Circle

The Locus of Points
• The curved traced by a variable point (𝑥, 𝑦) as it moves

in a plane.
• The set of points, in Geometry, which satisfies a given
condition or situation for a shape or figure. The plural of
locus is loci.
Example
• Find the equation of the locus of point which move so
that its distance from (1,2) is always 4.
Conics
Greeks discovered conic sections
Historically…. sometimes between 600 and 300 B.C.
By the beginning of Alexandrian

period, enough was known about
conics for Apollonius to produce
an 8-volume work on the subject.
Later, toward the end of Alexandrian period,

Hypatia wrote a textbook entitled “On the
Conics of Apollonius”. Her death marked the
end of major mathematical discoveries in
Europe for several hundred years.
It was not until 1900 years later, in the early
17th century, that he broader application of
conics became apparent. Conics then played
a prominent role in the development of
calculus.
An air traffic controller (the person who tells the pilot
where a plane needs to go using coordinates on the
grid) reported that the airport is experiencing air
traffic due to he big number of flights that are
scheduled to arrive. He advised the pilot of one of the
airplanes to move around the airport for the
meantime to give way to the other planes to land first.
The air traffic controller further told the pilot to
maintain its present altitude from the ground and its
horizontal distance from the origin, point (0,0).
1. Suppose the plane is located at a point whose
coordinates are (30,40) and each unit on the air
traffic controller’s grid is equivalent to 1km, how
far is the plane from the air traffic controller?
Explain your answer.
2. How would you describe the path of the plane as
it goes around the airport? What equation do you
think would define the path?
Circle • A circle is the conic
section formed by the
intersection of a right
circular cone and a
plane perpendicular to
the axis of the cone
• A circle is the set of all points on a

plane whose distances from a fixed
point is constant.
Circle
Definition:
If 𝐶 is the center of a circle and 𝑃 is a point
on the circle, then CP is called the radius of the
circle . Furthermore, if A and B are points on a
circle and AB passes through C, then AB is a
diameter of the circle
Circle
Theorem:
The equation of the circle with center at
(0,0) and radius 𝑟, where 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑟 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑟 ≥ 0, is
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2
Circle
Example 1:
Sketch the graph of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 36
Example 2:
Write an equation of the circle with 𝑟=3 and
center at the origin.
The Standard Form of an
Equation of a Circle
Theorem:
The standard form of the equation of a circle with
center at (ℎ, 𝑘) and radius 𝑟 > 0 is
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 +(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
Example 2:
Find the center and radius of the circle. Then
Sketch the graph.
2.1 (𝑥 − 2)2 +(𝑦 + 3)2 = 16.
2.2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 20 = 0
2.3 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 𝑦 = 5
Example 3:
If 𝑃 −3,2 and 𝑄(5,8) are endpoints of a
diameter of a circle find:
3.1 center 𝐶 ℎ, 𝑘
3.2 radius 𝑟
3.3 equation of the circle in standard and general
form.
Practice Set 2
1. Sketch the graph of the following. If a radius is an
irrational number, approximate 𝑟 to one decimal place.
1.1. 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 12 = 0
1.2. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 10𝑦 − 75 = 0
1.3. 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 13 = 0
1.4. 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 = 12
1.5. 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 4 = 0
2. Write in standard form an equation for
each circle.
2.1. center 𝐶(−5,12) and passing through the
origin
2.2. center 𝐶(3,1) and passing through 𝑃(−1,4)
2.3. 𝑃(−4 2, 3) and 𝑄(8 2, −5 3) are the
endpoint of a diameter.
2.4. Center is the same as the circle with
equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 8𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 0 and the radius
is the same as the circle with equation 𝑥 2 +
𝑦 2 − 10𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0
2.5. Passes through 𝑃(5,3), 𝑄(−2,2), and
𝑅(−1, −5)
Additional Exercises
1. Find the equation of the tangent at a given
point on the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 −
15 = 0.
2. Determine the equation of the circle with
center (-3,1) and tangent to the line 𝑥 +
2𝑦 − 4 = 0.
3. Find lines tangent to the circle
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 4 = 0 parallel to the
line
3𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 12 = 0.

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The Locus of Points

• The curved traced by a variable point (𝑥, 𝑦) as it moves

By the beginning of Alexandrian

Later, toward the end of Alexandrian period,

• A circle is the set of all points on a

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