Saint Paul University Philippines

Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 3500

This module is designed for you to:
1. illustrate the circular functions’ Sine, Cosine, and Tangent;
2. use reference angles to find exact values of circular functions’ Sine,
Cosine, and Tangent;
3. solve problems involving circular functions’ Sine, Cosine, and
Tangent; and
4. determine the domain and range of the different circular functions’
Sine, Cosine, and Tangent.
 The Value of the
Circular Functions
(Sine, Cosine, Tangent)
 Circular functions are
defined in terms of the
coordinates of the
trigonometric points on the
unit circle.
 𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 = = 𝒙
𝒓
𝒚
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 = = 𝒚
𝒓
𝒚
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 = ; 𝒙 ≠ 𝟎
𝒙
Example: Give the value of each function.
𝝅
1. 𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝟐
𝜋
𝑃 = (0,1)
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑦

𝝅
𝒔𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏
𝟐
Example: Give the value of each function.
𝟐. 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟗𝝅

𝑃 9𝜋 = (−1,0)

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑥

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟗𝝅 = −𝟏
Example: Give the value of each function.
𝟒𝝅
𝟑. 𝒕𝒂𝒏 !" $ #
𝟑 𝑃
#
= − ,−
% %

&
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 =
'
3
4𝜋 −
𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 2 = − 3 ×− 2
3 1 2 1
−
2

𝟒𝝅 𝟐 𝟑
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟑
= 𝟐
= 𝟑
Example: Give the value of each function.

4. Find the values of the circular

functions’ sine, cosine, and tangent 𝜃
given that the terminal point is
! !
𝑃 − , .
! !
 / /
Given: x = − and y = , therefore;
/ /

𝟐
• sin 𝜃 = 𝑦 = 𝟐
𝟐
• cos 𝜃 = 𝑥 = − 𝟐
!
1 / /
• 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 2
= !
!
= /
⋅− / = −1
3!
 Give the value of each function.

3𝜋 𝟑𝝅 𝟐
1. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 → 𝒄𝒐𝒔 =−
4 𝟒 𝟐
0
2. 𝑡𝑎𝑛(−18𝜋) → 𝒕𝒂𝒏(−𝟏𝟖𝝅) = = 𝟎
1
5𝜋 𝟓𝝅 𝟏
3. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 − → 𝒔𝒊𝒏 − =−
6 𝟔 𝟐
 Give the value of each function.
4. Give the value of the circular functions’ sine,
cosine, and tangent of the angle 𝜃 generated by an
45
arc whose length is .
6
𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 =
𝟐
𝟑
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 = −
𝟐
𝟑
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 = −
𝟑
 Give the value of each function.

5. Suppose b is a real number such that

"
sin b = − and the point is in QIII.
#
Find tan b.
• Let P(b) = (x, y) be the point on the unit circle and on the terminal
side of angle b.
• Since P(b) is on the unit circle, we know that x ! + y ! = 1 and sin
"
𝑏 = y = − , we get
#
" ! $%
!
𝑥 =1− − =
# $&
! '%
x= ± #
𝟐 𝟏𝟎
• Since the point is located in QIII, then we will consider 𝑥 = − 𝟕
. Therefore,
3
𝑦 −
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒃 = = 7 = − 3 ⋅ −7 = 3 ⋅ 10 = 𝟑 𝟏𝟎
𝑥 2 10 7 2 10 2 10 10 𝟐𝟎
−
7
 Give the value of each function.

9
6. Given sinθ = − , find cosθ if θ is in Q3.
:

𝟓
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 = −
𝟑
 Give the value of each function.

;
7. Given tanθ = − , find cosθ and sinθ if
9<
θ is in Q2.
𝟐𝟒
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 = −
𝟐𝟓
𝟕
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 =
𝟐𝟓
Evaluating Circular
Functions Using
Reference Angles
The reference angle for a
given angle is the positive
acute angle formed by the
terminal side of the given
angle and the x-axis.
Find the reference angle of the following angles.
1. 42° = 42° 3. 113° = 67°

2. 221° = 41° 4. -410° = 50°

!"# 𝝅
5. -1056° = 24° 6. = 𝟑
$
25𝜋 𝝅
7. =
3 𝟑
 Rules of
Signs of the
Circular
Functions
 8. Find the values of the
circular functions’ sin, cos,
and tan of θ whose terminal
!"
side is at .
#
Solution and Answer:
#$ #$ &'((
• Convert to degree, so ⋅ = 135° and this lies in the
% % $
II quadrant.
• Then the reference angle will be 180° – θ = 180° – 135° =
45°.
) )
• Since 𝑃 45° has coordinates , , then
) )
75 /
sin 8 = sin 135° = sin 45° = /
75 /
𝑐𝑜𝑠 8 = cos 135° = - cos 45° = − /
75
tan = tan 135°= - tan 45° = −1
8
9. Use reference angles to find
the exact values of the circular
functions’ sin, cos, and tan
given the function tan 210°.
Solution and Answer:
• The reference angle is θ – 180° = 210° – 180° = 30°
! #
• Since 𝑃(30°) has coordinates , and 210° lies in the
" "
third quadrant then,
)
$ # " # # ! 𝟑
tan 210° = tan 30° = = *
+
= × = = × =
% " ! ! ! ! 𝟑
*
# 𝟏
sin 210° = - sin 30° = −( ) = −
" 𝟐
! 𝟑
cos 210° = - cos 30° = −( ) = −
" 𝟐
 10. Find the values of the
other two circular functions if
$%
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = and lies in the
$!
second quadrant.
Solution and Answer:
 Give the values of the basic circular functions for certain acute
angles and quadrantal angles.

𝜽 0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 180° 270°

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 0
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
1 0 -1
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 1 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏
𝟐 0 -1 0
𝟐 𝟐
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 0 𝟑
𝟏 𝟑
unde
fined 0 unde
fined
𝟑
 How long is an arc of a unit circle which is
subtended by an angle of 120°?
/5
Changing 120° in radian: 120° = 7
radians. So, the length of the
corresponding arc is,
/5 𝟐𝝅
𝒔=𝑟 ∗𝑎 = 1 7
= 𝟑
units.

(Note: The unit of the arc length is the same as the unit of the radius.)
Suppose a planet’s radius is 5000 miles and its
complete revolution is 36 hours. Determine the
linear speed of a point on the equator in miles per
hour (mph) and also in feet per second (ft/sec).
What is the angular speed in radians per hour
(rad/hr)?
The given information are:
r = 5000 miles;
𝜽 = 𝟐𝝅; and
t = 36 hours.
 To determine the linear speed, we get

* ,- .(((()$)
𝑣= = = = 𝟖𝟕𝟐. 𝟔𝟔 mph
+ + #1
1 mile = 5280 feet

1 hour = 3600 seconds

𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 5280 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟

𝑣 = 872.66 × ×
ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 1 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒 3600𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠

𝒗 = 𝟏𝟐𝟕𝟗. 𝟗𝟎 feet per second (ft/sec)

The angular speed is given by:

- )$ 𝝅
𝜔=
+
=
#1
=
𝟏𝟖
rad/hr
TRY:
1. A calesa with wheels, whose diameter is 1.5 m, is traveling at
24 kph. Find the angular velocity of the wheel in revolutions per
minute.
𝑣 24𝑘𝑝ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑣 ℎ
𝜔= = = 32,000 f ≈ 𝟓𝟑𝟑 𝒓𝒆𝒗/𝒎𝒊𝒏.
𝑟 0.00074 𝑘𝑚 ℎ 60 𝑚
TRY:
2. Find the linear velocity at the tip of the minute hand of a clock
if the hand is 7 cm long.
𝜃 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔= = f =
𝑡 ℎ 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣 ℎ

𝑟𝑎𝑑 14 𝑐𝑚 1ℎ
𝑣 = 𝜔𝑟 = 2𝜋 7 𝑐𝑚 = f = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟑 𝒄𝒎/𝒎𝒊𝒏.
ℎ 1ℎ 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛
DOMAIN, RANGE, AND
GRAPHS OF
CIRCULAR
FUNCTIONS
The domain and range of circular
functions are given by the angle θ
and the resultant value,
respectively.
 One must have noticed the
repetitive nature of the circular
functions. Functions whose values are
cyclical or repetitive are called
periodic functions. The values of
periodic functions repeat after a
certain interval.
 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑓(𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶) + 𝐷

Amplitude = 𝐴 height from the center line to the peak

;<=>?@; A<;BCD
Period = E
length of one complete cycle

Phase shift = 𝐶 horizontal shift of the graph

Vertical shift = 𝐷 vertical shift of the graph

𝐹(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑓(𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶) + 𝐷
𝐹(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑓(𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶) + 𝐷
𝐹(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑓(𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶) + 𝐷
𝐹(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑓(𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶) + 𝐷
PROPERTIES COSINE FUNCTION
1. The domain of cosine function is
θ θ is a real number , and the range is
𝑦 −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 .
2. The maximum value of cosine function is 1 and the
minimum value is -1.
3. The maximum value of cosine function occurs when
𝜃 = 2𝑛𝜋, where n is an integer: the minimum value
occurs when 𝜃 = 2𝑛𝜋 + 𝜋.
4. The cosine function is a continuous function. It has no
break in its graph.
5. The cosine function is periodic. Its period is 𝟐𝛑.
Steps in Graphing of 𝒚 = 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝑩𝒙 + 𝑪) + 𝑫
1. Determine the amplitude. The amplitude is given by
𝑎 which indicates the height of the graph.
2. Determine the period m of the function. The period is
")
given by m = is equal to the length of one
*
complete cycle.
3. Divide the period into four equal parts.
4. Construct the table of values.
5. Plot the points then connect to sketch the graph.
Example 1: Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 .

Solution:
For 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
• Step 1: Amplitude = 𝑎 = |1| = 1
/5 /5
• Step 2: Period: m = =m= = 2𝜋
F G
• Step 3: Divide the period into four equal parts:
Domain: x ∈ R
Range: [ - 1, 1]
5 75 H5
Zeros of the function: ,
/ /C
⋯ /
, where n is an odd
integer
Maximum value: 1
Minimum value: – 1
The graph is a smooth curve which extends
indefinitely in both directions of the x-axis.
Example 2: Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 .

Solution:
For 𝑦 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
• Step 1: Amplitude = 𝑎 = |2| = 2
/5 /5
• Step 2: Period: m = F
=m= G
= 2𝜋
• Step 3: Divide the period into four equal parts:
Example 3: Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 .
Solution:
For 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥
• Step 1: Amplitude = 𝑎 = |1| = 1
/5 /5 /5
• Step 2: Period: m = F
=m= 7
= 7
• Step 3: Divide the period into four equal parts:
 5
Example 4: Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 +8 .
Solution:
$
For 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 +
%
• Step 1: Amplitude = 𝑎 = |1| = 1
/5 /5
• Step 2: Period: m = F
=m= G
= 2𝜋
5
• Step 3: Phase shift: 𝑥 = −8
• Step 4: Divide the period into four equal parts:
Example 5: Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 2 .
Solution:
For 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 2
• Step 1: Amplitude = 𝑎 = |1| = 1
/5 /5
• Step 2: Period: m = F
=m= G
= 2𝜋
• Step 3: Vertical shift: −2
• Step 4: Divide the period into four equal parts:
PROPERTIES SINE FUNCTION
1. The domain of sine function is θ θ is a real number ,
and the range is 𝑦 −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 .
2. The maximum value of sine function is 1 and the
minimum value is -1.
3. The maximum value of sine function occurs when 𝜃 =
!
2𝑛𝜋 + , where n is an integer: the minimum value occur
"
#!
when 𝜃 = 2𝑛𝜋 + .
"
4. The sine function is a continuous function. It has no
break in its graph.
5. The sine function is periodic. Its period is 𝟐𝛑.
Steps in Graphing of 𝒚 = 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝑩𝒙 + 𝒄) + 𝑫
1. Determine the amplitude. The amplitude is given
by 𝑎 which indicates the height of the graph.
2. Determine the period m of the function. The
%"
period is given by m = , is equal to the length of
one complete cycle.
3. Divide the period into four equal parts.
4. Construct the table of values.
5. Plot the points then connect to sketch the graph.
Example 1: Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥.
Solution:
• Step 1: Amplitude = 𝑎 = |2| = 2
)$ )$
• Step 2: Period: m = K
=m= &
= 2𝜋
• Step 3: Divide the period into four equal parts:
L )$ $ L )$ #L #()$) #$
= = = =𝜋 = = 𝑚 = 2𝜋
% % ) ) ) % % )
Domain: x ∈ R
Range: [ - 2, 2]
Zeros of the function: 0, 𝜋, 2𝜋, 𝑛𝜋 where n is an
integer
Maximum value: 2
Minimum value: – 2
The graph is a smooth curve which extends
indefinitely in both directions of the x-axis.
Example 2: Sketch the graph of
𝑦 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝜋 .
Solution:
For 𝑦 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝜋
• Step 1: Amplitude = 2 = |2| = 2
/5 /5
• Step 2: Period: m = =m= = 2𝜋
F G
• Step 3: Phase shift: 𝑥 = 𝜋
• Step 4: Divide the period into four equal
parts:
Example 3: Sketch the graph of
𝑦 = −5𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 3 .
Solution:
For 𝑦 = −5𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 3
• Step 1: Amplitude = −5 = |5| = 5
)$ )$
• Step 2: Period: m = =m= = 2𝜋
K &
• Step 3: Vertical shift: 3
• Step 4: Divide the period into four equal parts:
 &
Example 4: Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 5 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 .
)
Solution:
&
For 𝑦 = 5 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
)
• Step 1: Amplitude = −3 = |3| = 3
)$ )$
• Step 2: Period: m = =m= = 4𝜋
K &/)
• Step 3: Vertical shift: 5
• Step 4: Divide the period into four equal parts:
PROPERTIES TANGENT FUNCTION
!
1. The domain of y = tan𝜃 is y = tanθ θ θ ≠ nπ + "
where 𝑛 is an integer, and the range is the set of real
numbers.
2. The graph of y = tan𝜃 is asymptomatic to the lines
#
𝜃 = 𝑛𝜋 + " where 𝑛 is an integer.
3. The function of y = tan𝜃 is periodic. Its period is 𝛑.
4. As the graph of y = tan𝜃 approaches the asymptotes, the
function value becomes larger.
 "
1. Determine the period . Then we draw one cycle of
,
" "
the graph on − %, , %,for 𝑦 = 𝑎 tan 𝑏𝑥, and on 𝑦 =
𝑎 cot 𝑏𝑥
2. Determine the two adjacent vertical asymptotes (VA)
"
3. For 𝑦 = 𝑎 tan 𝑏𝑥: VA is given by 𝑥 = ±
%,
"
𝑦 = 𝑎 cot 𝑏𝑥: VA is given by 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = ,
4. Determine the interval formed by the VA into four
equal parts and get the three division points between the
asymptotes.
5. Evaluate the function at these x-values in Step 3.
6. Plot and join them with a smooth curve approaching
to the VA.
 G
Example 1: Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = /
𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝑥
Solution:
5 5
• Step 1: Period = =
F /
5 75
• Step 2: VA: 𝑥 = ± , ±
8 8
5 5
• Step 3: Dividing the interval − 8 , 8 into four
5 5
equal parts, the key x- values are − , 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 .
_ _
Example 2: Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 3 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 1
Solution:
z
• Step 1: Period = = 𝜋
{
z :z
• Step 2: VA: 𝑥 = ± 9 , ± 9
z z
• Step 3: Dividing the interval − 9 , 9 into four
z z
equal parts, the key x- values are − < , 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 < .
SALAMATH
P i e!
SA
PAKIKINIG!