™~ — ee Sr Irrigation Engineering | kc 1.1. Explain the terms ‘Duty’ and ‘Delta’. State the different factors that affect duty. [1998 : 29 Mat) Solution: Duty: It is usually defined as area of land in hectares which can be irrigated by growing any crop if eng ‘cumecs of water is supplied continuously to land for entire base period of the crop. Delta: Total depth of water applied over an irigated land at different watering throughout entire base period the crop. ‘Suppose, B— Base periods (in days) D = Duty(ha/cumecs) A= Incm (delta) Let say Dhectare of field is irrigated for a particular crop during entire base period, B days with a discharge of 1 cumec resulting in Am. Depth of water due to irrigation, oxDxit = 1xBx 86400 864B = = Factors on which duty depends: Duty of irrigation water depends upon the following factors: (i) Type of crop (i) Climate and season (i) Useful rainfall (iv) Type of soil (v) Efficiency of cultivation method. 4.2 What is water requirement of crops? What is meaning of terms ‘Duty’ and ‘Delta’ in connection with crop water requirements? What are factors affecting duty? What is average ‘Delta’ value in mm fo sugarcane? $ {2001 : 12 Nats Solution: jich a crop requites © Water requirement of crops: This term means that total quantity and the way in whi inate C8, water from time itis sown to the time itis harvested. It vary with the crop as well as with the pia words, different crops will have different water requirements depending upon variations in climates. of soils, methods of cultivation and useful rainfalls etc. © Delta value in mm for sugarcane = 1200 mm Duty: It is usually detined as area of land in hectares which can be irrigated by growing cumecs of water is supplied continuously to land for entire base period of the crop. ry crop 0perl P 7 + Pal 482> Civil Engineering sol ve e depth of flow in field = 150m rs infiltration capacity = 6 em/hr 4 Q = discharge of tube well = 0. 035 m*/s 2 A = Area of land = 0.06 hectare = 0.06 x 10° m where, y 0.035 _ 6x10" 3600 15 = — los t= 2.303x- log 035 x0.06x104 16 0.035 _\_og4thr= i [ 2203'S saps-o0i} 0.841hr = 60.48 minutes 1.17 Define permanent wilting point and field capacity. How is it useful in deciding the frequency of itigatny [2017:5 Mat] Solution: Permanent wilting point : The permanent wilting points that water content at which the plant can no longer xray sufficient water for its growth and wilts up. It is the point at which permanent wilting of plant takes place. Field capacity: Immediately after a rain or irrigation water application, when all the gravity water has draineg down to the water table, a certain amount of water is retained on the surfaces of soil grains by molecuiay attraction and by loose chemical bonds (i.e. adsorption). This water cannot be easily drained under the action of gravity, and is called field capacity. The field capacity is thus the water content of a soil after free drainage thas taken place for a sufficient period. This period of free gravity drainage is generally taken as 210 5 days The field capacity is expressed as Wt. of water retained in a certain volume of soil Wit ofthe same volume of cry sal" FC = Frequency of Irrigation: During irrigation the amount of water should be such that the moisture content ofthe soil is raised to its field capacity. After the irrigation is discontinued, the moisture content of the soil is gradually reduced due to transpiration by the plants growing on the soil and evaporation from soil ‘surface, The total water lost from the soil due to transpiration and evaporation is termed as evapotranspiration or consumptive use. The moisture content of the soil should however not be allowed to get depleted below the amount ot readily available moisture. As such when the soil moisture content reaches the lower limit of the readily available moisture, it should be replenished by irrigation and again raised to the field capacity of the soll as shown in the figure below; Available moisture Content Permanent wilting point Moisture content in soll —= Po Time—> ication th ; e sal The frequency of irrigation depends upon the amount of readily available moisture in the root Zone oft of and the rate of consumptive use. Thus, if C, is the rate of consumptive use expressed in terms Of jen moisture content lost from the soil per day, then frequency of irigation is given by;asd —____ ee ee ition engineering «483 1.18 Soluti 1.49 Soluti <= f, q, cs (in days) where d= minimum depth of water to be applied uring irrigation, Determine the frequency of irrigation using the following data : Consumptive use = 2.8 mm/day Root zone depth = 80 mm Irrigation efficiency = 65% Available soil moisture = 50% Also find the depth of water to be applied, [2017 : 5 Marks] tion: Given data, Consumptive use = 2.8 mm/day Root zone depth, d = 80mm Available moisture = 50% Irrigation efficiency = 65% Let us assume that readily available moisture is 80% of available soil moisture. Available soil moisture depth = 0.80 x 0.50 x 80 = 32mm F 7 . Depth of avialable soilmoisture We know, tequency ofiigaion = “7estre consumed parfday = 2 = 11.428 days say 11 days. «. Net water depth to be applied while irrigating each time after 11 days. = 28x11 = 30.8mm Hence, depth of field irrigation requirement Net irrigation requirement _ 30.80 _ 474mm ~~“ Trrigation efficiency 65 Determine the design discharge of a canal with the following data: Base period | Area Duty Crop (Days) | (hectares) | (hectares/cumec) ey 320 850 580 Overtap sugarcane in hot weather 90 120 580 Wheat (Rabi) 120 600 1600 Baji (Monsoon) Mee ad 2000 Vegetables (Hot weather) 120 ae ono Time factor of the canal = 15/20 Capacity factor = 0.75 (2017 : 5 Marke} ion: Water required by various crops is as follows (figures taken from table given in question): (Water required for sugarcane (whole year)484» KEELE Civil Engineering - Paper-i Pa Sd, = 250 _ 4 466 cumec er 580 (il) Water required for overlap sugarcane (hot season) 0.207 cumec (iii) Water required for Wheat (Rabi season) 600 * 7600 (iv) Water required for Bajri (Monsoon season) = 0.375 cumec _ 500 = 3000 (V) Water required for vegetables (hot weather) 360 = 800 = 0.60 cumec Combination of crop that are grown at same time: (@) Sugarcane + Wheat = 0.25 cumec Q = 1.466 + 0.375 = 1.841 mijsec (©) Sugarcane + Bajti Q = 1.466 + 0.25 = 1.716 m/sec (©) Sugarcane (hot weather) + Vegetable (hot weather) Q= 0.2+06=08m%sec Discharge of canal = Maximum {(a),(b), (c)} = 1.841 msec 1.841 Now, Design discharge = =3.27 m/sec 20 x0.75 1.20 A watercourse has a culturable commanded area of 1200 hectares. The intensity of irrigation for crop Ais 40% and for crop Bis 35%, both the crops being Rabi crops. Crop Ahas kor period of 20 days and crop B has kor period of 15 days. Calculate the discharge of the watercourse if the Kor depth for crop Ais 10 cm and for crop B, it is 16 cm. [2019 : 10 Mas] Solution: Given CCA = 1200ha Crop A Crop B Intensity of irrigation = 40% Intensity of irrigation = 35% Kor period = 20 days Kor period = 15 days Kor depth = 10.m Kor depth = 16 om For Crop A, 8.64B 8.64. x 2 duy(o) = ae = 1728 ha/cumec Area to be irrigated A = 1200x0.4=480ha— pn easy __ oe Discharge required for crop A Irrigation Engineering <_ A_ 480 Qq = 5 * F79g 70278 m/sec For Crop B, 8.648 8.64x15 Duty (D) = A 04 A = 1200 0.35 = 420ha = 810 ha/cumec Areato be irrigated Discharge required for crop B _ A_ 420 _ 3 = = ip 7 OTB Isec since both crop A and crop Bare Rabi crops discharge of the watercourse (Qy) = Qq+ Qg 0.278 + 0.518 = 0.796 m/sec rcourse has culturable commanded area ‘of 2600 hectares, out of which the intensities of arcane and rice crops are 20% and 40%, respectively. The duties for these course are 750 hectares/cumec and 1800 hectares/cumec, respectively. .d at the head of watercourse if the peak demand is 120% of the average 4.21 A wate irrigation for perennial su crops at the head of wate! Find the discharge require requirement. [2020 : 10 Marks] Solution: Given: For awater course,CCA = 2600 ha Intensity of irrigation, for sugarcane 20% Forrice = 40% Duty of sugarcane = 750 ha/cumec Duty of rice = 1800ha/eumec Forrice area irrigated = 2600 x 0.4 = 1040 ha 1040 Discharge (Q,) = 4.0 = 0.577 m/s = 2600 x 0.2 = 520ha For sugarcane, Area irrigated 20 == 13 m/s 50 0.693 m*/ A Discharge(Q) = D Since sugarcane is perennial crop: red, Q = Qn+ Os Total discharge requi = 0.577 + 0.693 = 1.29m%/s course to meet the peak demand = 1.2 x 1.29 = 1.548 m¥/s Discharge required at the head of water’ WaT irrigation channel (1 = 0-01 2) for 30 m°s~* discharge at a slope of i 45H:1V. [1995 : 20 Marks] pean a cement plaster lined -5. cm/km. Take side slope aSeps ; 0 “qy_ Selety Ladders in Lined Canals: iniarge canals, safety ng — tigation Engineering < 507 at suitable Irtevals along the canal lengh, gran ladder constructed in canal lining at the given section, at de smooth round mild steel bars, Qalvanised or Coated with =n shown. are Generally provided on side slopes, Onsists of a number of ladder rungs, Svations. The ladder rungs are made of 'ar after instalation, and are U-shaped as Ladder rungs at diferent heights ‘Side slope of canal The ladders are provided on both banks, alternati straight reaches. Such ladders shall also always be ofthe point, where the canal enters some undergro ‘These ladders can be used by persons or cattle, that may be Swept away with the flowing water in the canal: Such a person, who may otherwise get drowned, may catch hold of one such ladder rung at the level of the flowing water, and can climb the higher rungs to get out of the canal, easily. 'vely at about 300 metres staggered distance, in Constructed on both banks at about 30 m upstream und structure, 2.25 Explain Lacey's regime theory. Define regime channel, initial regime and final regime. [2017 : 5 Marks] Solution: Lacey's regime theory : Lacey defined the regime channel as a stable channel transporting a regime silt charge. According to this theory "The dimension's width, depth and slope ofa regime channel to cary a given discharge loaded with given silt charge are all fixed by natures". Lacey has defined a regime channel as a stable channel transporting a minimum bed load consistent with fully active beds. According to him a channel will be in regime if it carries a constant discharge and it flows uniformly in unlimited incoherent alluvium of the same character. According to lacey, there may be three regime conditions : ()) True Regime: A channel shall be in true regime if it satisfies the following conditions : (@) Discharge is constant (©) Flowis uniform (©) Silt charge is constant i.e. amount of silt is constant siti the same Silt tant i.e. of silt is always ; : Seckineneo i material which can be scoured as easily as it can Ec deposited such ; ; mt Soil is known as incoherent aluminium and is of the same grade as itis transporte (i) Initial Regime: (2) Bed slope of a channel varies - safected (©) Cross-section or welted perimeter remains unafte aA 508 > KEELEY Civil Engineering + Paper-i ; Oly (ii) Final Regime ed Pade All the variables such as perimeter depth, slope etc. are equally free to vary and achieve pa stability called final regime. en In such a channel, the coarser the sit, the flatter the semi-elipse. The finer the sit, the more, section attains a semi-order. aon Channel shape Carrying coarse silt ‘Semi-circular, pg Channel shape carying medium size alt Redanguae ‘Channel shape size carrying fne sit 2.26 Compare Lacey's theory and Kennedy theory. (2017 : 5 Marg Solution: Kennedy's Theory Lacey's Theory 1. It states that the silt caried by the flowing water is kept in suspension by vertical component of eddies generated {rom bed of channel. 2. Inthis theory, a factor known as critical velocity ratio, n is introduced to make equation applicable to different 1. It stats tat sll cared by fowing water i apt n sugponsion by he verteal component of eddies wich are generaled fom the entre wetted perinetro he channel 2. Im his hoor a factor known as sit factor 7 1.7/2, is inoduced to make the equation aplcabe to dre channels with different silt grades. 3. Kennedy used Chezy's and Kuttor's formula for | 3. determining the actual generated channel velocity. The value of kutter's rugosity coefficient (r) is again a guess channels with different sit grades. Lacey on other hand after analysing huge data on regine channels, has produced a goneralregine flow condion, stating that V= 10.8 RS". work, 4, Kennedy has net given importance to bed width and | 4, Lacey has connected perimeter (P) as wel as area (A ot dopth ratios. ‘he channel with discharge. Thus, establishing a fred relationship between bedwidth & depth. 5. Lacey has fixed the regime slope connecting it wih discharge by the formula given as fe s-——_, 33400" Lacey gave tworegime conditions: Initalandnalregim™ 5. Kennedy did not fix regime slopes for the channels, although the diagrams indicates that steeper slopes are required for smaller channels and flatter slopes are required for larger channels, 6. Kennedy gave only one regime based open non-siling | 6. ‘andnon-scouring. 7. Kennedys theory applicable in Punjab. 7. Lacey's theory applicable in Uttar Pradesh. 2.27 Explain the steps involved to design a channel using Lacey's theory. por: 5 Matis] Solution: Steps required in design by Lacey's theory: Data known Q, S, dor sediment size, side slope ZH : 1 V (i) From the known sediment size diameter din mm, Find silt factor, f = 1.76Vd~ geass ____— Ene vlocly trom known Qand f ) Irrigation Engineering 4 509 (i d V,, find A=—— (a frombnown Gand Ne Ve (w) Find wetted perimeter by P= 4.75JQ ) Now area, A= (B+ 2/yand P= Brower fv) insteps (¥) wo equations and two unknowns Band y, solve simultaneously. ps8 (vip. Find bed slope Sp = Za Aqqie (vi Make a check for numerical calculation by Vo = 2 sve eo R= a find R from calculation of B, yand z. (x) Provide a free board based on Q. 228 Anearthen canal is to be designed to irrigate an area of 18000 ha of wheat during Rabi season. The duty at the head of the canal is determined to be 500 ha/m*/s. Design a trapezoidal canal with a side slope of 1.5H: 1V. Permissible velocity = 0.9 m/s; B/D ratio = 6; Manning's n = 0.020. [2018 : 15 marks] Solution: ‘hreato be irrigated, A = 18000 ha; Duty at the end of canal, D = 500 ha/m*/s Discharge required to irrigated land A _ 18000 _ 36 m3 Q= 520 788m B 2-6 : OS v tv b = (Z=1.5H_ Manning's, n= 0.020 cc ‘on | Permissible velocity, v= 09ms -— 8s“ Q Area of the canal, A=V 36 . = ==40 (B+Zy)¥ = Og 7 (6D +1.5xD)D = 40 > D= =231m B = 6D =6x231=13.86M A= 40m? P= B+2vi+Z7D = 13.86+ 2V1+ 1.5? x2.31= 22.19m 1 paisgt2 = sAMS' s n510> KESIALIIEY Civil Engineering - Paper! Sole lve ed Papers = = Longitudinal stope of the canal = 2.29 channel section has to be designed for the following data : Discharge, Q = 30 cumecs Silt factor, f= 1.00 Side slope = 1; 4 Find also the longitudinal slope, Use Lacey's theory. (2019 15 Mari Solution: Given, Discharge, Q = 30 cumes; Silt factor, f= 1.00; Side slope, To design channel using Lacey's theory ays 8 30x? From Lacey's theory Ve (4) -( wa } =0.773 misec P= 4.7510 = 4.7530 = 26.02m Assume a trapezoidal channel having base width B and depth of flow y Area of flow: A= (B+05yy Wetted perimeter, P= Bry (2) But the value of B from equation (1) to equation (2) P Se -0.5y+ yw 38.78 26.02 = ——+1.736) y oy 1.736 - 26.02y + 38.78 = 0 After solving, we get y = 13.31 m, 1.678 m=1.68 m 5 38.78 For y= 13.31 m, from equation (1) B = | 73°35 -0.5x(1339)|=-3.74m y= 1.68, B= [Bz-o5x1.00]= 22.24m Adopt trapezoidal channel of bottom width B = 22.24m Depth of flow, y= 168my ens ee , ee —__Iigation Engineering «514 q AV BPs gige 8°? 2” ps slopes S = -— ped 3340Q)" ~ 3340 woe * 4.6985 x 104 1 1 * ears” Bees ign a trapezoidal alluvial channel using Ké 9 Design 8 NF 19 Kennedy's theory. The man jptthe bed slope is equal to 1 In 6000 and the trapezoidal channel has side slope of 1H 2 V. [2020 : 15 Marks) ion: wat Given: Discharge (Q) = 30 m/s Critical velocity ratio (m) = 1.0 Manning's roughness coefficient (n) = 0.0225 Bed slope, (S,) = 1 in 5000 Side slope = 1H: 2V Design of channel by Kennedy's theory: ‘Assume depth of flow as y = 2.0m -. Velocity of flow, V, = 0.55 my? = 0.55 x 1 x (2) = 0.857 m/s 30 Q Area of flow, A= 35 m? f Fora trapezoidal channel, side slope 1/2 H: 1V A=(B+05)¥ Az (B+05x2)x2 38 _o5x2 = 165m B=5 P= B+2y, = B+ yi = 16:5+2x45 = 2097 +: Hydraulic radius, Now, from Kutter’s formula 00188), 1 — 23+ 75000 _) 0.0226 formate = 0.695 mis = (0.00155 10.0225 5000 aad 7/5000 ) v1.67je 512° Civil Engineering + Paper-il Since, Assuming a trial depth of 2.2m -. Canal dimension: VYi -(05x2.2) = a O.5y 22 (0.5x2.2) = 13.88 m P= Brayi+2 = 13.88 + 2x 2. (3) = 18.799 ~ 18.8m A_ 32.96 = p88 =1.75m (23+ 200155) 1 Ve 1/5000 ) * 0.0225 (i 0.0015: 022¢ ?8+ (75000) Ve V, yn22m ARE B= 13.88 m Bed slope = —1_ 5000 5% 2.31 Determine the storage capacity of a reservoir for the given cropping pattern, canal losses aro 1 and reservoir losses are 10%. Base period | Duty at field | Area under crop SI.No.| Crop (days) (root jamea) (hect.) 1. | Sugarcane 360 800 6500 2 Cotton 200 1400 4200 3. Wheat 120 1800 3100 4. Rice 120 900 3200 5. | Vegetables 120 700 1100 5 marks] [2021 : 4ss Inrigation Engineering « 513 ee gt , : Base period | Duty at field | Areaunder | Discharge |p, = 864xB Crop (days) | (ha/cumec) | crop (ha) = “Dd re tha) | Q=(AD) | inn ema 7 |oor® 360 800 6500 | 8.125 SE _ 3.088 Perennial ston _|__ 20 1400 | 4200 3 1234 Khari wheat 120 1800 3100 1722 0576 Rabi ‘fice 120 900 3200 3.556 7.162 Kharif Yeoetabes| 120 700 1100 1571 1.481 Zaid | (3.888 x 6500+ 1.234 x 4200+ 1.152 3200 Quantity of water required = ax. 3,888 x 6500+ 1.481x1100 3.888 x 6500 +0.576x3100 = max.{34141.2, 26901. 2707.6} = 34141.2 , _ 8atdt.2 siorage caapciy of reservoir = = 55 = 44629 ham Ay Tice) ign and Constru 431. ‘Seismic forces are taken into account in design of solid gravity dams". If the statement is correct, explain, how? [1995 : 20 Marks] Salution: Aneathquake produces waves which are capable of shaking the earth upon which dam is resting in every possible direction. Te effect of earthquake is equivalent to imparting an acceleration to foundation of the dam in direction of wave is travelling at the moment. + Effect of vertical acceleration: A vertical acceleration may either act downward or upward. When itis acting in upward direction then foundation of dam willbe lited upward and becomes closer to the dam thus, effective weight of dam will increase and hence stress. developed will increase such vertical acceleration exert an inertia force given by: Wa {ie.force = mass x acceleration) 9g Ww. W Net effective weight of dam = [" ~"g" Oy tt a, = kg (When earthquake is acting downward) : w-akg= Wiki Inother words, vertical acceleration reduces unit weight of dam material and that of water to (1-k,) times their original unit weights Effect of horizontal acceleration (a,): It may cause () Hydrodynamics forces (i) Horizontal inertia force following two forces: y—ligation Engineering « 531 S.-C ifBis taken equal to of greater than —H. th F Thus 5m then notension willbe there at the heel when the reservoir js full. Condition Il: The dam is safe in sliding For this case, WW-U) > P 1 1 5 #( eS -Fo,t8) > wt 5 MS,-C)L Bry, > eee 2 Be 7 w(S,=C) Thus higher of the two values as given by condition | and Condition |! will be provided as base width of elementary profile of gravity dam. 3.16 Distinguish between single-purpose reservoir and multi-purpose reservoir. Explain two important methods, of allocation of water in a multi-purpose reservoir, (2017 : 5 Marks] Solution: Single purpose reservoir: 1. The common principles of single purpose reservoir are given below: (a) Flood controls: The capacity of such a reservoir does not depend upon the pattern of demand but mainly demands upon the hydrograph of the worst flood that is likely to enter this reservoir and also upon the downstream permissible H.F.L and the safe carrying capacity of the channel, (b) Conservation: A single purpose conservation reservoir shall store only water to meet one particular demand, such as water supply or irrigation or hydroelectric power generation. In all such cases, the demand for water can be predicted with fair degree of accuracy for different parts of the year and the Storage capacity can be worked out. The storage capacity so worked out should be othemise feasible and should be justified on cost benefit considerations. 2 Single purpose reservoirs are seldom constructed these days. Multipurpose reservoirs 1. These reservoirs are therefore generally designed to serve more than one purpose such as following: 1d control (@) Water supph (b) Flo (©) Soil aroun 7 (a) Environmental management (©) Hydroelectric power generation ® Navigation (9) Recreation (h)_ Irrigation Pa3.17 Explain the modes of failure in gravity dam and earthen dam. 532> civil Engineering + Papert Solved Pape Method of allocation of water in multipurpose reservorr: ‘Maximum reservoir level Splllway crest ‘Surcharge tora storage Maximum conservation level Spillway at dam Natural river water surface before dam —_| River bed The above figure shows typical schedule of operations of such a reservoir. The reservoir water will normal fluctuate between minimum pool level and normal pool level (i.e. maximum conservation level) for satisfying irrigation needs. The minimum poo! level will ensure the generation, ifthe firm power, as the water level sha not normally be allowed to go below the minimum poo! level. Any serious flood which may occur after reser is full, shall be absorbed between the normal pool level and maximum pool level at all times. [2017 : 5 Marks] Solution: Modes of failure of earthen dam: Earthen dams are less rigid and hence more susceptible to failure. The various causes leading to failure of earthen dams can be grouped into the following three classes: 1. Hydraulic failures 2, Seepage failures 3. Structural failure. 1. Hydraulic failures: About 40% of the earth dam failure have been attributed to these causes. The failure under this category may occur due to following reasons: (a) By overtopping of water over the dam (b) Erosion of upstream face (©) Cracking due to frost action (d) Erosion of downstream face by gully formation. (2) Erosion of downstream toe due to cross currents and tail water. 2. Seepage failures: Controlled seepage or limited uniform seepage is inevitable in all earth dams and ordinarily it does not produce any harm. However, uncontrolled or concentrated seepage through the dam body or through its foundation may lead to piping or sloughing and subsequent failure of the dam. PPM? is the progressive erosion and subsequent removal ofthe soil grain from within the body of the da foundation of the dam, More than 1/Srd of earth dams have failed because of following reason: (@) piping through foundation (b) piping through the dam body (©) sloughing of downstream toeo lo oe ____Irigation Engineering _< Foundaton materi goes outerentnghotows below dam J Flowing water and ‘erosive material Piping through dam-foundation 3. structural failures: About 25% of the dam failures have been attributed to structural failures. Structural failures are generally caused by shear failure causing sliding: (@) Foundation slides (b) Slide in embankment due excessive side slope. ‘Weak or soft foundation sliding due to soft or weak foundation ‘The most citcal condition of slide of uls slope is the sudden draw- Ciel Enginseing« Paper oe Solve The friction developed between two surfaces is equal to ZH < wEV. A Papers or, xv . : pp > 1 (Factor of safety against sliding) 3.18 Write a note on reservoir sedimentation. (2017: Solution: ‘SMart Reservoir sedimentation: Every river caries certain amount of sediment load, The sediment patil ae the river bottom due to gravitational force, but may be kept in suspension due to upward a ond i lent flow which may overcome the graviy force. Due o these reasons, the river cares fine sedimay suspension as suspended load and larger solids along the river bed as bed load. When the sit iden we reaches a reservoir in the vicinity of dam, the velocity and th turbulence are considerably reduced, The by” suspended particles and mostofthebed loa, therefore gets depostodin the headreaches ofthe resaesoo Particles may travel some more distance and may finally deposit farther down in the reservoir as ae fie ‘Some very fine particles may remain in suspension for much larger period, and may finally escape ee along with water discharged through the sluiceways, turbines, spillway etc m Turbid ntow Floating debris (very fne sediment) Water surface Loy Fine sediment ‘Sediment accumulation in atypical reservoir Suiceways The deposition of sediment in the reservoir is known as ‘Reservoir silting’ or reservoir sedimentation. 3.19 What are the conditions which favour the selection of embankment dam? [2018 : 10 marks] Solution: co Eartren embankment wth too drain tained fom he Embankment dams are dams that are constructed using natural materials excavated or of eet nl vicinity of the dam site. Itis of two types (i) earthfil or earthern embankments and (ii) Rookfil ember Conditions favouring selection of earthern dams: (Natural availabilty of materials (i) Suitable for river valleys of any type: steep gorges or wile valleys. aeeas Inrigation Engi a— ne gineering _« 535 7 po conarcted on broad ange of foundation condos, engng om goodrock j goiltype of foundation. good rock to even permeable elatively it is less costly. Se Seer eieatses ‘en compared to a concrete gravity damis that the former requires Soe later, where the spillway may be integrated within the dam bod athen embankment are prone to concealed leakage ithin tne a tohav itso. Also © gg Adem 6 high and 1.5 m wide at the top has vertical water “#2 we “face as shown in the figure below. Find the base width of the = dam if no tension is to develop. Take unit weight of masonry as im? and uplift pressure intensity coefficient c as 1. investigate the stability of the dam if the coefficient of friction is em he and maximum allowable compressive stress is 1800 kN/m?: [2019 : 20 Marks] solution: @ ° 4.5m | . em| | 7 " | Tee. 8% Heel-—— 6 ——} = Ye uv Unit weight of masonary, Yo = 20 kN/m® Uplift pressure coefficient C = 1.0 Coefficient of friction = 0.6 Maximum allowable compressive stress = 4800 kN/m? Force Calculation bout. FAK) | Fr(KN) Mg (kN) (My (KNM) toe meal erste ee eee eels reoo-es | — = 6-078 m |L-18) 6 20 Zea | see | aoe -1200+90 | — ae 3 uv | de se » » 29.436 | — - 19.620 — Pp Lew 6 3 - 176.58 oe 353.16 18 9.81 | a 9043057 176.58 Me 2M,[EMILE Civil Engineering - Paper-ll Prey, 536° Pra Mp -2My ers Ay (180b- 135+ 4007 - 1206+ 90) = 90+3057 zat? +606 998.18 90+30.57b (19.626 +353.16) B For no tension to develop ess b_ 20.3867 + 60b- 308.16 _ b 3°—0+0057 $= 90+30.57b 6 b2 495m Base width of the dam no tension = 495m 406? + 60b- 45 FOS against overturning = ih = Jo.62b? + 353.16 40(4.95)? + 60x 4.95 - 45 = "49,62 x (4.95)? + 353.16 H-ZV _ 0.6x(90+30.57b) =H” 176.58 0.6 x(90 + 30.57 x 4.95) _ eR = 082<1.0(NOLOK) = Fu (44 82 ae ou = Hie) to (0-2) _ (90+30.57 x 4.95) ~ 4.95 = 1.47<1.5 (NotOK) FOS against sliding x2 = 97.5 Nim? For No crushing 0, > See Hence, dam is safe in crushing. Hence, the dam is not safe against sliding and overturning but safe in compression or crushing failure. 3.21 What are the main factors that affect the selection of type of da? [2020 : 15 Marks] Solution: Whenever we decide to construct a dam at a particular place, the first baffling problem which faces us 2 kinds of choose the kindof the dam. Which type will be the most suitable and most economical? Two, three dams may be technically feasibi, but only one of them willbe the most economical. Various designs and their estimates have to be prepared before signaling one particular type. The various factors which' must b® thoroughly considered before selecting one particular type are described below: 1. Topography: Topography dictates the first choice of the type of dam. For example: (i) Anarrow U-shaped valley, i.e., a narrow stre de ream th i woul concrete overflow dam. lowing between high rocky walls, id suggest (@ Alow,roling plain country, would naturally suggest an earth fill damn witha seperate PINS» —_—re = 2, Geology and Foundation Conditions: The be available, th ofits height, Buta foundations hay ve to carry weight of it i ists, so ight of the dam. The dam site presence of faults, fissured materials, and thei pay othe thickness of the foundation stata, —— i permeabilit ‘The various kinds of foundations generally en Permeability, slope and slp etc ; \counter i (Solid rock foundations: Solid rock ee red are discussed below: must be thoroughly surveyed by geologist: built on such foundations. Sometir . Sometimes, seam must be grouted and sealed properly, and fractures are present in these rocks. They (i) Gravel foundation: (i) Coarse sands and gravels are Unable to bear the weight of high concrete gravity dams and are suitable for earths a fen and rock fill dams. Low con height of 15 m may also be suggested on such foundation. ome re oe’ These foundation have high Silt ee kal = therefore, subjected to water percolation at high ; ided to avoid danger of undermining. (ii) Siltand fine sand foundation: They suggest the adoption of earth dams or very low gravity dams (upto aa of 8 m). A rock-fil dam on such a foundation isnot suitable. Seepage through such a foun - ion may be excessive. Settlement may also be a problem. They must be properly designer te avoid euch dangers. The protection of foundations at the downstream toe from erosion must also be ensured. (iv) Clay foundation: Unconsolidated and high moisture clays are likely to cause enormous settlement of the dam. They are not fit for concrete gravity dams or for rock-fil dams. They may be accepted for earthen dams, but that too, after special treatment. ()_Non-uniform foundation: At certain place, a uniform foundation of the types described above may not be available. In such a case, a non-uniform foundation of rock and soft material may have to be used if the dam is to be built. Such unsatisfactory conditions have to be dealt with by special designs. However, every problem is an individual problem and solution have to be found by experienced engineers. For example—The Jawahar sagar Dam in Rajasthan offered such a problem. A bed of clay was encountered, between the base of the dam and solid rock foundation. Itwas not economically feasible to remove this clay bed. The solution adopted was to anchor the base of the dam to the foundations below, by means of prestressed cables. 3. Availability of Materials: In order to achieve economy in the dam, the materials required for its construction must be available locally or at short distances from the construction site. ‘iyavail i IIs for an earthen dam. If sand, cement and i is easily available, which naturally cal ; | Sometimes, coed ee anid naturally rink ofa concrete oraviy da Ihe materia has bee ae ee far off distances, then a hollow concrete dam (Buttress) is a better choice. oe rensre 1d Location: Spllway, 25 defined earlier, deposes of the surplus river discharge. The - Spillway Size ant a . it the floods to be by-passed. The spillway capacity of the seilvay ee on arate ca large flood potential. On such wr, the ee nnn cent The cost of constructing a separate spillway may be era the epilay and the dam Into one ch cases, combining for a spillway may not be available. In ee a eonerete verti dam structure may be desirable, indicating ths538 > Civil Engineering + Paper Solved Pa rial from a separate spillway channel may be utiliseg ny A aoe re may poe tobe aavariageous Smal SPINY eCUEMEN ofan ayn the selections of earth fll or rockfill dams even in narrow dam sites. The practice of building a concrete spillway on earth and rock embankments is being discoy, these days, because of their conservative design assumptions and the vigil and watch that has ip be kept during their operations. 5. Earthquake Zone: If the dam is to be situated in an earthquake 2076, its design must include the earthquake forces. Its safety should be ensured against the increased stress induced by an earthquake of worst intensity, The type of structures best suited to resist earthquake shocks without danger ag earthen dams and concrete gravity dams. 6. _Helght of the Dam: Earthen dams are usually not provided for height for greater heights , gravity dams are generally preferred. 7. Other Constructions: Various other factors such as, the life of the dam, the width of the roadway tobe provided over the dam, problem of skilled labour, legal and aesthetic point must also be considereq before a final decision is taken, Overall cost of construction and maintenance and the funds avaliable will finally decide the choice of a particular kind of adam at a particular place. 4.Waterlogging, Theories of Seepage and Spillway 4.1 Write short notes on “Piping failure of a weir floor and remedial measures”: At certain places, where excavated mater its more than 30 m or $0. Hence, [1996 : 15 Marks} Solution: Remedial Measures: The exit gradient is an important tool. To avoid phenomenon: of “piping” or ‘undermining’, exit gradient must not cross its critical value which is, H 4 (cepa eo d mh _ devita? ~ 2 One can increase the depth of downstream pile to avoid phenomenon of piping. Piping failure in Weir floor: Piping is caused by ground water seeping out of bank face. Grains are detached by the seepage flow and may be transported away from the bank face by surface run off generated by seepage if there is sufficient flow. The exit gradient of water seeping under the base of the weir at the downstream end may exceed a certain critical value of soil. As a result the surface soil starts boiling and is washed away by percolating water. Me progressive erosion backwards at the upstream results in the formation of channel (pipe) underneath the fom of weir. Since there is always a differential head between upstream and downstream, water is constantly moving ftom downstream from under the base of weir. However, ifthe hydraulic gradients become big, aree®" upstream to than the orticl value, then atthe point of exit of water atthe downstream end, it begins to disiodge the oF particles and carry them away. jh which In due course, when this erosion continues, a sort of pipe or channel is formed within the floor throug! more particles are transported downstream which can bring about failure of weir. Piping is especially likely in high banks backed by the valley side, a terrace or some other high 9! these locations the high head of water can cause large seepage pressures to occur. The evidence ind round. In Judes: ii354 > ECIESITLLEIEN Civil Engineering + Paper Biter 19 Explain the function of a spillway. What are the advantages of an ogee spillway? Explain with : sketch. i (2017 : 5 Ma iy olution: Function of spillway: A spilivay is a structure constructed at & dar surplus water from upstream to downstream. A spillway is essentially a safety valve for a dam. It must be property designed and must have adequa, ‘capacity to dispose of the entire surplus water at the time of arrival of the worst design flood. 2 Advantages of ogee spillway: 1. The ogee spillway has a control weir that is ogee shaped (S-shaped). 2. Itis also an overflow spillway. 3. Itreduces the impact of water at downstream. 4. To drop-of the water at downstream from the foundation of dam. 5 6. 7 mn side, for effectively disposing of 8 Itreduces scouring ete. It is used for small concrete dams. Itprovides recreational impacts at downstream. Top of dam Mayimum Reservoir level ‘Normal poo! level ~ Tt Ogee spillway 4.20 Compute the discharge over an ogee spillway with the following data : C=24 Head = 2m Length = 100m 8 m above the bottom Crest is 8 m ian: ats Solution: We know, Discharge over anogee spillway = LHe Where, L = Length H = Effective head = 2+ 8= 10m Q = 2.4.x 100 x (10)%? = 7590 m/secee ___igation Engineering _« 555 poe re aaa __ ia 1 ain poe atsaaanae sols 16mlong andhas sheet ples at bth the ends. The vpstetng the tick 'e downstream pile is 6 m deep. The weir creates of 25m. vpbjecting tho tlckness ofthe wer lor, caleulate the up pres Te va te inner eas of the pile with he weit flor using Khosla’ theory Pressures atthe junction of the Inner [2019 : 20 Marks] solution: H25m H=25m AG = = rad d=4m a-5m }O, pL netomat ——F To find pressure at the junction of the inner faces of the pile, ie, at C, for Us pile at Efor Djs pile (), Usspile (6c, =?) d=4m b= 16m b_ 16 a= Gans = 100-% We know that = Looe [2] © a teViea? _t+yi+(4 here: elie’ tite" =25616 1 4f2.5616-2 cost] 22818 == | = 24.62° [ 2 24,62 © 24.62 x =~ = 0.429 ~ 0.43 i 180 ie., 43% d = 100-43 = 57% Correction due to down stream pile on mf) EF) where, D= depth of D/s influencing pile = 5m d= depth of Us pile being influenced = 4m b= b'=16m (445 = +19-,,2-[>] =5.974= oe fe () eae ¢(conected) = 57% + = 2% 63% x 2.5 = 0.63 x 25 = 1.575 m556° EET Civil engineering » Papert (i) For Dis pile: =? d=5m b= 16m b or” _ tevin? _ 141+ 82F _ 9 176 2 2 reviowy Solveq Papers - 8.32 5 We know, Correction due to upstream pile 474-53 = 42.1% 42.1% x 2.5 = 0.421 x 2.5 = 1.0525 m 4.22 Aweir across an alluvial-river has a horizontal floor length of 50 m and retains 5 m of water under full flow condition. The downstream sheet pile is driven to a depth of 5 m below the impervious floor of negligible thickness. Determine the exit gradient. [2021 : 10 marks] Solution: y~— Exit gradient: — AA Ge= Gah som Fink where, aa tevltot 2 5m pens and a= Gs 10 = ae Te ae = 5525 51 1 Ge = Bn IB DS = 9-1854~ 7 4.23 Anopen drain is to be designed to prevent waterlogging for an area of 576 ha. Given that the drainad® coefficient is 0.06 m/day, determine the capacity of the drain required and the dimensions of tt? trapezoidal section with side slope 1 : 1 and Lacey's f= 1.0. Also, compute the slope. 2021 : 20 marks) Solution: Given: Area, A = 876ha Drainage coefficient = 0.06 m/day te Drainage coetfcient of 0.06 m means that 6 cm of water depth from the drainage area shall be removed >/ drain in 24 hrs. _.a oY © : Irrigation Engineerit oe of water entering the drain per day: agation bngineena== « 557 8 =— 4 spa 76x10" = 345600 day = 4 8 capacityofthe drain, Q =4m/s f=10 gide sone. 1: 1 apezoidal channel section: pesign oft velocity of flow, Vv ‘Area of flow, A= wetted perimeter, P = 4.75VQ = 4.75V4=95m Vv MH ———— B B+2y+B)xy=(B+Y)Y = 723 =(B+ YY ° di) Aso, p = Be2ytei=B+N2y > 95 = eB y+av2y = se20y +228 =95 y + 1.828 -9.5y + 7.23 After solving, we get y =427m,0. 926m Adopt, y =0.926M 123 _9.926 =6.88m 0.926 5/3. F 3 we Fal Bed slope, 8 = saa = santo 2376x104 = og