STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LABORATORY

Duhok Polytechnic University

Technical College of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Department
2nd Stage

Lecturer's Name: Experiment No. (5)

Mr.Mahir Ismael Ahmed Group (A2)

Title of Experiment:

Impact Test

Student Name:

Hayder Hassan Hussain

Date Expt. Performed:

24/02/2022

Date Report Submitted:

03/03/2022
Contents

Interodusion: ..................................................................................................................... 1

Objective: ............................................................................................................................ 3

Theory: ................................................................................................................................. 4

Equipment and Tools: .................................................................................................. 6

Procedure: .......................................................................................................................... 7

Calculation: ........................................................................................................................ 8

Conclusion:......................................................................................................................... 9
Interodusion:
Impact tests are designed to measure the resistance to failure of a to failure of a
material to a suddenly applied material to a suddenly applied force. The test
measures the impact energy, o force. The test measures the impact energy, or the
energy absorbed prior to fracture. The most energy absorbed prior to fracture. The
most common methods of measuring impact energy are the:

• Charpy Test

• Izod Test

The heavy pendulum of the machine is released from its stopper and allowed to strike
the test specimen at the bottom of its swing. A proportion of the pendulum’s energy
is absorbed in fracturing the specimen, this absorbed energy to facture the specimen
indicates the toughness of the material, and it can be measured in joules directly from
the scale of the machine. After fracturing the test specimen, the pendulum will rise
to a height lower than the height the pendulum was, before pulling the stopper and
releasing it. Knowing the weight of the pendulum, and the difference between
the pendulum heights pendulum heights before releasing releasing the pendulum
and pendulum and its maximum swing maximum swing height a height after

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fracturing the specimen, the absorbed energy for fracture can also be determined.
But it is better to get the value of the lost pendulum’s energy in fracturing the
specimen directly as indicated by the pointer on the scale of the impact testing
machine. In the Charpy test the specimen is tested as a simply supported beam and
the edge of the pendulum strikes at mid-span directly behind the milled notch. An
Izod test specimen is tested in cantilever mode. The specimen is firmly clamped in
a vice with the prepared notch levels with the edge of the vice. The impact blow is
delivered on the same side as the notch. Both specimens with their supporting ways
and their dimensions for the Charpy test and Izod test are shown in Figs. 3.2 and 3.3
respectively. The impact tests have the advantage of revealing the tendency of the
metal to brittleness that is not revealed by the slow strain of the tensile test.

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Objective:
The objective of this study was:

❖ to determine the energy needed to fracture a material.

❖ to measure the toughness of the material and the yield strength.
❖ to study the strain rate and analyzed for its effect on fracture.
❖ to determine the ductility of a material.
❖ the determination of notched bar impact work.
❖ the Determination of notched bar impact strength.
❖ Evaluation of fracture surface characteristics.

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Theory:
Impact Energy:

Impact energy is a measure of the work done to fracture a test specimen.

When the striker impacts the specimen, the specimen will absorb
energy until it yields. At this point, the specimen will begin to undergo
plastic deformation at the notch. The test specimen continues to absorb
energy and work hardens at the plastic zone at the notch. When the
specimen can absorb no more energy, fracture occurs.

The Charpy Test:

While most commonly used on metals, it is also used on polymers, ceramics

and composites. The Charpy test is most commonly used to evaluate the
relative toughness or impact toughness of materials and as such is often used
in quality control applications where it is a fast and economical test. It is used
more as a comparative test rather than a definitive test.

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Yield Strength and Ductility:
For a given material the impact energy will be seen to decrease if the yield
strength is increased, i.e. if the material undergoes some process that makes
it more brittle and less able to undergo plastic deformation. Such processes
may include cold working or precipitation hardening.
The notch serves as a stress concentration zone and some materials are more sensitive
towards notches than others. The notch depth and tip radius are therefore very
important.

Temperature and Strain Rate:

Most of the impact energy is absorbed by means of plastic deformation during the
yielding of the specimen. Therefore, factors that affect the yield behavior and hence
ductility of the material such as temperature and strain rate will affect the impact energy.
This type of behavior is more prominent in materials with a body centered cubic
structure, where lowering the temperature reduces ductility more markedly than face
centered cubic materials.

Factors Affecting Charpy Impact Energy:

• Factors that affect the Charpy impact energy of a specimen will

include:
• Yield strength and ductility
• Notches
• Temperature and strain rate Fracture mechanism

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Equipment and Tools:

1. Impact testing machine.

2. Metal
3. Iron saw or (V - Notch Cutter)

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Procedure:

• Adjust the zero point.

• Raise the pendulum to a specific height and lock it.so that it makes an
angle a1 with horizontal.
• Fit the notch specimen.
• Release the pendulum by pressing the lever.
• The pendulum breaks the specimen into two halves.
• The pendulum then swings up to a maximum height making angle a2
with vertical.
• The scale shows the amount of energy (joules) of the impact.
• Finally, the impact of the collision on the sample is calculated.

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Calculation:
Mass = m= 2 Kg
Length = L=39 cm
α= 163o β= 121.5o
E=mg(h1-h2) E= mgL(cos α – cos β)
E= 2*9.81*0.39(cos 163o- cos 121.5o)
Etheo=3.32 J
Eprac = 3.3 J
Area=A= 6mm = 6*10 -3m d= 3mm = 3*10 -3m
A=L*d=(6*10-3)*(3*10-3)= 1.8*10-5 m2
E theo 3.32
Stheo= = = 1.84*105 J/m2
𝐴 1.8∗10− 5

E pac 3.3
Spac = = = 1.83*105 J/m2
𝐴 1.8∗10− 5

S theo − S practical
Error =| | ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
Stheo

(1.84∗105 ) − (1.83∗105 )
Error =| | ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
(1.84∗105 )

Error = 0.54 %

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Conclusion:
Impact is a high force or shock applied over a short time period. Such a force
or acceleration can sometimes have a greater effect than a lower force applied over
a proportionally longer time period. at normal speeds, during a perfectly inelastic
collision, an object struck by a projectile will deform, and this deformation will
absorb most, or even all, of the force of the collision. Viewed from the conservation
of energy perspective, the kinetic energy of the projectile is changed into heat and
sound energy, as a result of the deformations and vibrations induced in the struck
object. However, these deformations and vibrations cannot occur instantaneously. A
high velocity collision which is an impact that does not provide sufficient time for
these deformations and vibrations to occur.

Error:
There are many effects and errors that occur to the sample used in the
experiment, the most important of which are the type of material used, the amount
of impurities it contains, the amount of bubbles between the particles of the material,
its temperature, and the amount of fragility of the material. One of the common
mistakes is that the hammer does not fall into the crack of the sample used.

Result:

Note: The image is a test result

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