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Lecture 8

The document discusses various methods for presenting rainfall data, including histograms, hyetographs, mass curves, moving average curves, depth-area-duration (DAD) curves, and intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves. It provides details on calculating and interpreting moving averages, DAD curves, and IDF curves. Moving averages smooth out fluctuations in rainfall data over time. DAD curves relate rainfall depth, area, and duration. IDF curves are used for hydraulic structure design and relate rainfall intensity, duration, and return period.

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49 views

Lecture 8

The document discusses various methods for presenting rainfall data, including histograms, hyetographs, mass curves, moving average curves, depth-area-duration (DAD) curves, and intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves. It provides details on calculating and interpreting moving averages, DAD curves, and IDF curves. Moving averages smooth out fluctuations in rainfall data over time. DAD curves relate rainfall depth, area, and duration. IDF curves are used for hydraulic structure design and relate rainfall intensity, duration, and return period.

Uploaded by

Aritro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Presentation of Rainfall Data

Rainfall data is presented in the form of:


1) Histogram
2) Hyetograph
3) Mass Curve
4) Moving Average curve
5) Depth Area Duration Curve (DAD)
6) Intensity Duration Frequency Curve (IDF)
7) Spatial and temporal maps
Moving Average Curve
❑ Rainfall data have variations in the values leading to rapid fluctuation in the plot.
❑ It is difficult to identify the trends
❑ Or for some hydrological analysis we may need to smoothen out the curve
Moving Average:-

1) If we plot point rainfall with the time in chronological order the fluctuations will be large in the
time series of rainfall.
2) From this it will be difficult to determine the trend of the rainfall.
3) Thus a moving plot is made which smoothen out the fluctuation in time series & help in
determining trend of rainfall.
4) To find out moving average for say 3 years, average of rainfall of 1st, 2nd & 3rd years is plotted
against 2nd year. Average of 2nd, 3rd & 4th years is plotted against 3rd year & so on.
5) Similarly, for say 5 years moving average, average of rainfall of 1st, 2nd , 3rd, 4th & 5th years is
plotted against 3rd year. Average of 2nd, 3rd , 4th , 5th & 6th years is plotted against 4th year & so
on.

82
Numerical Problem
Annual rainfall data of a station is given in the Table. Annual rainfall less than 75 % of
long term mean is considered for representing the meteorological drought.
1. Identify the drought year
2. Plot the 5 years moving average of the annual rainfall series

Year 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965

AR 676 95 462 472 699 431 493 503 415 531 504 760 750 427 380 480
(mm)

Year 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979

AR 620 550 640 550 640 624 500 400 356 700 580 520 600 525
(mm)
Solution

Bar Chart Showing annual Rainfall


Mean annual Rainfall = 529.43 mm
Mean annual Rainfall = 529.43 mm

75 % of Mean Annual rainfall = 397.08 mm

1951, 1964, 1974: Meteorological Drought Year


5 Years Moving Average

Annual Rainfall 5 years Moving Average Mean Rainfall


800

700

600
Annual Rainfall (mm)

500

400

300

200

100

0
1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985
Year
Depth Area Duration Curve

❑ Here we relate Depth, Area and Duration of rainfall.


❑ This depth is maximum average depth because we convert point rainfall to average rainfall
depth over the area ( say Isohyet method)

Area
Preparation of DAD curves is done in following steps:
1.From rainfall record within the catchment, prepare a list of most severe storms with their dates of occurrence and
duration

2. For the listed severe storms prepare iso-hyetal maps and determine the rainfall values over the area of each isohyet

3. Draw on a graph curves connecting area and rainfall values for different durations
Intensity Duration Frequency Curve

❑ Use for Design of Hydraulic structures

❑ Depending upon the importance of structure we fixed a return period (e.g Urban drainage, is 5 to 10 years , culvert is
from 25 to 50 years, Bridge may be upto 100 years)

❑ Next is the critical duration of rainfall

❑ Depending upon the rainfall and return period we can get intensity which is then used in Design ( e,g Rational method,
Q=CiA)
Critical Duration of Rainfall

❑ Time of concentration (Tc) is the time required for runoff to travel from the hydraulically most distant point in the
watershed to the outlet

❑ Time when all the point in the catchment contributes runoff in the stream/ outlet

❑ Tc is taken as the critical duration of rainfall

❑ Various formula to calculate Tc


How to Prepare IDF CURVE

❑ The development of IDF curves requires that a frequency analysis be performed for each set of annual
maxima, one each associated with each rain duration.

❑ Common durations for design applications are: 5-min, 10-min, 15-min, 30-min, 1-hr, 2-hr, 6-hr, 12-hr,
and 24-hr

❑ There are two method for frequency analysis. The basic objective of each frequency analysis is to determine
the exceedance probability distribution function of rain intensity for each duration. These methods are:

1. Empirical plotting position approach to estimate the exceedance probabilities based on the observations.

2. Fit a theoretical Extreme Value (EV) distribution (e.g., Gumbel Type I) to the observations and then use the
theoretical distribution to estimate the rainfall events associated with given exceedance probabilities.
Table 1. Maximum Annual Rainfall for the Shown Duration
1/3rd rule of IMD
Spatial Distribution Map
Points that are closer to known values will be more influenced than points
that are farther away.

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