Table of Content

Experiment # 10...............................................................................................................................1
Title:.............................................................................................................................................1
Objective:.....................................................................................................................................1
Apparatus:....................................................................................................................................1
Theory:.........................................................................................................................................2
Tensile force............................................................................................................................2
Percent elongation:..................................................................................................................2
Necking:...................................................................................................................................2
Tensometer..............................................................................................................................3
Procedure:....................................................................................................................................3
Observations and Analysis:.........................................................................................................3
Graph:..........................................................................................................................................4
Result:..........................................................................................................................................4
Comments:...................................................................................................................................4
References....................................................................................................................................4
 Experiment # 10
Title:
To study the properties of a material subjected to tensile loading

Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to understand the working of tensometer and how using this
apparatus we can understand different properties like strength, deformation or necking of
different materials.

Apparatus:
 Manually operated Tensometer
 Cross-sectional area gauge
 Percentage deformation gauge

Figure 1 Tensometer (from laboratory)

Graph
Mercury scale Claws

Material
being used

Figure 2 Elongation gauge (from laboratory)

Theory:
Tensile force
Tensile means the material is under Tension. The forces acting on the material are trying to
stretch the body. Both the forces will be applied in opposite direction. In this experiment we are
applying tensile force on material.

Figure 3 Tensile force

Percent elongation:
Percent elongation is a measurement that captures the amount a material will plastically and
elastically deform up to fracture. It is a measure of ductility. Percent reduction in area is also a
measure of ductility. Percent elongation can be expressed as
Percent elongation = ((final gage length – initial gage length)/ initial gage length) x 100. [1]
Necking:
Necking is a type of plastic deformation observed in ductile materials subjected to tensile stress.
This deformation is characterized by a localized reduction in the cross-sectional area of the
material, giving it a "V" or "neck" shape. During necking, a large amount of local strain is
concentrated in a small region of the material. [2]

Figure 4 Necking [3]

Tensometer
A tensometer is, as the name alludes to, a universal testing machine designed for material testing.
It is used to test the tensile strength and compressive strength of materials during the research
and development phase of a products design. In manual we rotate it from the shaft or by rotating
shaft by hand and it produces tension in the material and then graph will be drawn automatically
on paper.

Figure 5 manually operated tensometer [4]

Procedure:
 Measure the original gauge area and diameter of the specimen.
 Check the gauge length of the specimen and set the gauge of elongation to 0%
 Place the specimen inside the holding frame and fix the clamps of the tensometer.
 Rotate the lever to apply tensile force to the specimen
 Note the value of mercury scale.
 Apply a load on the specimen and note the value of extension by using the pin on the
graph.
 Continue applying the load till the material will break.
 After breaking of the specimen observe its area reduction and extension in its length.

Observations and Analysis:

Diameter of the specimen = 4.5mm
Gauge Length = 20mm
Total Length = 31mm
% elongation = 12%
% Reduction in Area = 9.5 %
Graph:

Figure 6 Mercury Scale curve graph

Result:
As we can see, the graph suddenly fall which indicates that our material broke down. This
breakage proves that our specimen is brittle. From the mercury scale curve it is concluded that
the specimen was a brittle material. It is also confirmed from the percentage elongation gauge
that plastic deformation was minor.

Comments:
As the tensometer was manually operated, so the tensile force applied to the specimen was not
uniform. The variation of loading might change the curve on the mercury scale. Another error
can be in the graph due to faulty apparatus but these will matter in case of non-brittle material
but since our material is material is brittle it can’t change the fact that our material is brittle.

References

[1] [Online]. Available: https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/6342/percent-

elongation#:~:text=Percent%20elongation%20is%20a%20measurement,the%20ductility
%20of%20a%20material.&text=Percent%20elongation%20may%20also%20be%20known
%20as%20percentage%20elongation..

[2] [Online]. Available: https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/7168/necking-materials-

science.

[3] [Online]. Available: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F

%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2F~maelabs%2Fhpt%2Fmaterials
%2Fmater_25.htm&psig=AOvVaw0tJ56be3-
IuD3J8EuUPyiy&ust=1640101683755000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAgQjRxqFw
oTCIjZ1Ybd8vQCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD.

[4] [Online]. Available: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F

%2Fmimsy.bham.ac.uk%2Fdetail.php%3Ft%3Dobjects%26type%3Dbrowse%26f
%3Doption3%26s%3DResearch%2Band%2BCultural%2BCollections%26record
%3D592&psig=AOvVaw2OT2Pdxs-
ssudE0LVy1G8O&ust=1640101974375000&source=images&c.