eae BASIC AND APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS Second Edition PK Nag Former Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur McGraw Hill Educati NEW DELHI “McGraw Hill Education Offices New Delhi New York St Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogota Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal San Juan Santiago Singapore Sydney Tokyo TorontoTo My Grandchildren Madhurima Basu Thakur and Abhiroop Guha with love and HessingsPreface Content Highlights L Contents xvii Introduction aA A2 3 ey a Xt 18 19 1.10 Vi Macroscopic vs Microscopic Viewpoint J Thermodynamic System and Control Volume 1 ‘Thermodynamic Properties, Processes and Cycles 2 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Systems 3 Thermodynamic Equilibrium 3 Quasi-Static Process 4 Pure Substimee 5 UES Concept of Continuum 5 Thermostatics 6 ‘Units and Dimensions 6 History of Thermodynamics 10 Solved Examples 15 Review Questions 15 Problems 16 Temperature ar 22 23 24 25 26 2 28 29 2.10 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 17 Measurement of Temperature—The Reference Points 17 ‘Comparison of Thermometers 19 Ideal Gas 19 Gas Thermometers 20 Ideal Gas Temperature 21 Celsius Temperature Scale 22 Electrical Resistance Thermometer 22 ‘Thermocouple 22 International Practical Temperature Scale 23 Solved Examples 24 Review Questions 25 Problems 26 Le) 2 Work and Heat Transfer 7 01) ~ | 3 Work Transfer 27 3.2. pd¥-Work or Displacement Work 28 33 Indicator Diagram 30 3.4 OtherTypes of Work Transfer 32New Chapters New chapters on Gas Compres- Intemal Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines and Propulsion Systems included in the second edition would help engineers comprehend the role of com- presion processes, IC engines and propulsion systems in thermodynamics. eanpmnar ore png FATA crosp creas ano orev evcie eLants rity tbc (I) pac pt a a compca, bio santt aa be (Gt pat ate Baye le led Pye Tawa ange a pee pn degre ewig faded i ite a om te aoe a wlSolved Examples Solved examples in various chapters at the end) of the theory portion help the students understand the — applicability of engineering calculations for thermodynamic applications. Review Questions Review questions are provided at the end of each chapter. They cover the contents of the entire chapter. These review questions are very helpful to teachers in set- ting up examination papers and class work assignments. Dewi Se prmpar 1D he eo nee Illustrations Detailed illustrations are neces- sary for any book on engineering. Besides the existing ones, 133 new figures have been included in this edition to let students have a clear grasp of the contents. SS Slee a Sonera Rpseetcliaetint. oy Dany ae ante Ss eee Siiiakeia: Seema rete FarisTHERMAL ENGINEERING-! for D.M.E Second Year (Third Semester) PAKIRAPPA | V.NARESHcot Thoemal Engineering . Thermal Engineerings! cuibjort tte ’ 303 subject Code periotsWoek 06 Periods per Semester: 90 TIME SCHEDULE a — S.No Major Topics No.of |Welghtage | Short | Essay Unt] Periods | ofMarks | Answer | Questions Test | Questions Bifurcation | 1 | Perfect Gas Laws 08 13 1 1 | 2 Fundamentals of | Thermodynamics 08 13 1 1 Unit ' = Test-1 | 3. Lawsof Thermodynamics 12 13 1 1 | 4 | Thermodynamic Processes on Gases 16 16 2 1 5 Air Standard Cycles 10 13 1 1 6 | Internal Combustion Engines. | 16 16 2 1 ji ; Unit Perf f 7_| Performance of IC Engines 10 13 1 1 eer 8 Air Compressors 10 13 1 1 [TOTAL 90 110 10 8 (Syllabus)gdiaber = Syllabus > ABS + OBJECTIVES mptetion of the course the student shall be able ta: one} fect Gas Laws? a 2 law, Charles law, Avogadro's law, Joule’s lav and express them math grate Boyles athematicatty. paracteristic gas equation and universal gas equation, and state the St units of # charac BF Siac ne relation between characteristic and universal gas constants. State the rela 1B fine specific heats at constant volume and at constant pressure for 2 perfect gas 4, Define 51 ‘ ; . : state Regnault’s law, and express Ht mathematically. 15. State " ; the relationship between the (wo specific heats of a gas and its characteristic gas 16. State the rela proper units. constant ¥ ple problems applying gas laws and gas equations. 1.7. Solve sim 2, _ Fundamentals of Thermodynamics. 31. Define system, surroundings, universe, working fluid. 2.2. Define the types of systems with practical examples sic and extrinsic properties of a system with practical exam ples. 23, Define intrin: and internal energy of a system 2.4. Define pressure, volume, temperature, density, enthalpy stating their $1 units. 2.5. Explain with illustration quasi-static work and flow work. 26. Define thermodynamic State, Path, Process and Cycle with graphical representations. 2.7. Differentiate between a reversible and irreversible processes. 2.8. State the conditions for reversibility of a process and a cycle. 3. Laws of Thermodynamics. 3.41. State zeroth law of thermodynamics. 3.2. State the significance of zeroth law. 3.3. Different: entiate between he a heat, temperature and thermal equilibrium. Differentiate between heat and work forms of energy. = (Syllabus)won NEB ands te os of tein " oblems on closed stem. nd te the unis of the EMS son ope . tisotsucesflsirstandad eles andthe pacta apples. cleon pV and Fs daganss 53, Represent Comet 54 Site assumptions made inthe development of Carat cle 5.5. \Wrtetheeypesin fr thermal ficiency ofa Carnot Sohesinpepoblers on anasto Cot eee, 5.1. Explain Comet eye isprciclly iy Represent Octo eon pl and Fs dagans 58. Satethe assumptions made inthe development of Otel for thermal efcenc af a9 Oto cycle, Sole simple poten on aah ef Oto qc 2, Rpreset Dew eyle on pV and Ts diagrams, 5.1. Sethe asumptions made nthe developmeatof Diesel eee. Uitte expesson or thermal ficiency ofa Diesel cyte 515 Suhe spl problems an sof Diese eck, 5.16, pin why Camo eye Temperature iis, wt elcen ofall cycles working between the ae === Gillaba ==== Thermal 61. Classify He, Ba Ganl Heat engines with Practical examples, Herentiate boty NEE extemal and interna comb i ee OMDUSHION engines, " ste between rotary and Fetlprocating engines, Principal parts of 1C engines, 65. terials used for thy © principal pars, 66. fic Value of a fuel 6.7. Differentia Differentiate between the HCV and LCV of a fuet 6.8. Name the Hh mmnerctally evallabie Fools or IC engines a ss C engines al Fa furstote diel eare 6 Mest he woking 13 to tae pera en 6-13. Comparete stoke 2d four siohecnenes 6-14. Compare diesel and petrol engines 6-13. Sketch the valve timing diagram for a four stoke 8-16. Sketch the valve timing diagram for atwo stroke 6.17. Sketch the fuel circuit of a diesel 6.18, 6.19, hese engine pete engine Mustrate the working of a fuel 7 Mlustrate the working ofa fal injec 6.20, Sketch the fut ctu of«peiotengoa 6.21: usta the workingot a Zenith corberton 6.22, State the neces of engine cootng 6.23. Clssiircooting systeme 6-24 Illustrate air cooling system and state its practical applications 6.25. Mlustrate water cooling system with a radiator and circulating pump and state its peated applications, 6.26. Compare air and water cooling systems, 6.27. State the Functions of ignition system, =222 {Syllabue "en, 28. llistrate the working ofa Cail ignition system, and state its practical applications | 9. Mlustrate the working of a Magneto ignition system, and state is practical applications 6.30. Comp 6:21, State the necessity of lubrication in IC engines 6.32. €lassly lubricating ystems. 6.32 state splash Iubrkcation system and states applica 6.34, tusteate forced lubrication system and state 6.35, State the necessity of engine governing, 6 7. Explain quality gow tity Roverningsystem, 6.38. Explain quantity go 16.39, State the advantages of multi cylinder engines, ay 72. ave Coil and Magneto igntion srwems is app 436, Differentiate between a flywheel and a governor, ingsystem, Performance of IC Engines. 7.4. Mhuteate the heat balance sheet for an IC engine 7.5. Know the heat balance sheet values of « commercially available healthy 1 engine 7.6, Solve simple problems on heat balance sheet for an IC engine from performance test data, 7.7. Eeplain the principle of Morse test, and state its imitations. 7.8. Solve simple problems on Morse test from engine test data. 7-9. Wate the expression for minimum air required for complete combustion of a given fue 7.10. Solve simple of a given fuel, *olerns on estimating the minimum air eequived for complete combustion 701 Eerie the percentage of gaseous constituents in the Hue gases obtained after complete combustion of a given fuel 712, Name the gaseous pollutants in the flue gases released from an IC engine. 713: Know the commercially available equipment for pollution check on an IC engine. = (Syllabus)