Strength of

Material
(Formula& Short Notes)
Stress and strain

Stress= Force / Area

Normal stress

rea
Normal
Force
Normal stress
Normal force
area
-
Shear stress

AFeo force
Shear stress-ngential
area

angential
Force
Bulk stress

Bulk Stress inward force -P

a
Normal inward torces

Tension strain(e )-_Changein length

mitial length

Normal strain

in normal leength
Normal Strainnange
original normal length

Since strain is m/m it is dimensionless.

Shearstrain

1: of the solid is not changed

,
ShearStrainangential
original

(rad)
Note 2: the angle is is radians, not
dislacement
normal length

Note the volume degrees

by shear strain.

Bulk strain

-(changein volume
Bulk Strain volume
original

Normal inward forces

compress the solid
Brinell Hardness Number
(BHN)

Load
(ket)
P
HB
Surface Area of Indentation (mm)
where D. Di ameterof the ball indenter,

d Diameter at the rim of the permanent impression,

P Load
Elastic constants:

Stress Elastic
Strain
Modulus-
where, P Standard load, D =Diameter ofsteel ball, and d=Diameter ofthe indent.

Young's modulus

normal stress Young's Modulus

normal strain

E-n nlAF ltA

Rigidity modulus

shearstress ShearModulus
shear strain

G-FA.f
dt/ Ay
Bulk modulus

bulkstress Bulk Modulus

bulk strain

K = P PV
V
Normal inward forces
compress the solidd
Axial Elongation of Bar Prismatic
Bar Due to External Load
PL

Elongationof PrismaticBar Due to Self Weight

Wherey is
specificweight
Elongationof Tapered Bar

.Circular Tapered
4PL
TD D2E

Rectangular Tapered

PLlog

E.t[BB,)
)
Stress Induced by Axial Stress and Simple Shear
P

Normal stress

o,=o,cos 0+0,sin 6+rsin 28

Tangential stress

- sin 20+recos 20
Induced stress body diagram

Principal Stresses and Principal Planes

Major principal stress

stress
Major principal

--o,, 2
 tan 20,
2
o-
when 26, =0
o=o,and o,=o,
Principal Strain

6,-

- ,}+
Mohr's Circle

*******

2
Mohr's circle for plane stress and strain
2
Different stroess diagram

STRAIN ENERGY
Energy Methods:

()Formula to calculatethe strain energy dueto axial loads (tension):

U =S p2/(2AE)dx limit 0 toL

Where, P= Applied tensile load, L = Length of the member, A =Area of the member, and
E = Young'smodulus.

(i)Formula to calculate thestrain energy due tobending:

0 toL
U
= M2/ (2E1)dx limit

Where, M =Bending moment due to applied loads, E =Young's modulus, and =Moment I of

inertia.

(iii) Formula to calculatethe strainenergy due totorsion:

U =T/( 2G))
dx limit 0 tol
Where, T= Applied Torsion, G =Shear modulus or Modulus of rigidity,
and J =Polar
moment ofinertia

(iv) Formula to calculatethe strain energy due to pureshear:

U =K S v2/(2GA) dx to L
limit 0

Where, V= Shearload

G Shear modulus or Modulus ofrigidity

A= Area ofcross section.

K Constant depends upon shape section.
of cross

(v) Formula to calculatethe strain energy due to pure shear, if shear stress isgiven:

U =T2V/(2G)
Where T= ShearStress

G Shear modulus or Modulus of rigidity

V=Volume of the material.

(vi) Formula to calculatethe strain energy,if themoment value isgiven:

U
ML/(2E)
Where, M Bending moment

L= Length ofthe beam

E =Young'smodulus
I =Moment ofinertia

(vii) Formula to calculatethe strain energy, torsion moment value isgiven:

ifthe

U= TL/ (2G))

Where, T AppliedTorsion

L= Length of thebeam

G Shear modulus or Modulus of rigidity

J= Polar moment of inertia

(viii) Formula to calculate the strain energy, if the applied tension load isgiven:

U PL /(2AE)
Where,

P Applied tensileload.

L=Length ofthe member

A Area of the
member

E =Young's modulus.

(ix) Castigliano's firsttheorem:

8=8U/ aP
Where,8 Deflection, U= Strain Energy stored,and P =Load

(x) Formula for deflection of a fixed beam with point load at centre:

8 = wl3/192E1

This defection is % timesthe deflection of a simply supported beam.

(xi) Formula for deflection of a fixed beam with uniformly distributed load:

8 wl/384E1
This defection is 5 times the deflection of a simply supported beam.

(xii) Formula for deflection of a fixed beam with eccentric point load:

8 = wasb3/3 Ell3

Stresses due to

Gradual Loading:- Vertical Bar

LHI Load (P)

Sudden Loading:-

o=A
 Impact Loading:-

2AEA
PL
Deflection,
If
AAE PL

A= AtyA+%A
if h is very small then A s2hAd
Thermal Stresses:-

AL =aLAT
= aEAT
When bar is not totally free to expand and can be expand free by "a"

Temperature Stresses in Taper Bars

EaAT -
Stress= aLar 4PL
nd,d2E
rempertaure Stresses in Composite Bars

a) origin
ot2 +2
o + op1

(
At aL a,L)=P|
L L2 AjEi ApE2 b) expand

P At(G-G1)
+AE
AE A,E
c)the final
position

Hooke's Law (Linear elasticity):

Hooke's Law stated that within elastic limit, the linear relationship between simple
stress and strain for a bar is expressed by equations.
 OCE,
o=Es
P

Where, E =Young's modulus of elasticity

P Applied load across a cross-sectional area
Al= Change in length

l= Original length

Poisson's Ratio:
=
Tensile load

strain
=
Poisson Ratio Lateral
Linear Strain

T Linear
strain

Lateral

Strain

d
Volumetric Strain:

Volumetric Strain = Change in Volume(6V)

Original Volume(V)

E
Futher Volumetric *€Fe, *e2

(
strain

- 123) 2uo1*2 *3)

E
2 ,1-2
E
hencethe

"02*Gg)-24
Volumetric strain
=
E
 Relationship between E, G, Kand
Modulus of rigidity:
:
shearstresst
Modulus of rigidity,G shear stress Y

Bulk modulus:

K= Volumetric stress
Volumetric strain

dP
K -VdP

)
dV dV
V
Negativesignshows decrease in volume.
Shear
E 2G(1 + =3K(1 -24) Stress
9KG
E =
in

G+ Rectang
3-20 ular
Beam
G+3K
Compound Stresses
Equation of Pure Bending

M
IRR E

Section Modulus
y

M- M-oXZ
Shearing Stress

=VAy Ib
Where,

V Shearing force

Aj=First moment of area

max

Tmax1.Tavg
 Shear StressCircular Beam

Taa 34
Moment of Inertia and Section Modulus
Table 11.2.1
Section modulas
Type of sectlon Moment of Inertia Ymax

Rectangle

paralleogram

Hollow rectangular section

NN 12 du
Dd b Z 6d
bd- byo )
12 db
2 66

L
Circular section

32

Hollow curcular section

ZxZy2
(4 d) Z0-d
-section

Bd
12
d,B
12 2

ax(bd- (b- )d)

Triangle

b bh
36
 Direct Stress

where P axial thrust, A = area

oA
of cross-section

Bending Stress

where M =bending moment, y- distance of fibre from neutral axis, I =

moment of inertia.

Torsional Shear Stress

where T torque, r
= radius polar moment of inertia
of shaft,J=

Equivalent Torsional Moment M+T2

Equivalent Bending Moment M+VM2+T7

Support: Supports are used to provide suitable reactions (Resisting force) to beamsor any
body. Following types of supports are used
1.
Simple support

2. Roller support

3.
Hinged (Pin) support

4. Fixed support
Types of Beams
1. Simply supported beams

2. Over hanging beam

3. Cantilever beams

4. Continuous beams

Types of Loads
1. Point load

2. Uniformly distributed load (UDL)

WNm

Value of UDL w x L KN point of application mid point of AB

3. Uniformly varying load (UVL)

WKNm

Value of UVL Wx L KN point of application

-CG of triangle formed

Lfrom A, from B

Shear force and Bending Moment Relation dy

dx
=-M
 Constant
Load

Constant Constant Linear

Shear

Linear Linear Parabolic

Moment

Constant Linear

Load

Constant Linear Parabolic

Shear

Linear Parabolic Cubic

Moment

Euler's Buckling Load

TEI
Pcritical2equl
For both end hinged lequ!=1
For one end fixed and other free legu!=
21
For both end fixed lequ=/2
For one end fixed and other hinged lequ=W2
Slenderness Ratio ()
Tmin

LgEffective length
minVlUmin/A)

TminLeast radius of gyration

 Rankine's Formula for Columns

Pa=Crippling load by Rankine's formula

PesOcs A =Ultimate crushing load for
column
El
Crippling load obtained by Euler's formula

Deflection in different Beams

BEAM BENDING
L- ength
overall
End Slope Max Deflection Max bendingE
W-point load,M moment moment
w=load per unit length
ML
EI
ML M
2E1
WL WE WL
2E1 3E
ococdbocococooc w
6E
wL
8EI
wL
ML M
2EI 8EI
WE WE WL
16E 48E
goocccodooooceco
w SwL
24E 384E7
Wac
Wac Wab
\0s2LE 3LET L
ab, e-yt6CL+a) L L+b % (at position c)(under
load)

Torsion

Where,T=Torque,

J=Polarmoment ofinertia
G= Modulusof rigidity,
Angle oftwist
L Length of shaft,
Total angle of twist

G=Torsional rigidity

Torsional stiffness

Torsional flexibility
G
EA Axial stiffness

Axial flexibility
EA

Moment of Inertia About polar Axis

Moment of Inertia Aboutpolar Axis

J= Td 167
32 Td
For hollow circular shaft

J--4)
Compound Shaft

Series connectionn

=%+0,
T=%=7

GJ G2l2

Where,

Angular deformation of
1 shaft

2 Angular deformation of 2nd

shaft

Parallel Connection
Parallel connection
 T 7+T
TL
Gl GaJ

Strain Energy in Torsion

U-ro-1
For solid shaft,

of shaft
U=xVolume
4G
For hollow shaft,

of shaft
U Volume

Thin Cylinder

Circumferential Stress
Stress /Hoop

2tn
a
n Efficiency ofjoint

Longitudinal Stress

Hoop Strain

h 2-H)
Longitudinal Strain

(1-2p)
Ratio of Hoop Strain to LongitudinalStrain

E, (5-44)
Stressesin Thin Spherical Shell

Hoop stress/longitudinal stress

pd

Hoop stress/longitudinal strain

pa
SL En 4(1-4)
Volumetric strain of sphere

Thickness ratio
4E1- 4tE
of Cylindrical Shell with Hemisphere Ends
)
Where v=Poisson Ratio