CLASS : XI

SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS

CHAPTER 3: COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

Summary of the Chapter

Definition: A number of the form a + ib, where a and b are real numbers, is defined to be a complex
−1
number where 𝑖 = √−1. For example, 2 + i3, (– 1) +i, 4 + i( ) are complex numbers.
11

Real part of a complex number: For the complex number z = a + ib, a is called the real part
and is denoted by Re z. For example, if z = 2 + i5, then Re z = 2.

Imaginary part of a complex number: For the complex number z = a + ib, b is called the
imaginary part and is denoted by Im z . For example, for z = 2 + i5, Im z = 5.

Equal Complex Numbers: Two complex numbers and are equal if a = c and b = d.

Algebra of Complex Numbers:

Addition of two complex numbers : Let 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 be any complex numbers. Then , the sum
(𝑎
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 is defined as follows 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = + 𝑐) + 𝑖(𝑏 + 𝑑) which is again a complex number.

For example, (2 + i3) + (– 6 +i5) = (2 – 6) + i (3 + 5) = – 4 + i 8.

The addition of complex numbers satisfy the following properties:

(i) The closure law: The sum of two complex numbers is a complex number, i.e., 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 is a
complex number for all complex numbers 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 .
(ii) The commutative law: For any two complex numbers 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 , 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧2 + 𝑧1 .
(iii) The associative law: For any three complex numbers 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 and 𝑧3 , (𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ) + 𝑧3 = 𝑧1 +
(𝑧2 + 𝑧3 ).
(iv) The existence of additive identity: There exists the complex number 0 + i 0 (denoted as
0), called the additive identity or the zero complex number, such that, for every complex
number z, z + 0 = z.
 (v) The existence of additive inverse: To every complex number z = a + ib, we have the
complex number – a + i(– b) (denoted as – z), called the additive inverse or negative of z. We
observe that z + (–z) = 0 (the additive identity).

Difference of two complex numbers: Given any two complex numbers , the difference , 𝑧1 −
𝑧2 is defined as follows: 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 + (−𝑧2 ).

For example (6 + 3i) – (2 – i) = (6 + 3i) + (– 2 + i ) = 4 + 4i and (2 – i) – (6 + 3i) = (2 – i) + ( – 6 – 3i) = –

4 – 4i.

Multiplication of two complex numbers: Let 𝑧1 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 and 𝑧2 = 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 be any

two complex numbers. Then, the product 𝑧1 𝑧2 is defined as follows: 𝑧1 𝑧2 = (ac – bd) + i(ad + bc).

For example, (3 + i5) (2 + i6) = (3 × 2 – 5 × 6) + i(3 × 6 + 5 × 2) = – 24 + i28

The multiplication of complex numbers possesses the following properties:

(i) The closure law: The product of two complex numbers is a complex number i.e . the
product 𝑧1 𝑧2 is a complex number for all complex numbers 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 .
(ii) The commutative law: For any two complex numbers 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 , 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑧2 𝑧1 .
(iii) The associative law: For any three complex numbers 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 , 𝑧3 , (𝑧1 𝑧2 )𝑧3 = 𝑧1 (𝑧2 𝑧3 ).
(iv) The existence of multiplicative identity: There exists the complex number 1 + i 0
(denoted as 1), called the multiplicative identity such that z.1 = z, for every complex number
z.
(v) The existence of multiplicative inverse: For every non-zero complex number z = a + ib
𝑎 −𝑏 1
or a + bi (a ≠0, b ≠ 0), we have the complex number 𝑎 2 +𝑏2
+ 𝑖 𝑎2 +𝑏2 (denoted by 𝑧 ), called
1
the multiplicative inverse of z such that z.z = 1 (the multiplicative identity).
(vi) The distributive law: For any three complex numbers 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 , 𝑧3 ,

(a) 𝑧1 (𝑧2 + 𝑧3 ) = 𝑧1 𝑧2 + 𝑧1 𝑧3

(b) (𝑧1 + 𝑧2 )𝑧3 = 𝑧1 𝑧3 + 𝑧2 𝑧3

Division of two complex numbers: Given any two complex numbers 𝑧1 and 𝑧2, where 𝑧2 ≠ 0,
𝑧 𝑧 1
the quotient 𝑧1 is defined by 𝑧1 = 𝑧1 𝑧 .
2 2 2

𝑧1 1
For example, let 𝑧1 = 6 + 3𝑖 and 𝑧2 = 2 − 𝑖, then 𝑧2
= ((6 + 3i) × 2−i)

2 −(−1)
= (6 + 3i) (22 +(−1)2 + i 22 +(−1)2 )
 2+i
= (6 + 3i) ( 5
)

1
= 5 (9 + 12𝑖)

Power of i:
We have 𝑖 = √−1, then 𝑖 2 = −1.

Also

𝑖 3 = 𝑖 2 𝑖 = (−1)𝑖 = −𝑖, 𝑖 4 = (𝑖 2 )2 = (−1)2 = 1, 𝑖 5 = (𝑖 2 )2 𝑖 = (−1)2 𝑖 = 𝑖, 𝑖 6 = (𝑖 2 )3 = (−1)3 = −1.

1 𝑖 𝑖 1 1 1 1 𝑖 𝑖 1 1
𝑖 −1 = 𝑖 × 𝑖 = −1 = −𝑖, 𝑖 −2 = 𝑖2 = −1 = −1, 𝑖 −3 = 𝑖3 = −𝑖 × 𝑖 = 1 = 𝑖, 𝑖 −4 = 𝑖4 = 1 = 1.

In general, for any integer k, 𝑖 4𝑘 = 1, 𝑖 4𝑘+1 = 𝑖, 𝑖 4𝑘+2 = −1, 𝑖 4𝑘+3 = −𝑖.

The square roots of a negative real number:

We have √−1 = 𝑖 or −1 = 𝑖 2 .

Then, √−𝑎 = √(−1)𝑎 = √𝑖 2 𝑎 = 𝑖𝑎, where a is a positive real number.

Identities: For all complex numbers 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 ,

(i) (𝑧1 − 𝑧2 )2 = 𝑧1 2 − 2𝑧1 𝑧2 + 𝑧22

(ii) (𝑧1 + 𝑧2 )2 = 𝑧1 2 + 2𝑧1 𝑧2 + 𝑧22
(iii) (𝑧1 + 𝑧2 )3 = 𝑧13 + 3𝑧12 𝑧2 + 3𝑧1 𝑧22 + 𝑧23
(iv) (𝑧1 − 𝑧2 )3 = 𝑧13 − 3𝑧12 𝑧2 + 3𝑧1 𝑧22 − 𝑧23
(v) 𝑧12 − 𝑧22 = (𝑧1 + 𝑧2 )(𝑧1 − 𝑧2 )

The Modulus and the conjugate of a complex number:

Let 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 be a complex number, then

Modulus of z denoted as |𝑧| is given by |𝑧| = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 .

Conjugate of z denoted as 𝑧̅ is given by 𝑧̅ = 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏.

Identities related to modulus and conjugate of a complex number:

(i) 𝑧. 𝑧̅ = |𝑧|2
 (ii) |𝑧1 𝑧2 | = |𝑧1 ||𝑧2 |
𝑧 |𝑧 |
(iii) |𝑧1| = |𝑧1|, provided |𝑧2 | ≠ 0
2 2
(iv) 𝑧̅̅̅̅̅̅=𝑧
1 𝑧2 ̅1 𝑧̅2
(v) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑧1 ± 𝑧2 =𝑧̅1 ± 𝑧̅2
̅̅̅̅̅
𝑧 ̅̅̅
𝑧1
(vi) (𝑧1) = ̅̅̅ , provided 𝑧2 ≠ 0.
2 𝑧
2

Argand Plane: The plane having a complex number assigned to each of its point is called the
complex plane or the Argand plane.

The complex number x + iy which corresponds to the ordered pair (x, y) can be represented
geometrically as a unique point P(x, y) in the XY-plane and vice-versa.

For example : complex numbers such as 2 + 4i, – 2 + 3i, 0 + 1i, 2 + 0i, – 5 –2i and 1 – 2i
correspond to the ordered pairs (2, 4), ( – 2, 3), (0, 1), (2, 0), ( –5, –2), and (1, – 2) respectively
and hence can be represented in the X-Y plane.(see fig.5.1)

The modulus of the complex number 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 is the distance between the point
P(x,y) and the origin O (0, 0).(see fig. 5.2)

The points on the x-axis corresponds to the complex numbers of the form a + i 0 and the points
on the y-axis corresponds to the complex numbers of the form 0 + i b.

The x-axis and y-axis in the Argand plane are called, respectively, the real axis and the
imaginary axis.

The representation of a complex number z = x + iy and its conjugate z = x – iy in the Argand

plane are, respectively, the points P (x, y) and Q (x, – y). Geometrically, the point (x, – y) is the
mirror image of the point (x, y) on the real axis (see Fig 5.3).

Polar representation of a complex number: The polar representation of a complex

number is the representation of a complex number in terms of argument(𝜃) or amplitude which is
the angle made by the point representing the complex number in the Argand plane and the
modulus (r) which is the length of the line segment joining the point and the origin. The
argument (or amplitude) of z is denoted by arg z.

The polar representation of the complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 is = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) .

Here, we can observe 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 and 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 where 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 .
For any complex number 𝑧 ≠ 0, there corresponds only one value of 𝜃 in 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋. However,
any other interval of length 2𝜋, for example −𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋 , can be such an interval.We shall take
the value of q such that −𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋, called principal argument of z and is denoted by arg z,
unless specified otherwise. (See Figs. 5.5 and 5.6)
Quadratic Equations:

Let us consider the following quadratic equation: 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 with real coefficients a, b, c

and 𝑎 ≠ 0.

In this chapter, we study the case when the discriminant 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0. (We already studied the
cases 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 and 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0 in class X).

Using quadratic formula, the roots of the above quadratic equation can be obtained as

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎𝑐
Since 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0, therefore
−𝑏 ± 𝑖√4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2
𝑥=
2𝑎𝑐

DAYWISE PLANNING FOR THE CHAPTER

DAY 1 Introduction, Algebra of Complex Numbers, Do Examples 1, 2, 3, 4.

DAY 2 Ex.5.1.

DAY 3 The Modulus and the Conjugate of a Complex Number. Do Example 5,6.

DAY 4 Ex.5.2, Argand Plane and Polar Representation, Do Examples 7, 8.

DAY 5 Quadratic Equations, Do Examples 9, 10, Ex.- 5.3.

DAY 6 Miscellaneous Examples

DAY 7 Miscellaneous Exercise

DAY 8 Practice Paper

PRACTICE PAPER:

1. Evaluate the following:

4𝑛+3 1 1 9
(i) 𝑖 999 (ii) (−√−1) , 𝑛 𝜖 𝑁 (iii) 𝑖 37 + 𝑖 67 (iv) (𝑖 41 + 𝑖 257 )

(v) (177 + 𝑖 70 + 𝑖 87 + 𝑖 414 )3

i592 +i590 +i588 +i586 +i584

(vi) i582 +i580 +i578 +i576 +i574

(vii) 1 + 𝑖 2 + 𝑖 4 + 𝑖 6 + 𝑖 8 + ⋯ + 𝑖 20

2. Compute the following:

−9
(i) √−144 (ii) √−4 × √ 4 (iii) √−25 + 3√−4 + 2√−9

3. Prove the following identities for all complex numbers 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 .

(i) (𝑧1 − 𝑧2 )2 = 𝑧1 2 − 2𝑧1 𝑧2 + 𝑧22

(ii) (𝑧1 + 𝑧2 )2 = 𝑧1 2 + 2𝑧1 𝑧2 + 𝑧22
(iii) (𝑧1 + 𝑧2 )3 = 𝑧13 + 3𝑧12 𝑧2 + 3𝑧1 𝑧22 + 𝑧23
(iv) (𝑧1 − 𝑧2 )3 = 𝑧13 − 3𝑧12 𝑧2 + 3𝑧1 𝑧22 − 𝑧23
(v) 𝑧12 − 𝑧22 = (𝑧1 + 𝑧2 )(𝑧1 − 𝑧2 )
(vi) 𝑧. 𝑧̅ = |𝑧|2
(vii) |𝑧1 𝑧2 | = |𝑧1 ||𝑧2 |
𝑧 |𝑧 |
(viii) |𝑧1| = |𝑧1|, provided |𝑧2 | ≠ 0
2 2

(ix) 𝑧1 𝑧2 ̅1 𝑧̅2
̅̅̅̅̅̅=𝑧
(x) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑧1 ± 𝑧2 =𝑧̅1 ± 𝑧̅2
̅̅̅̅̅
𝑧 ̅̅̅
𝑧1
(xi) (𝑧1) = ̅̅̅ , provided 𝑧2 ≠ 0.
2 𝑧 2

4. Find the real values of x and y, if

(i) (3x-7) + 2iy = -5y + (5+x)i

(ii) (ii) (1-i)x+(1+i)y = 1- 3i
 (iii) (x + iy)(2-3i) = 4 + i
x−1 y−1
(iv) (iv) + =i
3+i 3−i

5. Find the square root of the following:

(i) 7 – 24i (ii) 5 + 12i (iii) -15 – 8i

1−i√3
6. Find the argument of .
1+i√3

1
7. Find Re(z) if z = 1−cosθ−isinθ .