system, national borders are porous.” This
means that a financial crisis in a given country can being ramification to other region of
the world.
The following are other kinds of flows that can be observed today;
1. Poor illegal migrants flooding many parts of the world (Moses, 2006)
2. the virtual flow of legal and illegal information such as blogs and child
pornography, respectively: and
3. immigrants recreating ethnic enclaves in the hot countries example is the Filipino
communities abroad and the Chinese communities in the Philippines .
Thank you for reading. The section is about the

globalization theories. Please read.
This section will give you a glimpse of important theories on globalization. It would be
helpful to assert that the theories see globalization as processes that increase either
homogeneity or heterogeneity.
Homogeneity – refers to the increasing sameness in the world as cultural inputs,

economic factors and political orientations of societies expand to create common
practices, same economies, and similar forms of government.
Homogeneity in culture is often linked to cultural imperialism. This means, a given

culture influences other culture.
Example:
1. the dominant religion in our country is Christianity, which was brought to us by

the Spaniards
2. Americanization, which was defined by (Kuisel, 1993) as “the import by non –
Americans of products ,images technologies ,practices and behavior that are
closely associated with America/Americans.
The global flow of media is often characterized as media imperialism. T.V. music, books
and movies are perceived as imposed on developing countries by the west (Cowen,
2002)
Media Imperialism – is a theory based upon an over-concentration of mass media from

larger nation as a significant variable in negatively affecting small nations, in which the
national identity of smaller nation is lessened or lost due to media homogeneity inherent
in mass media from the larger countries.

purposes only.
The internet can be seen as an arena for alternative media. (Ritzer, 2008) claimed that
in general, the contemporary world is undergoing the process of McDonalization.
McDonalization – it is the process by which Western societies are dominated by the

principles of fast food restaurant
Heterogeneity – refers to the differences because of either lasting differences or of the

hybrids or combinations of cultures that can be produced through the different
transplanetary processes.
Dynamics of Local and Global Culture
Global glows of culture tend to move more easily around the globe than ever
before, especially through non-material digital forms. These are three perspectives on
global cultural flows.
1. Differentiation
2. Hybridization
3. Convergence
Cultural differentialism – emphasizes the fact that cultures are essentially different and
are only superficially affected by global flow.
The interaction of cultures is deemed to contain the potential for “catastrophic collision”.
Samuel Huntington’s theory on the clash of the civilization proposed in 1996 best
exemplifies this approach.
Cultural hybridization – emphasizes the integration of local and global culture

(Cvetkoviah and Kellner, 1997) Globalization is considered to be a creative process
which gives rise to hybrid entities that are not reducible to either the global or the local.
A key concept is “glocalization” or the interpenetration of global or the local

resulting in unique outcomes in different geographic areas (Guilianotti and Robertson,
2007)
Another key concept is Arjun Appadurai’s “scapes” in 1996, where global glows
involve people, technology, finance, political images, and media and the disjunctures
between them, which lead to the creation of cultural hybrids.
Culture Convergence – stresses homogeneity introduced by globalization. Culture are

deemed to be radically altered by strong flows, while cultural imperialism happens when
one culture imposes itself on the tends to destroy at least part of another culture.
English language – is prime example of cultural convergence on the global scale.
English has become a main language of communication for people around the world.
Driven by economic realities, many countries have endorsed.
Culture Convergence – two cultures will be more and more like each other or their
interaction increase.
Basically the more that culture interact the more that their values behavior, arts and
customs will start to reflect each other.

purposes only.
The Globalization of Religion
Globalization has played a tremendous role in providing a context for the current
revival and the resurgence of religion.
Globalization provided religion a fertile milieu to spread and thrive.
“Accelerated globalization of recent times has enabled Co-religionist across the

planet to have greater direct contact with one another. Global communications, global
organization, global finance, and the like have allowed ideas of the Muslims and the
universal Christian church to the given concrete shape as never before” (Scholte, 2005)
Information technologies, transportation means, and media are deemed

important means on which religionist rely on the dissemination of their religious ideas.
For instance, countless website that provide information about religion have been
created. This make pieces of information and explanation about different religious ready
at the disposal of any person regardless of his/her geographical location.
Media also plays an important role in the dissemination of religious ideas
Modern transportation has also contributed considerably to the emergence,

revivalism and fortification of religion.
Globalization has also allowed religion or faith to gain considerable significance

and importance as a non-territorial touchstone of identity.
Muslim for instance aspire to establish the Islamic Ummah, a community of

believers
Religions have distinct internal structure, their connections to different cultures

and their rituals and belief contradict.
For instance, Islam and Christianity are most incompatible with each other.
These religions cannot be hybridized or homogenized even if they often come in contact.
Religion seeks to assert its identity in the light of globalization. As a result,

different religious identities come to the fore and assert themselves
Thank you for reading. The section is about the Origin and History of
Globalization. Please read.
Five different perspectives regarding the origin of Globalization
1. Hardwired
a state that globalization relates to the urge for a better life and it
According to Nayan Chanda (2007) It is because of our basic human need to make our
lives better that made globalization possible. Therefore, one can trace the beginning of
globalization from our ancestor in Africa who walked out from the said continent in the
late Ice Age.
This long journey finally led them to all known continents today, roughly after
50,000 years
Chanda (2007) mentioned that

purposes only.
1. commerce
2. religion are the “urges” of people toward a better life
3. politics
4. welfare
These are respectively connected to four aspects of globalization and they can be traced
all throughout history;
1. trade
2. missionary work
3. adventures
4. conquest
2. Cycles
For some, globalization is a long-term cyclical process, and thus, finding its origin will
be a dauting task
3. Epoch
Ritzer (2015) citedTherborn’s (200) six great epochs of globalization. These are also
called “waves” and each has its own origin.
The following are the sequential occurrence of the epochs:
1. Globalization of religions (fourth to seventh century)

2. European colonial conquest (late fifteenth century)
3. Intra-European Wars (late eighteenth to early nineteenth centuries)
4. Heyday of European Imperialism (mid-nineteenth century to 1918)
5. Post – World War II period
6. Post – Cold War period
4. Events
Specific events are also considered as part of the fourth view in explaining the
origin of globalization.
For example:
Rosenthal (2007) gave premium to voyages of discovery of America in 1942.

Vasco da gama in Cape of Good Hope in 1948
Ferdinand Magellan’s completed circumnavigation of the globe in 1522
The recent years could also be regarded as the beginning of globalization with
reference to specific technological advances in transportation and
communication.
Some examples include:
1. First transatlantic telephone cable (1956)

2. First transatlantic television broadcast (1962)
3. The founding of the modern internet (1988)
4. The terrorist attacks on the Twin Towers in New York (2001)

purposes only.
Certainly, with this view, more and more specific events will characterized not
just the origins of globalization but also more of its history.
5. Broader, More recent changes
Recent changes – comprised the fifth view. These broad changes happened in
the last half of the twentieth century.
Scholars today point to these three notable changes as the origin of

globalization that we know today.
1. The emergence of the United States as the global power (post-World War II)
2. The emergence of multinational corporation (MNC)
3. The demise of the soviet Union and the end of the Cold War
The United States, Germany, and Great Britain had in their homeland great
corporation which the world knows today.
However, they did not remain there as far as their production and market are
concerned.
For example:
Ford and General Motors originated in the United States but in the 20th century,
they exported more automobiles and opened factories to other countries
Global Demography
Demography – study of changes, such as the birth, deaths, marriages and illnesses that
occur over a period of time in human population
Demographic Transition – is a singular historical period during which mortality and

fertility rates decline from high to low levels in a particular country of region
The transition started in mid or late 1700 in Europe
- During that time, death rates and fertility began to decline
A remarkable effect of the demographic transition, as Shigeyuki et al (2002) stated, is

“the enormous gap in life expectancy that emerged between Japan and the West on the
one hand and rest of the world on the other
Global Migration
The nuances of the movements of people around the world can be seen through
the categories of migrants – “vagabonds” and “tourist” (Bauman, 1998)
Vagabond – are on the move “because they have to be” (Ritzer, 2015) – they are not
faring well in their home countries and are forced to move in the hope that their
circumstances will improve.
Tourist – on the other hand, are on the move because they want to be and because
they can afford it

purposes only.
Refugees – are vagabonds forced to flee their home countries due to safety concerns
(Haddad, 2003)
Asylum seekers – are refugees who seek to remain in the country which they flee
According to Kritz (2008), those who migrate to find work are involved in labor
migration
Labor migration – mainly involves the flow of less-skilled and unskilled workers, as well
as illegal immigrants who live on the margins of host society (Landler, 2007)
Migration – is traditionally governed either by “push” factors such as political,

persecution, economic depression, war, famine in home country or by “pull”
factors such as (1) favorable immigration policy (2) labor shortage (3) similarity of
language (4) culture in the country of destination
❖ Many countries face issues of illegal migration
United States – faces a major influx of illegal immigrants from Mexico and other Central
American states (Thompson, 2008)
❖ Other countries with similar concern about illegal immigration include

1. Great Britain
2. Switzerland
3. Greece
4. Countries in Asia
❖ The term “diaspora” has been increasingly used to describe migrant

communities
❖ Diasporization and Globalization are closely interconnected and the expansion

of diasporization will lead to an increase in the globalization
❖ Today, there exist “virtual diasporas” which utilize technology such as the
internet to maintain the community network
Thank you for reading the content. Now that you had learned
about Globalization, do the succeeding Learning Activities, you
may visit our Google class with this code or contact me
to the number indicated in the course guide. If you had poor
connectivity you are given another week to accomplish the task

purposes only.
Learning Activities
Activity 1: Blogging
Directions: Make a blog about the advantages and disadvantages of using (a) broad
and inclusive definition (b) narrow and exclusive definition of globalization Use the space
below as your draft. Submit your work in the pigeon boxes which are provided in your
department/college or publish your blog on a webpage and turn in the link to the Google
class on or before the date as reflected on your study schedule. See rubrics on blogging
on page 64.

purposes only.
Activity 2: How-to-do Video
Directions: Make a video interviewing Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) about their
experiences in other countries and how their stories could provide a concrete
understanding of how globalization affects themselves, their families, and the other
country. Use the following guide questions (you may add additional questions. See
Rubrics on Video Presentation on page 62.
- How long have you stayed abroad?

- What are the purposes for your stay there?
- What were your most unforgettable experiences there? How will you describe
them, good or bad?
- How will you compare the Philippines with other countries?
- Do you want to go back abroad or to other countries in the future? Why or Why
not/
Activity 3: The World Made Closer
Directions: In this activity, you are to see the actual application of globalization on the
different aspects of daily life such as politics, music, sports, film, celebrity, and disaster.
Answer the following questions:
a. Enumerate at least three of the most recent songs you have listened. Where
did they originate? Identify the nationality of the writer and/or artist for each
music.
b. What gadgets or devices do you usually use to listen to music?
c. Where were these gadgets or devices made? Where is the company based?
d. How did you access this music? Did you purchase them online or listen to
them through YouTube, Spotify, and other music channels
Congratulation! You did a great job! You may now take

the assessment. If you have not complete the task, or
you have difficulty in accomplishing the activity, please
send me message to our Google class or you may ask
classification through a text message or phone calls on
the contact number included in your course guide.

purposes only.
Assessment
A. Multiple Choice
Directions: Read the following questions and write the letter of the correct answer on
the space provided for.
1. The global flow of media is often characterized as

a. cultural imperialism c. culturalism
b. media imperialism d. convergence
2. Two cultures will be more and more like each other as their interaction increase
a. heterogeneity c. cultural convergence
b. hybridization d. cultural imperialism
3. Societal integration and the often undirected process of social and economic
interaction
a. regionalization c. Americanization
b. regional development d. Westernization
4. Believe that culture and identity guide regionalization

a. Arjun Appadurai c. Huntington (1996)
b. Hurrell (2007) d. Martin Khor
5. A peiod of time in history or a person’s life typically one marked by notable

events or particular characteristics
a. cycles c. epoch
b. hardwired d. events
6. Sociologist who developed the Mcword Mcdonalization in his 1993 book.

a. Chanda c. Appadurai
b. Hurrell d. Ritzer
7. Is prime example of cultural convergence on a global sale.

a. labor c. English Language
b. skill d. values
8. A person who is travelling or visiting a place for pleasure

a. migrant c. vagabond
b. Foreigner d. tourist
9. Are refugees who seek to remain in the country to which they flee
a. Asylum seekers c. tourist
b. vagabond d. migrant
10. A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war,
persecution or natural disaster
a. tourist c. refugee
b. racism d. migrant

purposes only.
B. Answer the following questions

1. Using a visual representation, create your generalization and discuss; what is
globalization? How would you define globalization? Use the space for your
answer.
2. What metaphors are you going to use in order to improve your own definition of
globalization? Enumerate at least three and explain one of them. Use the space
for your answer.

purposes only.
C. Blogging
Directions: Using a ladder web, make a blog about the five different perspectives
regarding the origin of globalization. Submit your work in the pigeon boxes which are
provided in your department/college or publish your blog on a webpage and turn in the
link to the Google class on or before the date as reflected in your study schedule.
Congratulation! You did a great job! You may write your

insights or thoughts about the activities on the space
provided.
You had just completed this unit. You are now ready to
take Unit 2.

purposes only.
Write your thoughts
Add/insert
Your photo
/emoji here

purposes only.
Unit 2 – The Global Economy
Global economy is the exchange of goods and services into a huge single global
market. It is virtually a world without borders, inhabited by marketing individuals and or
companies who have joined the geographical world with the intent of conducting
research and development and making sales. It provides linkages between the regions
and nations of the world in the system of economic relationship.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this unit, you will be able to:
• publish a blog on the webpage about the Theories of Global Stratification and
how it is use to politics, economy and culture of respective states in the globe
• trace how global stratification affects the life cycle of each state in the globe
Pre-test
Fill in the blanks
Directions: Read the following statements and fill in the blanks with word/s
which best complete/s the sentences.
1. A policy of systematic government intervention in foreign trade with the

objective of encouraging domestic production.
2. Means finding the quickest possible way of producing large amount of a

particular product.
3. This refer to the spread of goods, technology, education, and diseases

between the America and Europe after Christopher Columbus’ so called “Discovery of
the America”
4. People begin to use their individual talents to produce things beyond the
necessities.
5. It is when your country is big enough that production becomes more

about wants than needs.
Thank you for answering the test. Please see page

68 for the key answer. The next section is the
content of this unit. It contains important information
about the Global Economy

purposes only.
Content
Content
The Global Economy

The United Nation (UN) tried to address the different problems in the world.
Their efforts were guided by the eight Millennium Development Goals – which they
created in 1990.
Among these eight goals, the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger
ranked as first.
The other seven goals include:
1. achieving universal primary education
2. promoting gender equality
3. women empowerment
4. reducing child mortality
5. improving maternal health
6. combating diseases like HIV/AIDS and Malaria
7. ensuring environmental sustainability and having a global partnership for
development (United Nation, 2015)
Since there are different standards of living around the world, we expect different
meaning attached to it.
In the Philippines, a person is officially living poverty if he makes less than

100,534 pesos a year, around 275 pesos a day
Extreme poverty which according to the UN (2015) is a condition characterized

by severe deprivation of basic human needs including:
1. Food
2. Safe drinking water
3. Sanitation facilities
4. Health
5. Shelter
6. Education and information
Un defines extreme or absolute poverty as living on less than 1.25 dollar a day
(Php 63.87)
The organization aims to eliminate extreme poverty for all people by 2030
So why extreme poverty falling?

The answer to this is really complicated
A set of factors like;
1. Better access to education
2. Humanitarian aid
3. Policies of international organization like UN
➢ The greatest contributor is economic globalization

purposes only.
Economic globalization and economic trade

Economic Globalization – refers to the increasing interdependence of the world
economics as a result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and
services, flow of international capital, and wide and rapid spread of technologies
(Shangquan, 2000)
Two different types of economies associated with economic globalization

1. Protectionism
2. Trade liberalization
Protectionism – means “a policy of systematic government intervention in foreign trade

with the objective of encouraging domestic production
Trade protectionism usually comes in the form of quotas and tariffs

Tariffs – are required fees on imports or exports
Suat Depression of 1929 marked the peak of protectionism
Free trade agreements and technological advances in transportation and

communications means – goods and services move around the world more easily than
ever
Fair trade – as defined by the International Fair Trade Association, is the “concern for
the social, economic and environmental well-being of marginalized small procedures”
(Downie, 2007)
Aims for a more moral and equitable global economic system. Specifically, it is:
1. Concerned with protection of workers and producers

2. Establishment of more just prices
3. Engagement in environmentally sound practices and sustainable production
4. Creation of relationships between producers in the South and consumers in
the North
5. Promotion of safe working environment
A concrete example of the growth of fair fair

- Is the case of American coffee chains, such as Starbucks and Dunkin Donuts
Thanks for reading about the Economic Globalization and

Global Trade. The next section is about the Economic
Globalization and Sustainable Development. Please read.
Economic Globalization and Sustainable Development
Sustainable – able to use without being completely used or destroyed
Sustainable Development – the development of our world today by using the

earth’s resources and the preservation of such sources for the future

purposes only.
Sustainable development is one significant global response or approach to

economic globalization
The relationship between globalization and sustainability is multidimensional it involves

1. Economic
2. Political
3. Technological aspects
Environmental Degradation
Degradation – the act of damaging or ruining something
Development, especially economic development, was hastened by the industrial

revolution
Industrial Revolution – this is the period in human history that made possible the
cycle of efficiency
Efficiency – means finding the quickest possible way of producing large amounts of a
particular product
-this process made by buying of goods easier for the people
-there is an increased demand
-this cycle harms the planet in a number of ways
For instance, the earth’s atmosphere is damaged by more carbon emissions
Another example, the destruction of coral reefs and marine biodiversity as more
and more wastes are thrown into the ocean
Food security
Global food security – means delivering sufficient food to the entire world population
Security of food – also means the sustainability of society such as
1. Population growth
2. Climate change
3. Water scarcity
4. Agriculture
The closest aspect of human life associated with food security is environment
The challenges to food security can be traced to the protection of environment
A major environmental problem is the destruction of natural habitats, particularly through

deforestation and industrial fishing has contributed to a significant destruction of
marine life and ecosystem
Another significant environmental challenge is that of the decline in the availability of

fresh water (Conca, 2006)
The destruction of the water ecosystem may lead to the creation of “climate refugees –
people who are force to migrate due to the lack of access to water or due to flooding”
(Ritzer, 2015)
Pollution – through toxic chemicals has had a long-term impact on the environment
The use of persistent organic pollutants – has led to significant industrial pollution
(Dinham, 2007)

purposes only.
Greenhouse gases – gases that trap sunlight and heat in the earth’s atmosphere,
contribute greatly to global warming
A greenhouse gas – is any gases compound in the atmosphere that is capable of

absorbing infrared radiation, thereby trapping and holding heat in the atmosphere. By
increasing the heat in the atmosphere, green gases are responsible for the greenhouse
effect which ultimately leads to global warming
Economic Globalization, Poverty and Inequality
The Swedish statistician Hans Rosling once said the 1 to 2 billion poorest in the
world who don’t have food for the day suffer from the worst disease, globalization
deficiency. The way globalization is occurring could be much better, but the worst thing
is not being part of it.
Economic and trade globalization is the result of companies trying to

outmaneuver their competitors. While you search for the cheapest place to buy shoes,
companies search the cheapest source of leather, dye, rubber and of course, labor. The
result is that labor-intensive products like shoes are often produced in countries with the
lowest wages and the weakest regulations.
The process creates winners and losers. The winners include corporations and
their stockholders who earn more profit. They also include consumers who get products
at a cheaper price. The losers are high wage workers who use to make those shoes.
The multiplier effect – means an increase in one economic activity can lead to an
increase in other economic activities.
For instance, investing in local business will lead to more jobs and more income.
(Paul Krugman as a in the New York Times, July 8, 2013)
Not everyone agrees to this, opponents of economic globalization called the

outsourcing of jobs as exploitation and oppression, a form of economic colonialism
that puts profit before people.
In the absence of regulation, it is still possible that workers would not be

horribly mistreated.
1. Public awareness is growing along with the pressure from the international
community to take steps to protect workers.
For example, the United Nation produces an annual publication called the list
of goods produced by child labor or forced labor
2. Steps come from those that support globalization. The pro- globalization set
argues that as developing economies grow, there are more opportunities for
workers, which leads to more competition for labor and higher wages

purposes only.
Economic globalization has helped millions of people get out of extreme poverty
but the challenge of the future is to lift up the poor while at the same time keep the
planet liveable.
One of the best ways to help those in extreme poverty is to enable them to
participate in the economy. This applies to developing countries in the global
marketplace and to individual at local level
Example:
The microcredit
Microcredit – was a success and has since spread to developing countries throughout
the world. Private lenders, governments and non-profit organizations have jumped on
board to loan billions of dollars to the world’s most disadvantaged.
Microcredit is not going to solve the problem of extreme poverty but supports the idea
that enabling people to participate in the economy can make their lives better.
Global Income Inequality

Globalization and inequality are closely related. There are two main types of
economic inequality:
1. Wealth inequality
2. Income inequality
Wealth – refers to the net worth of a country. It takes into account all the assets of a
nation may they be natural, physical, and human less the liabilities
Wealth – is the abundance of resources in a specific country
This means that wealth inequality speaks about distribution of assets.

In order to measure global economic inequality, economists usually look at
income using the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Income – is the new earning that are constantly being added to the pile of country’s
wealth
When we talk about income inequality -, we mean that new earnings are being
distributed; it values that flow of goods and services, not a stock of assets (Economist,
2012)
Economic globalization and international trade – are the forces responsible in

today’s global income inequality
Many economists believe that the world’s poorest people gained something from
globalization
Access to technology – contributed to worldwide income inequality

It complemented skilled workers but replaced many unskilled workers.
As a result, workers who are more educated and more skilled would thrive in those jobs
by receiving higher wages.

purposes only.
Thank you for reading. The next topic is about the

Theories of Global Stratification. Please read.
Theories of Global Stratification
For much of human history, all of the societies on earth were poor, poverty was
the norm for everyone but obviously, that is not the case anymore. Just as you find
stratification among socioeconomic classes within a society like the Philippines, you
would also see across the world a pattern of global stratification with inequalities in
wealth and power between societies.
Modernization Theory
- One of the two main explanations for global stratification

- This theory frames global stratification as a function of technological and cultural
differences between nations
Two historical events that contributed to Western Europe developing at a faster rate than
much of the rest of the world
1. First event is known as the Columbian Exchange

This refer to the spread of goods, technology, education and diseases between
the America and Europe after Christopher Columbus’ so called “discovery of
the America”
2. Second historical event – is the industrial revolution in the 18th and 19th
century
This when new technologies like stream power and mechanization allowed
countries to replace human labor with machines and increase productivity
Modernization Theory – rest on the idea that affluence could be attained by anyone
Walt Rostow’s Four Stages of Modernization
1. Traditional Stage – this refers to societies that are structured around small,
local communities with production typically being done in the family settings
-These societies have limited resources and technology, most of their time
spent on labouring to produce food, which creates strict social hierarchy
Example: arc feudal Europe

Chinese dynasties
- A society functions: What your parents do is what their parents did and what you
will do when you grow up too.
2. Take-off stage – people begin to use their individual talents to produce

things beyond the necessities
-this innovation creates how market for trade

purposes only.
3. Drive to Technological Maturity – begins to bear fruit in the form of

population growth, reductions in absolute poverty levels, and more diverse
job opportunities
-nations in this phase typically begin to push for social change along with
economic change like,
a. implementing basic schooling for everyone
b. developing more democratic political system
4. High Mass Consumptions – it is when your country is big enough that

production becomes more about wants than needs
Modernization Theory
In general argues that if you invest capital in better technologies, they will
eventually raise production enough that there will be more wealth to go around and
overall well-being go up
Capitalism – it is the only way for a country to develop
All economic progress often includes downside, like the environmental damage done by
industrialization and exploitation of cheap or free labor
Depending Theory and Latin American Experience
Starting in the 1500s – European explorers spread throughout the Americas,

Africa, and Asia, claiming lands for Europe
At one point, the British Empire – covered about one-fourth of the world
With colonialism – came the exploitation of both natural and human resources
Guns and factory – made goods – were sent to Africa in exchange for slaves, who
were sent to the colonies to produce goods like cotton and tobacco which were sent
back to Europe
As the slave trade died in the mid – nineteenth century, the point of colonialism came to
less about human resources, and more about natural resources
After the Second World War, there were many questions about international relations
One of those questions was – “Why are many countries in the world not
developing”
The traditional answer to the question was because these countries are not
pursuing the right economic policies or their governments are authoritarian and
corrupt
Dependency Theory – was a product of this experience
Dependency – is the condition in which the development of the nation – states of the
South contributed to a decline in their dependence and to an increase in economic
development of the countries of the North (Cardoso and Felato, 1979)

purposes only.
Dependency Theory – was initially developed by Hans Singer and Raul Prebisch in the
1950s and has been improved since then
Two main sub-theories are:
1. North American Neo Marxist Approach

2. Latin American Structuralist Approach (Sanchez, 2014)
The term:
“core nations” and “peripheral nations” – are at the heart of dependency

theory
Peripheral nations – are countries that are less developed and received an unequal
distribution of the world’s wealth
Core countries – are more industrialized nations who received the majority of the
world’s health
Dependency theorist – saw that the development of peripheral nations is stagnant

because of the exploitative nature of the core nation (Ferraro, 2008)
Developed countries were undeveloped in the beginning but not underdeveloped
This means that the path taken by the developed countries does not guarantee
the same fate for the underdeveloped countries
The Modern World-System
Wallerstein – described high-income nations as the “core” of the world economy. This
core is the manufacturing base of the planet, where resources funnel in to become the
technology and wealth enjoyed by the Western world today
Low-income countries – are wallerstein called the “periphery” – whose natural

resources and labor support the wealthier countries
Middle-income countries – such as India or Brazil are considered the semi-periphery

due to their closer ties to the global economic core
about the Global Economy, do the succeeding Learning
Activities, you may visit our Google class with this code
or contact me to the number indicated in the course guide. If
you had poor connectivity you are given another week to
accomplish the task

purposes only.
LearningActivities
Learning Activities
Directions: Make a blog on the webpage about the Theories of Global Stratification and
how it is use to politics, economy and culture of respective state in the globe. Submit
your work in your department/college pigeon boxes or publish your blog on the webpage
and turn in the link to the Google Classroom on or before the date as reflected in your
study schedule. See rubrics of Blogging on page 64.

purposes only.
Activity 2: Reflection Paper Writing and Publishing
Directions: Trace how global stratification affects the life cycle of each state in the
globe. Use the space below as your draft. Publish writing in a blog page, or submit your
work in your department/college pigeon boxes or publish your blog on the webpage and
turn in the link to the Google Classroom on or before the date as reflected in your study
schedule. See rubrics of Blogging on page 64.
Congratulation! You did a great job! You may now take

the assessment. If you have not complete the task, or
you have difficulty in accomplishing the activity, please
send me message to our Google class or you may ask
classification through a text message or phone calls on
the contact number included in your course guide.

purposes only.
Assessment 1
Assesment
A. TRUE OR FALSE
Directions: On the space provided before each item, write TRUE when the statement is
factual and FALSE if it erroneous.
1. Modernization theory rest on the idea that affluence could be attained by

anyone.
2. Economic and trade globalization is the result of companies trying to

outmaneuver their competitiors.
3. Pollution through toxic chemicals has had a short-term impact on the

environment.
4. The closest aspect of human life associated with food security is the natural
resources.
5. Efficiency menas finding the quickest possible way of producing large amount
of a particular product.
B. Discussion
1. In the case of the Philippines, how much do you think are we involved in the
Modern World-System? What do you think are the advantages and
disadvantages of being part of such. Use the space for your answer. Submit your
work in your department/college pigeon boxes or publish your blog on the
webpage and turn in the link to the Google Classroom on or before the date as
reflected in your study schedule.

purposes only.
2. How can we “upgrade” our economy given the strength of the global economy,
especially the giant economies like the United States and Japan? Use the space
for your answer. Submit your work in your department/college pigeon boxes or
publish your blog on the webpage and turn in the link to the Google Classroom
on or before the date as reflected in your study schedule.
Congratulation! You did a great job! If you have

not completed the task, or you have difficulty in
accomplishing the activity, please send me a message to
our Goggle class, or you may ask classification through a
text message, or phone calls on the contact number
included in your course guide. You may write your
insight or thoughts about the activity on the space
provided.
You had just completed this unit. You are now

purposes only.
Write your thoughts
Add/insert
your photo
/emoji here

purposes only.
Unit 3- Market Integration
Integration shows the company’s market relationship. The extent of

integration affects the company’s behavior and thus their marketing efficiency. A
highly integrated market behavior is different from disintegrated market behavior.
Markets differ in the degree of integration and thus their degree of efficiency
varies. Kohls and Uhl have defined market integration as a process that refers to
corporate expansion by consolidating additional marketing functions and activities
within a single management framework.
Learning Outcomes
• Publish a blog on the webpage about ways you think lessen, if not eliminate, the
negative consequences of multinational corporation;
• trace the history of Global Market Integration.
Pretest
Pretest
TRUE OR FALSE
Directions: On the space provided before each item, write TRUE when the statement is
factual and FALSE when it is erroneous.
1. Mass media and internet allow the transfer of ideas almost

instantaneously
2. The changes a country experiences from international trade are only

economic
3. Global corporations of locate their factories in countries which can

provide the cheapest labor in order to save up for expenses in the making of a product
4. Companies that extend beyond the borders of one country are called
global company
5. Corporation are defined as organization that exist as legal entities and

have liabilities that are separate from its members
Thank you for answering the test. Please see

page 68 for key answer. The next section is
the content of this unit. It contains about
Market Integration. Please read.

purposes only.
Content
Content
Economy is the social institution that has one of the biggest impacts on the society.
You might think of the economy in terms of number – number of unemployed, gross
domestic product (GDP) or whatever the stock market is doing today.
Economic system varies from one society to another. But in any given economy
production typically splits into three sectors:
1. The primary sector – extracts raw materials from natural resources from the
environment
Workers like farmers or miners fit well in the primary sector
2. Secondary sector – gains the raw materials and transforms them into
manufactured goods
For example: Someone from primary sector extracts oil from the earth,
someone from the secondary sector refines the petroleum to gasoline
3. Tertiary sector – involves services rather than goods. It offers services by doing
things rather than making things.
The Bretton Wood System
The major economies in the world had suffered because of World War I, the
great depression in the 1930s, and World War II. Because of the fear of the recurrence
of lack of cooperation among nation-state, political instability and economic turmoil
(especially after the Second World War), reduction of barriers to trade and free flow of
money among nations became the focus to restructure the world economy and ensure
global financial stability (Ritzer, 2015). These consists the background for the
establishment of the Bretton Woods System.
The Bretton Woods system has five elements:
1. First element is the expression of currency in terms of gold or gold value to

establish a par value (Boughton, 2007)
2. The official monetary authority in each country (a central bank of its equivalent)
would agree to exchange its own currency for those of other countries at the
established exchange rate, plus or minus a one-percent margin
3. The third element of the Bretton Woods system is the establishment of an
overseer for these exchange rate
4. Eliminating restrictions on the currencies of member states in the international

trade
5. The final element is that the US dollar became the global currency
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank
The IMF and the World Bank – were founded after the World War II. Their
establishment was mainly because of peace advocacy after the war. These institutions

purposes only.
aimed to help the economic stability of the world. Both of them are basically banks, but
instead of being started by individuals like regular banks, they were started by countries.
Most of the richest countries were members of these two institutions.
The IMF’s – main goal was to help countries which were in trouble at the time and who
could not obtain money by any means
- Their economy collapsed or their currency was threatened
- Served as a lender or a last resort for countries which needed financial

assistance
World Bank – main goals resolved around the eradication of poverty and it funded
specific project that help them reach their goals, especially in poor countries
Thank you for reading. The next topic is about the

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,
the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries and
European Union. Please read.
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), and the European Union
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) – the most

encompassing club of the richest countries in the world, with 35 member states as of
2016, with Latvia as its latest member
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) – was originally

comprised of Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, Iran and Venezuela. They are still part of the
major exporters of oil in the world today.
OPEC – was formed because member countries wanted to increase the price of oil,
which in the past had a relatively low price and had failed in keeping up with inflation
Members of the OPEC
1. United Arab Emirates

2. Algeria
3. Libya
4. Qatar
5. Nigeria
6. Indonesia
European Union (EU) – is made up of 28 member states. Most members in the

Eurozone adopted the Euro as basic currency but some Western European nations like
Great Britain, Sweden and Denmark did not.

purposes only.
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) – is a trade pact between the
United States, Mexico, and Canada created on January 1, 1994 when Mexico joined the
two other nations
NAFTA – helps in developing and expanding world trade by broadening

international cooperation. Aims to increase cooperation for improving working conditions
in North America by reducing barriers to trade as it expands the market of the three
countries
NAFTA – has caused manufacturing jobs from developed nation (Canada or United
States) to transfer to less develop nations (Mexico) in order to reduce the cost of their
product.
NAFTA negative and positive consequences
Positive consequences
1. It lowered prices by removing tariffs

2. Opened up new opportunities for small and medium sized businesses to
established a name itself
3. Quadrupled trade between the three countries
4. Created five million US jobs
Negative Effects
1. Include excessive pollution

2. Loss of more than 682,000 manufacturing jobs
3. Exploitation of workers in Mexico
4. Moving Mexican farmers out of business
The next topic is the History of Global Market Integration.

Please read
History of Global Market Integration
Before the rise of today’s modern economy, people only produced for their family.
Nowadays, economy demands the different sectors to work together in order to produce,
distribute and exchange products and services. What this shift in the way people
produce for their needs? In order to understand this will we will be going back in time,
12,000 years ago

purposes only.
The Agricultural revolution and the Industrial Revolution
1. The first big economic change was the Agricultural Revolution (Pomeranz, 2000).
When people learned how to domesticate plants and animals, they realized that it
was more productive than hunter-gatherer societies
2. The second major economic revolution is the Industrial Revolution of the 1800s.
With the rise of industry came new economic tools, like steam engines,
manufacturing, and mass production
Every economic revolution comes with economic casualties. As a result, nineteenth-

century industrialist were known as a robber baron – with more productivity came
greater wealth, but also greater economic inequality.
In the late nineteenth-century, labor unions began to form. These organizations of

workers sought to improve wages and working condition.
Capitalism and Socialism
Capitalism and Socialism – two competing models that sprung up around the time
of the Industrial revolution, as economic capital became more and more important to the
production of goods.
Capitalism – is a system in which all natural resources and means of production are
privately owned. It emphasizes profit maximization and competition as the main drivers
of efficiency.
Socialism – emphasizes collective goals expecting everyone to work for the common
good and placing a higher value on meeting everyone’s basic needs than on individual
profit
When Karl Marx first wrote about socialism, he viewed it as a stepping stone toward
communism, a political and economic system in which all members of a society are
socially equal.
Thanks for reading. The next topic is about the

Information Revolution. Please read.
The Information Revolution
Ours is the time of the Information Revolution. Technology has reduced the role of
human labor and shifted it from a manufacturing-based economy to one that is based on
service work and the production of ideas rather than goods.
Computers and other technologies – are beginning to replace many jobs because of
automation or outsourcing job offshore
Today much of the economy is centered on the tertiary sector or service industry.

purposes only.
The service industry – includes every job such as administrative assistant, nurses,
teachers, and lawyers
Sociologists have a way of distinguishing between types of jobs which are based more
on the social status and compensation that come with them. These are the primary
labor market and the secondary labor market.
The primary labor market – includes jobs that provide many benefits to workers, like
high incomes, job security, health insurance, and retirement packages. These are white-
collar professions, like doctors, accountant, and engineers.
Secondary labor market – jobs provide fewer benefits and include lower-skilled jobs
and lower-level service sector jobs
Global Corporation
The increase in international trade has both created and been supported by
international regulatory groups like WTO, and transnational trade agreements, like
NAFTA.
The trade regulatory groups and agreements regulate the flow of goods and
services between countries. These international trade agreements often benefits private
industries the most. Companies can produce their goods and services across many
different countries.
These companies that extend beyond the borders of one country are called
Multinational or Transnational Corporations (MNC or TNC). They are also referred to
as global corporation.
Global corporation – are ubiquitous, like McDonald’s or Coca-cola and yet, they
still market themselves as American Companies
Another example is the Ford Motor Company – the classic American car company,
headquartered in Michigan that manufactures car worldwide
Transnational corporation – have a significant role in the global economy. They

influence the economy and politics by donating money to specific political campaigns or
lobbyists.
Global corporation – often locate their factories in countries which can provide the
cheapest labor in order to save up for expenses in the making of product. The upper
classes may benefit from the business of these corporations but the people working in
the factories are exploited as their wages are cut.
Negative effects of globalization from transnational corporations – trade does not

promote agenda of corporations and give them autonomy.
The global corporation also influence politics and allow workers to be exploited.

purposes only.
Positive effect of globalization from global corporation
1. Better allocation of resources

2. Lower prices for products
3. More employment worldwide
4. Higher product output
The changes a country experiences from international trade are not only economic.
Many of the cultural changes are as important and sometimes, even more obvious than
the economic changes the nation can experience
Cultural practices and expressions – are also passed between nations, spreading
from group to group. This is called diffusion.
The means of trading of ideas are:
1. Exploration
2. Military conquest
3. Missionary work
4. Tourism
Technology – has exponentially increased the speed of diffusion
Mass media and Internet – allow the transfer of ideas almost instantaneously
International trade and global corporation, along with the internet and more global
processes, contribute to globalization because people and corporations bring their own
beliefs, their traditions, and their money with them when they interact with other
countries.
about the Market Integration, do the succeeding Learning
Activities, you may visit our Google class with this code
or contact me to the number indicated in the course guide. If
you had poor connectivity you are given another week to
accomplish the task.

purposes only.
LearningActivities
Learning Activities
Directions: Make a blog about the ways you think to lessen, if not eliminate the negative
consequences of multinational corporations. Submit your work in the pigeon boxes
which are provided in your department/college or publish your blog on a webpage and
turn in the link to the Google class on or before the date as reflected on your study
schedule. See rubrics on blogging page 64.

purposes only.
Activity 2: Reflection Paper Writing and Publishing
Directions: Trace the history of Global Market Integration. Use the space for your writing.
Use the space below as your draft. Publish this writing in a blog page, or submit your
work in the pigeon boxes which are provided in your department/college, or to Google
class on or before the date as reflected in your study schedule. See rubrics in blogging.
Congratulation! You did a great job! You may take the

assessment. If you have difficulty in accomplishing the
activity, please send me a message to our Google class,
or you may ask clarification through text message or
phone calls on the contact number included in your
course guide.

purposes only.
Assessment
Assessment 1
FILL IN THE BLANKS
Directions: Read the following statements and fill in the blanks with word/s which best
complete/s the sentences.
1. The most encompassing club of the richest countries in the world.

2. Helps in developing and expanding world trade by broadening
international cooperation.
3. Is a system in which all natural resources and means of productions are
privately owned.
4. He viewed socialism as a stepping stone toward communism.
5. Main goal was to help countries which were in trouble at the time and
who could not obtain money by any means.
6. Main goals resolved around the eradication of poverty and it founded
specific project that help them reach their goals.
7. Involves services rather goods. It offers services by doing things rather
than making things.
8. Workers like farmers or miners fit well in this sector.
9. Includes every job such as administrative assistant, nurses, teachers
and lawyers.
10. Has exponentially increased the speed of diffusion.
B. Discussion
1. Analyze socialism and capitalism in relation with the Philippine society which of these
economic systems would work in our country? Use the space for your answer. Submit
your work in the pigeon boxes which are provided in your department/college, or to
Google class on or before the date as reflected in your study schedule.

purposes only.
C. Blogging
Directions: Using a ladder web, make a blog the positive effects of globalization from
global corporation. Submit your work in the pigeon boxes which are provided in your
department/college or publish your blog on a webpage and turn in the link to the Google
class on or before the date as reflected on your study schedule.
Effect of Globalization from

global corporation
1
2
Congratulation! You did a great job! If you have difficulty

in accomplishing the activity, please send me a message
to our Google class, or you may ask clarification through
text message or phone calls on the contact number
included in your course guide.
You had just completed this unit. You may write your
insights or thoughts about the activities on the space

purposes only.
Write your thoughts
Add/insert
Your photo
/emoji here

purposes only.
Unit 4 – The Global Interstate System
The state has traditionally been the subject of most interest to scholars of
global politics because it is viewed as “the institution that creates warfare and sets
economic policies for a country” Furthermore, the state is a political unit that has
authority over its own affairs. In other words, its borders are recognized by other
countries.
Learning Outcomes
• Publish a blog on a webpage comparing and contrasting globalism and

informationalism
• Create a video showing one of the primary goal of United Nation (UN)
Pretest
Pretest
FILL IN THE BLANKS
Directions: Read the following statements and fill in the blanks with word/s which best
complete/s the sentences.
1. This treaty and international organization is based on the idea of

collective security.
2. An international organization that was develop out of war is the .
3. This is an economic treaty between the United States and Mexico.
4. Technological paradigm, associated with computer science and modern

telecommunication that replaces industrialism.
5. Associated with rights and obligations for instance, that right to vote,
and the obligation to pay taxes
Thank you for answering. Please see page 68 for key answer. The
next section is the content of this unit. It contains about the Global
Governance in the Twenty-First century. Please read.

purposes only.
Content
Content
Global Governance in the Twenty-First Century
There is a series of specific factors behind the emergence of global

governance
1. The first on the list must be the declining power of the nation-states
- If state themselves were “highly contingent and in flux” (Cerny, 2007) it would
open the possibility of the emergence of some form of global governance to fill
the void
2. The vast flows of all sorts of things that run into and often right through the
borders of nation-states
- This could involve the flow of digital information of all sort through the internet
3. There is mass migration of people and their entry, often illegally, into
various nation-states
- If states are unable to control this flow, then there is a need for some sort of
global governance to help deal with the problem
4. Horrendous event within nation-states that the states themselves either

foment and carry out, or are unable to control (Nordstrom, 2004)
Effects of Globalization to Governments
Government – one of the key aspects of state sovereignty. It is a group of people who
have the ultimate authority to act on behalf of a state.
Each state is autonomous unto itself and responsible within its own system of
government to those who are governed. The decisions, the conflict, and the resolution of
that conflict are done through the institutions of the government established and codified
in that particular state, whether or not through elections.
Elections especially in democratic society, provide the leadership of the state.
Policy is developed and implemented in the interest of the people of a state by a specific
government
Civil society – within the state can also act as a counterweight or as a supplement to
government
Civil society includes:
1. the private economy

2. educational institutions
3. churches
4. hospitals
5. fraternal organizations
6. non-profit organization

purposes only.
There have been several challenges to the government and ultimately, to state
autonomy. We can divide these challenges into four:
1. traditional challenges
2. challenges from national or identity movements
3. global economics
4. global social movements
Traditional challenges
External interventions can generally be described as invasion by other countries
For example:
When Saddam Hussein was the ruler of Iraq in 1990, he decided he was going to
take over the oil fields of Kuwait. He invaded Kuwait and took over.
As a result, he was dislodged by an international coalition led by the United States.
These days, we can see external intervention in other forms.

For example:
Russia’s external intervention into the affair of Ukraine, a sovereign state in the
post-Soviet era, is another instance of intervention in the autonomy of the state. Russia
intervenes in the affairs of people in Crimea who want to become part of Russia again
even though they are part of Ukraine.
Challenges from National/Identity movements
The next challenges are part of a national identity or movement. It is important to

know that a nation has cultural identity that people attached to, while a state is a definite
entity due to its specific boundaries. However, different people with different countries
can live in different states.
For example:
- the Kurds reside in several different countries including Iraq, Iran, and Turkey
- the Catalans live primarily in Spain but we can also find some of them in France
Another example:
Global movements such as the Al-Qaeda and ISIS another example of national
or identity movement. In this case, they are structured around the fundamentalist version
of Islam.
Global economics
The third major source of challenge comes from global economics.
Global economy – demands the states to conform to the rules of free market capitalism

purposes only.
Government austerity comes from developments of organizations that cooperate across

countries, such as WTO and regional agreements such as NAFTA, the European Union
and the Association of Southeast Asian Nation (ASEAN)
Global Social Movements
Finally, we have global social movements. Most of the time, they are not seen as
a threat but they definitely challenge state sovereignty.
Social movements – are movements of people that are spontaneous or that emerge
through enormous grassroots organization. These social movements are transnational
movements which means they occur across countries and across borders. Therefore,
state has less control over them.
For example:
- human rights movements create a public sentiment, value and agenda.

If a country decides that they are going to have a particular policy and if that policy
violates the international standard of human rights
Environmental movement – another example of global social movements related to

public policy.
Thanks for reading. The next topic is Relevance of the

State amid Globalization. Please read.
The Relevance of the State amid Globalization:
The state is a distinctive political community with its own set of rules and
practices and that is more or less separate from other communities.
It has four elements:
1. people
2. territory
3. government
4. sovereignty
The first element of a state is – permanent population. This population does not refer
to a nomadic people that move from one place to another in an indefinite time
Second element of a state, a defined territory.
Territory – has a clear boundaries; effectively controlled
The third element, government

purposes only.
Government – regulates relations among its own people and with other states. This
means that the state is a formally constituted sovereign political structure encompassing
people, territory, and its institutions on the one hand and maintaining its autonomy from
other states on the other hand
It is important to differentiate the idea of nation from state
Nation – refers to a people rather than any kind of formal territorial boundaries or
institutions. It is a collective identity grounded on a motion of shared history and culture
If we talk about the Philippines as a state, we refer to the Philippine government, the
Philippine territory, and its internal and external sovereignty
This brings us the concept of the nation-state. It is a territorial bounded sovereign

institution that governs individuals sharing a collective history, identity and culture.
Beland (2008) argued that “the role of a state is enduring – and even increasing – in
advance industrial societies” he saw greater demands being placed on the state
because of four major sources collective insecurity:
1. terrorism
2. economic globalization – leading to problem such as outsourcing and
pressures toward downsizing as well as the current economic crisis
3. threats to national identity – due to migration
4. the spread of global diseases – such as AIDS
Institutions that govern International Relations:
There are several international organizations those governments of countries around

the world and individuals participate in these include:
1. United Nations
2. International Court of Justice
3. NAFTA
4. NATO
There are also non-government organization promoting social and economic growth
Peace Treaties and Military Alliances: The UN and NATO
The United Nations (UN) – is one of the leading political organizations in the world where
nation-states met and deliberate. However, it remains as an independent actor in global
politics
The term “United Nations” was coined by former US President Franklin D. Roosevelt in
1942 (United Nation, 2011)
Its operations began on October 24, 1945. It started with 50 representatives from
different countries.

purposes only.
Generally, it functions in four areas:
1. military issues
2. economic issues
3. environmental issues
4. human protection
It is made up of close to 200 countries from around the world, 193 member states to be
exact, with the Republic of South Sudan as its latest member (United Nations, 2011)
Maintaining peace and building friendship – is the number one goal of the UN, as well as
providing a forum where countries could gather to discuss global issues
Maintaining international peace and security – became the center mission of the UN
after the war.
According to the UN (2011) – peace and security are maintained “by working”
1. to prevent conflict
2. helping parties in conflict make peace
3. peacekeeping
4. creating the conditions to allow peace to hold and flourish
The UN – also has what is known as the “security council”. These groups of countries
decide what to do when two or more countries are waging war or are on the verge of
fighting.
There are five permanent members of the UN Security Council:
1. United States
2. Britain
3. Russia
4. China
5. France
Security Council:
1. tries to be arbiter in ceasefires between two sides

2. can pass sanctions like block trade with another country as a punishment
3. can send troops or observers
4. if worst come to worst, they can use military force
The UN – is not all about fight, it has program called UNICEF or the United Nations
Children’s Emergency Fund
Primary goal
1. to help children around the world

2. collect funds to distribute emergency relief from famine and poverty, and disease
3. provides education program in areas where there are no school

purposes only.
While UNICEF is part of the United Nations, they operate semi-independently and
rely to fundraising.
In terms of economic issues, the main focus of the UN – is the reduction of global
inequality
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) – cover a range of concerns for the
improvement of all aspects of life
According to the UN (2017) sustainable development encompasses;
1. economic prosperity
2. social well-being
3. environmental protections
Environmental issues such as
1. pollution
2. hazardous waste
- are addressed through United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
Effects of Climate change
1. increasing rate of greenhouse gas emissions

2. rising sea level
3. occurrence of extreme weather pattern
As a response the UNs Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) took efforts
that can mitigate climate change like
1. assessment of climate science

2. facilitation of climate agreements
3. giving assistance to countries to reduce emissions
The UN also has the International Court of Justice (ICJ)
usually referred to as the world court

it is located in the Netherlands, in a town called the Hague
this is where countries can settle disputes in the court of law, as well as a
place where war criminals and rulers who have done terrible things to their
people can be put to trial for their crimes
Aside from this, there are also variety of international courts and tribunals created by the
UN such as:
1. International Criminal Court (ICC)

2. International Tribunal for the Law of Sea (ITSOS)

purposes only.
Finally UN promotes and protects human rights through different organizations and
mechanism
There are also legal instruments that help the organization like the International Bill of
Human rights which consists of three legal documents;
1. the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

2. the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
3. the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
The UN is being criticized as being weak and is unable to stop wars. Because of this, the
next institution that we are going to discuss continues to play big role in foreign conflicts.
This is NATO.
NATO – it is a defensive treaty or a military alliance between the United States, Canada
and 25 European countries.
- This treaty and international organization is based on the idea of collective

security
NATO – was created after the Second World War, mostly during the beginning of the
Cold War
Non-Governmental Organization (NGOs):
Another example of an international organization that was develop out of war is the Red
Cross (Red Crescent in Muslim countries). It is considered as non-governmental
organization (NGO)
NGO – are not tied to the country. This allows them to operate freely throughout the
world.
- They provide emergency relief such as food, water, and medical supplies for
those whose homes or towns have been destroyed by disaster or war
- They also monitor the treatment of prisoner of wars and go to conflicts to make
sure that no war crimes are taking place.
The big Red Cross worn by NGOs is the identification that they are not soldiers
In addition to Red Cross, there are many NGOs dedicated to helping people around the
world.
1. Doctors without borders – provides free emergency health care in disaster areas
2. Oxfam fights famine and disease
3. Amnesty International – speaks out for human rights and political prisoners
4. Save the children – help kids get health care and education
Thanks for reading. The next topic is about the Global

Economic Associations: The WTO and NAFTA. Please
read.

purposes only.
Global Economic Associations: The WTO and NAFTA
The next group is an economic association – WTO. It is made up of 162

countries around the world and was created with the goal of increasing free trade.
Countries therefore can buy and sell goods from one another without placing
taxes on imports or tariffs.
Tariffs – are used to protect businesses and companies inside their country
Another famous economic organization is NAFTA
NAFTA – this is an economic treaty between the United States, Canada and Mexico in
which the three countries trade freely without taxing each other
Globalization and Globalism:
Globalization – would be better described as the “increase or decline in the degree of

globalism. (Nye, 2002)
Globalism – refers to the network of connections that transcends distances of different

countries in the world
Globalization means connectedness while globalism is not, it will lead to confusion that
the present is the only time in which people got connected while in the past they were
not.
Today, however the contemporary world is characterized by being connected through;
1. internet
2. modern transportation
3. advanced communication technologies
We can also differentiate globalization and globalism in terms of its “thickness” (Nye,
2002)
Globalism – is thin. As it became thicker, globalization happens. This means that being
able to connect countries in the world through a more dynamic and faster way is
globalization
Although globalism and globalization are often understood in terms of the economy, (Nye, 2002)
gave “four distinct dimensions of globalism;
1. economic
2. military
3. environmental
4. social
Example of military globalism
- the enormous speed of potential conflict and threat of nuclear war
In terms of environmental globalism, global warming continues to accelerate

purposes only.
Social and cultural globalism – “involves movements of this ideas, information, image
and of people who carry ideas and information with them” (Nye, 2002)
For instance, religious ideas have spread throughout the world at greater scope and
speed.
Religious teaching – are delivered today through the mass media, such as;
1. television
2. radio
3. the internet
Informationalism:
Informationalism – technological paradigm, associated with computer science and

modern telecommunication, that replaces industrialism (Castell, 2004)
“Three of the most cutting-edge aspects of social world in general and

globalization in particular” (Ritzer, 2015)
1. technology
2. media
3. internet
Example of technological advancement
- is the founding of Federal Express (FedEx) in the 1970

- it makes use of computer-technology in its deliveries
Computer technology – is used to check our health through the invention of magnetic
resonance imaging (MRIs), ultrasound and CT or CAT scans
Spaced-based technologies were also made possible through the use of

computers (Ritzer, 2015)
- launching of satellite for military surveillance

- use of global positioning system (GPS)
- the operation of global navigation system (GNS)
Thanks for reading. The next topic is about Global

Citizenship. Please read.

purposes only.
Global Citizenship:
Citizenship – is associated with rights and obligations, for instance, the right to vote,
and obligation to pay taxes
Caecilia Johanna Van Peski (as cited in Beraldi, 2012) defined
Global citizenship – “as a moral and ethical disposition that can guide the
understanding of individuals or groups of local and global context, and remind them to
their relative responsibilities within various communities
Global citizens – are the glue which binds local communities together in an increasingly
globalized world.
There are three approaches to global economic resistance
1. Trade protectionism – involves the systematic government intervention in

foreign trade through tariff and non-tariff barriers in order to encourage domestic
producers and deter their foreign competitors (Mc Aleese, 2007)
2. Fair Trade – is a different approach to economic globalization, which emerged

as a counter to neoliberal “free trade” principles (Nicholls and Opal, 2005)
- Aim at a more moral and equitable global economic system in which, for
instance, price is not set by the market; instead, it is negotiated transparently by
both producers and consumers
3. The third form of resistance to economic globalization relates to helping the

bottom billion based on (Collier, 2007)
about the Global Interstate System, do the succeeding
Learning Activities, you may visit our Google class with this
code or contact me to the number indicated in the
course guide. If you had poor connectivity you are given
another week to accomplish the task.

purposes only.
LearningActivities
Learning Activities
Directions: Using a Venn diagram, compare and contrast globalism and

informationalism. Then make a blog. Submit your work in the pigeon which are provided
in you department/college or publish your blog on a webpage and turn in the link to
Google class on or before the date as reflected on your study schedule.
Activity 2: How-to-do-video
Directions: Make a video showing one of the primary goals of the United Nations (UN).
Submit your work in the pigeon which are provided in you department/college or turn in
the link to Google class on or before the date as reflected on your study schedule. See
rubrics on Video Presentation on page 62.
Congratulation! You did a great job! You may now take the
assessment. If you have not completed the task or you have
difficulty in accomplishing the activity please send me a
message to our Google class or you may ask clarification
through text message or phone calls in the contact number
included in your course guide.

purposes only.
Assessment
A. MATCHING TYPE
Directions: Match the items in column A with those in the column B. Write the letter of
the correct answer on the blank before the number
Column A Column B
1. Is one of the leading political A. government

organization in the world where nation-
state meet and deliberate B. globalization
2. Refers to a people rather than any C. global citizenship

kind of formal territorial boundaries or
institution D. United Nation
3. It is a group of people who have E. Environmental movements

the ultimate authority to act on behalf of F. Social movements
the state
G. Nation
4. Are movements of people that are
spontaneous or that emerge through H. Globalism
enormous grassroots organization
5. Refers to the network of

connections that transcends distances of
different countries of the world.
B. DISCUSSION
Directions: Answer the question.
Do civil society and NGOs strengthen or undermine the role of the governments in
international relations? Why or why not? Submit your work in the pigeon which are
provided in you department/college or turn to Google class on or before the date as
reflected on your study schedule.

purposes only.
C. Blogging
Directions: Using a ladder web, give the different civil society that supplement to
government Submit your work in the pigeon boxes which are provided in your
department/college or turn in to the Google class on or before the date as reflected on
your study schedule.
Congratulation! You did a great job! You had just

completed the unit. You may now write your insights and
thoughts about the activities.

purposes only.
Write your
Add/insert
Your photo
/emoji here

purposes only.
Developed by:
MARICEL D. ADRIATICO, MAT SOC. SCI.

Chairperson for Instructional Materials Development
Jose Rizal Memorial State University

purposes only.
References
Aldama, PKR. (2018). The Contemporary World. Rex Book Store Philippines
Al-Rhodan, N.R.F. (2006). Definition of globalization: A comprehensive overview and a

proposed definition, Geneva Centre for Security Policy
Appadurai, A. (1996). Modernity at large: Cultural dimensions of globalization.

Minneapolls: University of Minnesota Press
Bauman, Z. (1998). Globalization: The human consequences. New York: Columbia

University Press
Bauman, Z. (2003). Liquid love Cambridge: Polity
Cardoso, F.H and Faletto E. (1979). Dependency and development in Latin America.
Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
Castella, M. (2004). Informationalism, networks and network society; A theoretical

blueprint. The network society: A cross-cultural perspective. Northampton, MA:
Eduard Elgar
Chanda, N. (2007). Bound together: How traders, preachers, adventurers and warriors
shaped globalization. New Haven: Yale University Press
Ferraro, V. (2008). Dependency theory: An Introduction. In Secondi, G. (ed). The

development economics reader. London Routledge
Haddad, E. (2003, July 3). The refugee: The individual between sovereign. Global
Society. 17
Hurrell, A. (2007). One world? Many worlds? The place of regions in the study of
international society. International affairs. 83, (1), 127-146
Kritz, M. (2008). International Migration. In ritzer, G. (ed). Blackwell encyclopedia of

sociology online. Malden, Ma: Blackwell
Kuisel, R.F. (1993). Seducing the French: The dilemma of Americanization. Berkeley:
University of California Press
Landler, M. (2007, February 6). Germany agonizes over brain drain. New York Times
Lobo, J.L, Ambida, M.N, Maliban, N.P, Mesinas, M.M. (2019). The Contemporary World.
Books Atbp. Publishing Corporation
Mansfield, E. and Milner, H. (1999). The new wave of regionalism. International

Organization. 00208183, Summer 99, 53 (3)

purposes only.
Nye,J. (2002). Globalism versus globslization. The globalist. Retrieved from

https://www.egr.msu.edu/aesc210/topics/resources/Globalism%20Versus%20Gl
obalization.pdf
Ohmae, K. (1992). The borderless world: Power and strategy in the global market place.
In RAWOO Netherlands Development Assistance Research Council (2000).
Coping with Globalization: The Need for Research Concerning the Local
Response to Globalization in Developing Countries
Ritzer, G. (2008). The Mcdonalization of Society, 5th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Dine
Forge Press
Ritzer, G.(2015). Globalization: The essentials. MA: Wiley-Blackwell
Rosenthal, J,T. (2007). Voyages of discovery. In Scholte, J.A and Robertson, R. (eds.).
Encyclopedia of Globalization. New York: MTM Publishing
Sanchez, O. (2014). The rise and fall of the dependency movement: Does it inform
underdevelopment today? Estudios interdisciplinarios de America Latina Y el
Caribe. 14, (2) University of Oxford
Thompson, G. (2008, October 3) fewer people are entering US illegally, report says.
New York Times
United Nation. (2011). Basic facts about the United Nations. New York, USA: United
Nations Department of Public Information. Retrieved from
https://munkiconference.weebly.com/uploads/1/5/4/2/15422056/basic-facts-
about-the-un.pdf

purposes only.
Rubrics in Video Presentation
Assessment Rubrics
Criteria Exemplary (4) Proficient (3) Partially Incomplete (1) Points
proficient (2)
Concept Has a clear picture Has a fairly Has Little effort has
of what they are picture of what brainstormed been spent on
trying to achieve. they are trying their concept, brainstorming
Adequate to do overall but no clear and refining a
description of what but has trouble focus has concept.
they are trying to describing how emerged. Unclear on the
do and generally his/her work Goals/final goals and how
how his/her work will contribute product not the project
will contribute to to the final clearly objectives will
the final project. project. defined. be met.
Content/Org The content Information is The content Content lacks a

anization includes a clear presented as a does not central theme,
statement of connected present a clear point of
purpose or theme theme with clearly stated view and
and is creative, accurate, theme, is logical
compelling and current vague, and sequence of
clearly written. A supporting some information.
rich variety of information supporting Much of the
supporting that information supporting
information in the contributes to does not information is
video contributes to understanding seem to fit the irrelevant to the
the understanding the project’s main idea or overall
of the project’s main idea. appears as a message. The
main idea. Events Details are disconnected viewer is
and messages are logical and series of unsure what
presented in a persuasive scenes with the message is
logical order. information is no unifying because there
Includes properly effectively main idea. is little
cited resources. used. The Includes few persuasive
content citations and information and
includes a few facts. only one or two
clear point of facts about the
view with a topic are
progression of articulated.
ideas and Information is
supporting incorrect, out of
information. date, or
Includes incomplete. No
properly cited citations
sources. included.
Quality Movie was Movie was Movie was There was no

completed and completed and made, but movie, or tape
contained all contained all had very little was totally

purposes only.
required elements. required items. if any editing. unedited with

The video was well Editing was not Many poor no transitions
edited and moves done as well shots remain. or audio
smoothly from as it should Video was support of any
scene to scene with have been. very kind.
proper use of Some poor fragmented
transitions. Audio shots remain. and choppy
and other Movie is still with little to no
enhancements somewhat audio
were well used. choppy. Audio reinforcement
and other .
enhancements
were utilized,
but not for
maximum
effect.
Teamwork Students on the Most of the Most of the Some of the

team all contributed students on students on team members
to the discussion the team the team did not
and were part for contributed to contributed at contribute at all
the final project. the discussion some level to the project.
Team members and were part but one or two Low levels of
showed respect of the final group respect were
with each other. project. Team members did evident within
members the majority of the team.
mostly showed the work.
respect with
each other.
Final Score
Adopted from: www.gcsnc.com
Rubrics in Blogging
Criteria 4 3 2 1 Score
Ideas and The student has The student The ideas The ideas
Content many original ideas expresses expressed are expressed are
and expresses some original not not original,
them clearly. The ideas. The necessarily often
great majority of majority of original, and confused and
ideas are related to ideas are are not are not
the subject matter. related to the usually connected to
subject matter. connected to discussions
the around the
discussions subject
around the matter.
subject

purposes only.
matter.
Writing Written responses Written Written Written

quality are free of responses are responses responses
grammatical, largely free of include some contain
spelling or grammatical, grammatical, numerous
punctuation errors. spelling or spelling or grammatical,
The style of writing punctuation punctuation spelling or
facilitates errors. The errors that punctuation
communication. style of writing distract the errors. The
generally reader. style of writing
facilitates does not
communication facilitate
. effective
communicatio
n.
Use of The student greatly The student There is very The student
Enhancem enhances their enhanced their little evidence did nothing to
ents weblog space using weblog to of multimedia enhance or
video, audio, some extend enhancement personalize
messages and using video, and the the weblog
other add-ons. audio, images student blog space.
or other add- is primarily
ons. text based.
Timeliness Updates blog as Updates blog Updates blog Does not

often or more often when required; when update blog
than required; all most posts are reminded within the
posts are date- date-stamped required time
stamped and the with the most frame.
most recent posts current posting
are placed at the listed at the
top of the page. top.
Final
Score
Adopted from: https;//timhorgan.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/blogging-rubric.pdf

purposes only.
Glossary
Americanization – “the import by non-Americans of products, images, technologies,

practices and behavior that are closely associated with America/Americas”
Asylum seekers – are refugees who seek to remain in the country to which they flee
Capitalism – is a system in which all natural resources and means of production are
privately owned
Climate refugees – people who are forced to migrate due to lack of access to water or
due to flooding
Columbian exchange – refers to the spread of goods, technology, education and

diseases between the America and Europe after Christopher Columbus’ so called
“discovery of the Americas”
Corporation – are defined as organization that exist as legal entities and have liabilities
that are separate from its members
Cultural hybridization – the integration of local and global cultures
Cultural imperialism – a given culture influences other cultures
Demographic transition – is a singular historical period during which mortality and

fertility rates decline from high to low levels in a particular country or region
Deterritorialization – means that it is much difficult to tie culture to a specific

geographic point of origin
Economic globalization – refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies

as a result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services
Efficiency – means finding the quickest possible way of producing large amounts of a
particular product
Flows – are the movements of people, things, places, and information brought by the
growing “porosity” of global limitation
Global citizenship – as a moral and ethical disposition that can guide the
understanding of individuals or groups of local and global contexts
Global food security – means delivering sufficient food to the entire world population
Globalism – refers to the network of connections that transcends distance of different

countries in the world
Globalization – refers to widening, deepening, and speeding up of worldwide

interconnectedness in all aspects of contemporary life
Heterogeneity – refers to the differences because of either lasting differences or of the

hybrids or combinations of cultures that can be produced through the different
transplanetary processes

purposes only.
Homogeneity – refers to the increasing sameness in the world as cultural inputs,

economic factors, and political orientations of societies expand to create common
practices, same economics and similar form of government
Income – is the new earnings that are constantly being added to the pile of a country’s
wealth
Informationalism – refers to the technological paradigm, associated with computer

science and modern telecommunication, that replaces industrialism
Liquidity – refers to the increasing ease of movement of people, things, information,

and places in the contemporary world
McDonalization – is the process by which Western societies are dominated by the

principles of fast food restaurants
McWorld – it means only one political orientation is growing in today’s societies
Multiplier Effect – means an increase in one economic activity can lead to an increase
to other economic activities
Nation – refers to people rather than any kind of formal territorial boundaries or
institutions
Refugees – are vagabonds force to flee their home
Social movement – are movements of people that are spontaneous or that emerge
through enormous grassroots organization
Solidity – refers to barriers that prevent or make difficult the movement of things
Wealth – refers to the net worth of a country

purposes only.
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purposes only.
KEY ANSWER
UNIT 1
1. B
2. C
3. A
4. D
5. A
UNIT 2
1. PROTECTIONISM
2. EFFICIENCY
3. COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
4. TAKE OFF STAGE
5. HIGH MASS CONSUMPTION
UNIT 3
1. TRUE
2. FALSE
3. TRUE
4. FALSE
5. TRUE
UNIT 4
1. NATO
2. RED CROSS
3. NAFTA
4. INFORMATIONALISM
5. CITIZENSHIP

purposes only.
About the Author
Maricel Duran Adriatico is Associate Professor II and the chairperson of

Instructional Materials Development of the College of Criminal Justice Education, Jose
Rizal Memorial State University, Dipolog Campus. She obtained her college diploma in
Bachelor of Science in Secondary Education, major in Social Studies from Andres
Bonifacio College, Dipolog City in 1991.
In 2006, she got her Master’s Degree, Master of Public Administration, Medina
College, Ozamis City. Her quest for knowledge and professional growth, in 2010 she
also got her Master’s Degree, Master of Arts in Teaching Social Science from Jose Rizal
Memorial State University, Main Campus, Dapitan City.
For her, teaching is challenging but very rewarding profession. She wants to play
an essential part in helping children and young people to acquire and develop the
knowledge and skills they will need in later life.
She was able to publish in University’s Journal “The Threshold” her research entitled
“Emotional Episodes among Street Children (The Rugby Boys): Basis for Rehabilitation
Program”. She was conferred as Fellow of Royal Institute of Educators, Singapore in
2017.
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Jose Rizal Memorial State University

This is a gender-sensitive instructional material

In today’s constantly changing world, societies are becoming increasingly

This module includes the following parts,Unit,essential concept, learning

I wish to acknowledge the help provided by my daughter Karylle Marie D.

I am grateful to my friends especially Marjorie O. Tudara and July Anne S.

Not Intended for Publication. For classroom instruction

UNIT 1 – Defining Globalization

Globalization is a global movement towards integration of the economy, finance,

• Publish a blog about the advantages and disadvantages of using (a)

1. Is a blanket term for interaction between two or more people, groups or

Not Intended for Publication. For classroom instruction

What is meant by social structure?

Social Structure – in sociology, the distinctive, stable arrangement of institution

Over the years globalization has gained many connotations pertaining to

Some view globalization as a positive phenomenon.

Swedish journalist (Thomas Larson, 2001) saw globalization as:

1. the process of the world shrinkage

On the other hand, some see it as occurring through and with:

Not Intended for Publication. For classroom instruction

The task of defining Globalization:

1. broad and inclusive

Globalization – means the onset of the borderless world (Ohmae, 1992)

This is an example of a broad and inclusive type of definition

The characteristic of the Globalization trend include the

Globalization – is a transplanetary process or a set of processes involving increasing

Not Intended for Publication. For classroom instruction

In 1996, Arjun Appadurai said “globalization is a ‘world of things’ that have

One’s definition and perspective could determine concrete steps in addressing

2. To paraphrase the sociologist Cesare Poppi;

3. Globalization is a reality. It is changing a human society develops, it has

Overall, globalization is a concept that is not easy to define because in reality,

In order for us to better understand the concept of globalization, we will utilize

Metaphor – makes use of one term to help us understand another term.

Solid and Liquid

Not Intended for Publication. For classroom instruction

Examples of natural solids are landforms and bodies of water

Man-made barriers include the

1. Great wall of China

The characteristic of liquidity, first today’s liquid phenomena

2. their movement is difficult to stop

Videos uploaded on youtube or facebook are unstoppable once they become

The literature on globalization makes use of the concept of flows.

Not Intended for Publication. For classroom instruction

Another example of flows is global financial crises.

Thank you for reading. The section is about the

Homogeneity – refers to the increasing sameness in the world as cultural inputs,

Homogeneity in culture is often linked to cultural imperialism. This means, a given

1. the dominant religion in our country is Christianity, which was brought to us by

Media Imperialism – is a theory based upon an over-concentration of mass media from

Not Intended for Publication. For classroom instruction

McDonalization – it is the process by which Western societies are dominated by the

Heterogeneity – refers to the differences because of either lasting differences or of the

Dynamics of Local and Global Culture

Cultural hybridization – emphasizes the integration of local and global culture

A key concept is “glocalization” or the interpenetration of global or the local

Culture Convergence – stresses homogeneity introduced by globalization. Culture are

English language – is prime example of cultural convergence on the global scale.

Not Intended for Publication. For classroom instruction