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EM 1202 Lecture Notes 4 - Techniques of Integration 1

The document is a lecture on techniques of integration. It discusses the antiderivative of a function, the substitution rule for integrals, integration by parts, and trigonometric integrals. The substitution rule allows rewriting integrals in simpler forms by making a change of variables. Integration by parts uses the product rule to break integrals into simpler pieces. Trigonometric integrals can be evaluated using trigonometric identities to express combinations of trig functions in simpler terms.

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Charles Mari Ramos
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43 views15 pages

EM 1202 Lecture Notes 4 - Techniques of Integration 1

The document is a lecture on techniques of integration. It discusses the antiderivative of a function, the substitution rule for integrals, integration by parts, and trigonometric integrals. The substitution rule allows rewriting integrals in simpler forms by making a change of variables. Integration by parts uses the product rule to break integrals into simpler pieces. Trigonometric integrals can be evaluated using trigonometric identities to express combinations of trig functions in simpler terms.

Uploaded by

Charles Mari Ramos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FEBRUARY 13, 2023

LECTURE #4

TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION I
1
DRILL

THE ANTIDERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION 2


DRILL

THE ANTIDERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION 3


DRILL

THE ANTIDERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION 4


DRILL

THE ANTIDERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION 5


DRILL

THE ANTIDERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION 6


SUBSTITUTION RULE

• There are antidifferentiation formulas that do not tell us how to


evaluate integrals such as
න 2x 1+x2 dx

• Thus, we must use a problem-solving strategy of


introducing something extra.
• As you can see, this method works whenever we have an
integral in the form
න f(g(x)) g′(x) dx

THE ANTIDERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION 7


SUBSTITUTION RULE

• The idea behind this rule is to replace a relatively complicated


integral by a simpler integral.
• The idea is to change from the original variable x to a new variable
u that is a function of x.
• Simply put, the Substitution Rule is the integration counterpart of
the Chain Rule in differentiation.

THE ANTIDERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION 8


SUBSTITUTION RULE - TIPS

• Think of an appropriate substitution.


• Try to choose u to be some function in the integrand whose
differential also occurs.
• If not possible, try choosing u to be some complicated part of the
integrand.

Examples:
• ‫ ׬‬2x+1 dx
• ‫ ׬‬x5 1+x2 dx

THE ANTIDERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION 9


INTEGRATION BY PARTS

• The Product Rule states that if f and g are differentiable functions, then
d
f x g x = f x g ′ x + g x f′ x
dx
• In the notation for indefinite integrals, this becomes
න f x g′ x + g x f′ x dx = f x g x

න f x g′ x dx + න g x f′ x dx =f x g x

Rearranging:
න f x g′ x dx = f x g x − න g x f′ x dx

THE ANTIDERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION 10


INTEGRATION BY PARTS

• The formula below is called the formula for integration by parts.


It’s easier to remember when it is used with Substitution Rule,
giving you the notation:
න f x g′ x dx = f x g x − න g x f′ x dx

න u dv = uv − න v du

THE ANTIDERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION 11


INTEGRATION BY PARTS - TIPS

• Our aim in using IBP is to obtain a simpler integral that the one we
started with.
• When deciding on a choice for u and dv, we usually try to choose
u = f(x) to be a function that becomes simpler when differentiated
(or at least not more complicated) as long as dv = g’(x) can be
readily integrated to give v.

Examples:
• ‫ ׬‬x sinx dx • ‫ ׬‬t2 et dt
• ‫ ׬‬ln x dx • ‫ ׬‬e∅ sin∅ d∅

THE ANTIDERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION 12


TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
• We use trigonometric identities to integrate certain combinations of
trigonometric functions, especially with those raised to powers.

Examples:
• ‫ ׬‬sin5 x cos2 x dx
• ‫ ׬‬sin4 x dx

THE ANTIDERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION 13


TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS

Examples:
• ‫ ׬‬sec6 3y tan2 3y dy
• ‫ ׬‬tan5 θ sec7 θ dy
• ‫ ׬‬tan3 x dx
• ‫ ׬‬sec3 x dx

THE ANTIDERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION 14


TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS

Example:
• ‫ ׬‬sin 4x cos 5x dy

THE ANTIDERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION 15

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