Steam Turbines 369

2u v
Diagram efficiency 2x400(939.1+ 200.+)-0.9121 or 91.21%
Yal 1000
Axial thrust, Fam ( - V2)=0.75 (342.02-218.53) =92.6 N

Summary for Quick Revision

1. Steam turbines are of three types: impulse turbines, impulse reaction turbines, and reaction turbines.
2. Compounding of steam turbines is a method employed for reducing the rotational speed of the impulse
turbine to practical limits by using more than one stage.
3. Impulse steam turbines can be compounded by velocity compounding, pressure compounding, and mixed
velocity and pressure compounding.
4. Impulse turbine:
(a) Power developed, P= w1 w2)u w
10
(6) Diagram or blade efficiency, n,= 4w1 tw2)u

(C) Gross or stage efficiency, 7. = wTw2 )u

(Ah)isen
(d) Nozzle efficiency, 7,=
2(Ah)isen
(e) Axial thrust, Fa=
rm("1 -"s2)
() Energy converted into heat by blade friction

-idv-v)
(g) Formaximum blade efficiency: speed ratio, p= COsa
al

cos 1 (1+KC)
7b max 2
where K= 2 c - Cos
cos
where =inlet angle of moving blade, B= exit angle of moving blade, a = outlet angle offixed blade

For symmetrical blades, B = B and C=1

b maxcos a
Work done, w = (vCcos a - u) (1 +KC)u

Wmax 2u for K = 1 and C= 1

5. Velocity compounded impulse turbine:
(a) For symmetric blades and no friction loss, i.e. B = b% and v, = V2
Total work done, w, = 4u(v, cos a - 2u)

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(b) Blade efficiency, 7,= 8p(cos a - 2p)

For maximum blade eficiency, p= cosa

4
and p'maxCcosa
max8u2

(c) Ifn = number of rotating blade rows in series, then

OS
p=
2n

and work done in the last row= odu OK done

2"
6. Reaction turbine:

(a) Degree of reaction, 4 (Ah)_

(Ah) *+(Ah)
v-
2u(Vw+Vw2)
=(cot^
2u -cot )
(b) For R=0.5,
u=v,(cot - c o t az)= y(cot a - cot 6,)

Pi h and Ph =
Also v,2=a
(c)Work done per kg ofsteam, w = Va 2p cos a -p1

(d) Blade efficiency, 7h 2p2cosa-P

1+2pcosa - p*
(e) For maximum blade efficiency, p= cos a

2 cos
and (Mh'max+ cosa
( Ifn = number of blades, and d = mean diameter of turbine wheel then pitch of blades, p =

()Volume fow rate, m ,= (d-nt,)hn=(-nlz) hay/2

For n=' =2=t and h =h2 =h
m v= (Td-nt) hv
Height of blades, h = mVs
(rd-nt)v
(h) Reheat factor, R, cumulative heat drop
Isentropic heat drop
(i) Turbine internal efficieney, 7;= 7, x
R
where 7, stage efficiency
7. Turbine efficiencies:
Work done on blade
4 bEnergy entering the blade

(b) 7,= Net shaft work per stage Net work done on blades-Disc friction and windage
Adiabatic heat drop per stage Adiabatic heat drop per stage

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 Steam Turbines 371

(c) 7 Heat converted into userul wOrK

Total isentropic heat drop

Work delivered at turbine coupling

(d) Overall efficiency, Moverall Total adiabatic heat drop

(c) Efficiency ratio or net eficiency 7net Brake themal efficiency

Rankine thermal efficiency
8. Governing of steam turbines:
i) Throttle governing (i) Nozzle control governing, and (i) By-pass governing

Multiple-choice Questions
1. In steam turbine terminology, diaphragm refers to (b) relative velocity at the inlet of the moving
(a) The separating wall between rotors carrying blade is equal to that at the outlet
nozzles (c) axial velocity at the inlet is equal to that at the
(b) The ring of guide blades between rotors outlet
(c) A partition between low and high pressure (d) whirl velocity at the inlet is equal to the outlet
dies
6. For a Parson's reaction turbine, if aq and a are
(d) The flange connecting the turbine exit to the
fixed angles at inlet and exit, respectively, andß
condenser
and are the moving blade angles at entrance
2. A three-stage Rateau turbine is designed in such and exit, respectively, then
a manner that the first two stages develop equal (a) a = a, and =B
power with identical velocity diagram, whereas (6) aj = p and a = B

the third one develops more power with higher (c) a B and a> B
blade speed. In such a multistage turbine, the (d) a B , and p, > 2

blade ring diameter

7. The isentropic enthalpy drop in moving blade is
(a) is the same for all the three stages
two-thirds of the isentropic enthalpy drop in pin
(b) gradually increases from the first to the third
fixed blades of a turbine. The degree of reaction
stage will be
(c) of the third stage is greater than that of the
(a) 0.4 (b) 0.6
first two stages
(c) 0.66 (d) 1.66
(d) of the third stage is less than that of the first
two stages 8. The eficiency of the nozzle-governed turbines is
affected mainly by losses due to
3. Ina De Laval nozzle expanding superheated steam
(a) partial admission
from 10 bar to 0.1 bar, the pressure at the mini-
mum crosS-section will be
(b) throtting
(a) 3.3 bar (b) 5.46 bar
(c) inter-stage pressure drop
(d) condensation in last stages
(c) 8.2 bar (d) 9.9 bar
9. The main aim of compounding steam turbine is to
4. A single-stage impulse turbine with a diameter of
120 cm runs at 300 rpm. If the blade speed ratio is
(a) improve efficiency
(b) reduce steam consumption
0.42, then, the inlet velocity of steam will be
(c) reduce motor speed
(a) 79 m/s b) 188 m/s
(d) reduce turbine size
(c) 450 m/s (d) 900 mn/s
10. A throttle-governed steam develops 20 kW with
5. In an ideal impulse turbine, the 281 kg/h of steam and 50 kW with 521 kg/h of
(a) absolute velocity at the inlet of moving is steam. The steam consumption in kg/hr when
equal to that at the outlet developing 15 kW will be nearly