1. A mixture of O2 and N2 with their partial pressures in the ratio 0.21 to 0.

79 is in a container
at 25˚C. Calculate the molar concentration, the mass density, and the mass fraction of each
species for a total pressure of 1 bar. What would be the average molecular weight of the
mixture?

Given:

Partial pressure of O2, Po2 = 0.21Total pressure

= 0.21  1 bar

= 0.21  1  105 N/m2

Partial pressure of N2, PN2 = 0.79  Total pressure

= 0.79  1 bar

= 0.79  1  105 N/m2

Temperature, T = 25˚C + 273

= 298 K

To fine:

1. Molar concentrations, Co2, CN2

2. Mass densities, Po2, PN2
3. Mass fractions, mo2, mN2
4. Average molecular weight, M

Solution:

We know that,
P
Molar concentration, C 
GT

PO 2
Co 2 
==> GT
0.21110 5

8314  298

[Universal gas constant, G = 8314 J/kg – mole – K]

Co2 = 8.476  10-3 kg – mole /m3

 PN 2
CN 2 
==> GT
0.79 110 5

8314  298

CN2 = 31.88  10-3 kg – mole /m3

We know that,
P
Molar concentration, C 
M

o2  Co2  M o 2
==>
 8.476 103  32

[Molecular weight of O2 is 32]

o 2 = 0.271 kg/m 3

 N 2  CN 2  M N 2
==>
 31.88 103  28

[Molecular weight of N2 is 28]

 N 2 = 0.893 kg/m
3

Overall density,   o2   N 2

 0.271  0.893

 1.164kg / m 3

Mass fractions:

o2 0.271
mo2  
 1.164

mo2 = 0.233
  N 2 0.893
mN 2  
 1.164

mN2 = 0.767

Average Molecular weight,

M  Po2 Mo2  PN 2 M N 2
 0.21 32  0.79  28

M = 28.84

Result:
3
1. Co2  8.476 10 kg  mole / m
3

CN 2  31.88 103 kg  mole / m3

o2  0.271kg / m 3
2.
 N 2  0.893kg / m3
mo2  0.233
3.
mN 2  0.767
4. M = 28.84

2. The molecular weights of the two components A and B of a gas mixture are 24 and 28
respectively. The molecular weight of a gas mixture is found to be 30. If the mass
concentration of the mixture is 1.2 kg/m 3, determine the following:

I. Density of component A and B

II. Molar fractions
III. Mass fractions
IV. Total pressure if the temperature of the mixture is 290 K

Given:

Molecular weight of component A, MA = 24

Molecular weight of component B, MB = 48

Molecular weight of gas mixture, M = 30

Mass concentration,  = 1.2 kg/m3

 Temperature, T = 290 K

To find:

1. Density of component A and B,  A,  B

2. Molar fraction, x A , and xB
3. Mass fractions, m A , and mB
4. Total pressure, P

Solution:

Molar concentration of the mixture,


C
M

1.2

30

C = 0.04
We know that,

CA + CB = C

CA + CB = 0.04 ……… (1)

We know that,

A  M A C A [MA = 24]

==>
 A  24CA

B  MBCB [MB = 24]

==>
 B  48CB

We know that,

 A  B  

==> 24 CA + 48 CB = p ………… ( 2)
Solving equation (1) and (2)

==> CA = 0.03 kg mole/m3

==> CB = 0.01 kg mole/m3

(i) Density

Density,  A  24CA

= 24  0.03

 A  0.72kg / m 3

Density, B  48CA

= 24  0.01

B  48kg / m 3

ii) Mole fractions

CA 0.03
x    0.75
A
C 0.04
CB 0.01
x    0.25
B
C 0.04

iii) Mass fractions

 A 0.72
m    0.06
A
 1.2
 0.48
m  B   0.4
B
 1.2

iv) Total pressure at 290 K

Gas law, PV = mRT

m
==> P RT
V
 
R  
G
= RT 

 M 

G
 T
M
8314
 1.2   290
30

B 48kg / m3


[Universal gas constant, G = 8314 J/kg – mole – K]

P = 96442 N/m2

P = 96.442 kN/m2

Result:

 A  0.72kg / m 3
1.
 B  0.48kg / m 3
xA  0.75
2. x  0.25
B

mA  0.6
3. m  0.4
B

4. P  96.442kN / m
2

3. Gaseous hydrogen is stored in a rectangular container. The walls of the container are of
steel having 25 mm thickness. At the inner surface of the container, the molar concentration
of hydrogen in the steel is 1.2 kg mole/m3 while at the outer surface of the container the molar
concentration is zero. Calculate the molar diffusion flux for hydrogen through the steel. Take
diffusion co-efficient for hydrogen in steel is 0.24  10-12 m2/s

Given:

Thickness, L = 2 mm = 0.002 m Ca1 Ca2

kg  mole
Molar concentration at inner side, Cal = 1.2 m3 Hydrogen Steel
S plate

Molar concentration at outer side, Dab

Ca2 = 0
 Diffusion co-efficient,

Dab = 0.24  10-12 m2/s

To find:

ma
Molar diffusion flux, A

Solution:

We know that, for plane membrane

Molar flux,
ma
=
Dab
C al  Ca 2 
A A


0.24 1012
  0

= 1.2
0.25

ma kg  mole
 1.15 10 11
A s  m2

Result:

11 kg  mole
ma
Molar diffusion flux, A  1.15 10 s  m2

4. CO2 and air experience equimolar counter diffusion in a circular tube whose length and
diameter are 1.2 m and 60 mm respectively. The system is at a total pressure of 1 atm and a
temperature of 273 K. The ends of the tube are connected to large chambers. Partial pressure
of CO2 at one end is 200 mm of Hg while at the other and is 90 mm of Hg. Calculate the
following

1. Mass transfer rate of CO2 and

2. Mass transfer rate of air

Given:

Diameter, d = 60 mm = 0.06 m

Length, x2  x1  = 1.2 m

Total pressure, p = 1 tm = 1 bar

Temperature, T = 273 K
 Partial pressure of CO2 at one end

90
Pa1  200mm of Hg = bar
760

==> Pa1 = 0.263 bar [1 bar = 760 mm of Hg]

==> Pa1 = 0.263  105 N/m2

[1 bar = 105 N/m2]

Partial pressure of CO2 at other end

90
Pa2 = 90 mm of Hg 760bar

==> Pa2 = 0.118 bar

==> Pa2 = 0.118  105 N/m2

To find:

1. Mass transfer rate of CO2

2. Mass transfer rate of air

Solution:

We know that, for equimolar diffusion

ma Dab  Pa1  Pa 2 
 Molar flux, A =  x2  x1   ………….. (1)

GT 

Where,

Dab – diffusion co-efficient – m2/s

The diffusion co-efficient for CO2 – Air combination is 11.86 × 10-6 m2/s

Dab 11.89 10 6 m 2 / 6

J
G – Universal gas constant – 8314 kg  mole  K
  2
A – Area = 4 d


0.0602
4

A  2.82 103 m2

m 11.89 106 0.263 105  0.118 105 

(1) a  
2.82 103 83.14  273  1.2 



kg  mole
Molar transfer rate of CO2, ma = 1.785 × 10-10 s


We know,

Mass transfer rate of CO2 = Molar transfer ×Molecular weight

= 1.785 × 10-10 × 44.01

[Molecular weight of CO2 = 44.01, refer HMT data, page no. 182 0]
kg  mole
Mass transfer rate of air, mb = - 1.785 × 10-10 [ma = - mb]
s

Mass transfer rate of air = Molar transfer × Molecular weight or air

= - 1.785 × 10-10 × 29

Mass transfer rate of air = - 5.176 × 10-9 kg/s

Result:
-9
1. Mass transfer rate of CO2 = 7.85 × 10 kg/s
2. Mass transfer rate of air = - 5.176 × 10-9 kg/s
5. Determine the diffusion rate f water from the bottom of a test tube of 25 mm diameter and
35 mm long into dry air at 25˚C. Take diffusion co-efficient of water in air is 0.28× 10-4 m2/s.
 Given:

Diameter, d = 25 mm – 0.025 m

Length, x2  x1 = 35 mm = 0.035 m

Temperature, T = 25˚C + 273 = 298 K

Diffusion co-efficient, Dah = 0.28 × 10-4 m2/s

To find:

Diffusion rate of water

Solution:

We know that, for isothermal evaporation,

ma Dab P  p  pw2 
In
 Molar flux, A = GT x  x  p p  ………. (1)
2 1  w1 


 [From equation no. 5.9]


Where,

J
G – Universal gas constant = 8314 kg  mole  K

p – Total pressure = 1 atm = 1.013 bar = 1.013  105 N/m2

pw1 = Partial pressure at the bottom of the test tube corresponding to saturation
temperature 25˚C

At 25˚C
 ==> Pw1 = 0.03166 bar

==>
Pw1 = 0.03166  105/m2

Pw2 – Partial pressure at the top of the test tube. Here, air is dry and there is no there is no

water vapour. So, pw2 = 0.

==> pw2 = 0

A d2
Area, 4

 0.0252
4

A  4.90104 m2

4
(1)  ma  0.28 10  1.013 10
5
 1.013 10 5  0 
4.90 10 4
8314  298 0.035  In 1.013 105  0.03166 105 
 

kg  mole
Molar rate of water vapour, ma = 5.09 10
10

We know that,

Mass rate of water vapour = molar rate of water vapour × Molecular weight of water vapour

 5.09 1010 18.016

[Molecular weight of steam = 18.016, refer HMT data book, page no. 183]

Mass transfer rate of water vapour = 9.170 109 kg / s

Result:

Diffusion rate of water = 9.170 × 10-9 kg/s

6. Dry air at 30˚C and one atmospheric pressure flows over a flat plate of 600 mm long at a
velocity of 55 m/s. Calculate the mass transfer co-efficient at the plate.

Given:

Fluid temperature, T  = 30˚C

Velocity, U = 55 m/s

Length, x = 600 mm = 0.6 m

To find:

Mass transfer co-efficient, hm 

Solution:

Properties of air at 30˚C

Kinematic viscosity, v = 16 × 10-6 m2/s

We know that,

Ux
Reynolds Number, Re = v

55  0.6

16 106
Re  2.06 106  5 105

Since, Re > 5105 , flow is turbulent

[Flow is laminar upto Re = 5105 , after that flow is turbulent]

For combined Laminar – Turbulent flow, flat plate,

Sherwood Number (Sh) = [0.037 (Sh)0.8 – 871] Sc 0.333............................... (1)

Where,
v ....................................................................................
Sc – Schmidt Number = (2)
Dab

Dab – Diffusion co-efficient (water + Air) at 30˚C  26˚C = 25.83 × 10-6 m2/s

Dab = 25.83 × 10-6 m2/s

 16 106
(2)  Sc 
25.83 106

Sc = 0.619

Substitute Sc, Re values in equation (1)

(1)  sh = [ 0.037 (2.06 × 106)0.8 -871] (0.619) 0.333

Sh = 2805.13

We know that,

hm x
Sherwood Number, Sh =
Dab

hm  0.6
 2805.13 
25.83106

Mass transfer co-efficient, hm = 0.121 m/s

Result:

Mass transfer co-efficient, hm = 0.121 m/s

7. Air at 25˚C flows over a tray full of water with a velocity of 2.8 m/s. The tray measures 30
cm along the flow direction and 40 cm wide. The partial pressure of water present in the air is
0.007 bar. Calculate the evaporation rate of water is the temperature on the water surface is
15˚C. Take diffusion co-efficient is 4.2 × 10-5 m2/s.

Given:

Fluid temperature, T  = 25˚C

Speed, U = 2.8 m/s

Flow direction is 30 cm side. So, x = 30 cm = 0.30 m

Area, A = 30 cm × 40 cm =0.30 × 0.40 m2

Partial pressure of water, pw2 = 0.007 bar

 Pw2 = 0.007 × 10-5 N/m2

Water surface temperature, Tw = 15˚C

Diffusion co-efficient, Dab = 4.2 × 10-5 N/m2

To find:

Evaporation rate of water, (mw)

Solution:

We know that,

Tw  T 15  25
Film temperature, Tf  
2 2

Tf = 20˚C

Properties of air at 20˚C

Kinematic viscosity, v = 15.6 × 10-6 m2/s

We know that,
Ux
Reynolds Number, Re = 
v

2.8  0.30

15.06 106
Re  0.557 105  5 105

Since, Re  5105 , flow is laminar.

For flat plate, Laminar flow:

Sherwood Number, (Sh) = [0.664 (Re) 0.5 (Sc) 0.333] ............................................ (1)

Where,
v ....................................................................................
Sc – Schmidt Number = (2)
Dab

15.06 106
Sc  


4.2 105
 Sc = 0.358

Substitute Sc, Re values in equation (1)

(1)  sh = [ 0.664 (0.557 × 105)0.5 (0.358) 0.333]

Sh = 111.37

We know that,

hm x
Sherwood Number, Sh =
Dab

hm  0.30
111.37 
4.2 10 5

Mass transfer co-efficient, hm = 0.0155 m/s

Mass transfer co-efficient based on pressure differenc3 is given by,

hm 0.0155
hmp  
RTw 287  288

[Tw = 15˚C + 273 =288 K, R = 287 J/Kg K]

hmp = 1.88  10-7 m/s

Saturation pressure of water at 15˚C

Pw1 = 0.017

Pw1 = 0.017  105 N/m2

The evaporation rate of water is given by,

m w  hmp  A p w1  p w2 

 1.88 107  0.30  0.40 0.017 105  0.007 105 

mw  2.25 10 5 kg / s
Result:

Evaporation rate of water, mw = 2.25  10-5 kg/s

8. Air at 30˚C and atmospheric pressure flows in a 12 mm diameter tube of 1 meter length with
a velocity of 2.5 m/s. The inside surface of the tube contains a deposit of naphthalene.
Determine the average mass transfer co-efficient. Take diffusion co-efficient, Dab = 0.62  10-
5
m2/s.

Give:-

Fluid temperature, T  = 30˚C

Velocity, U = 2.5 m/s

Diameter, D = 12 mm = 0.012 m

Length, x = 1 m

Diffusion co-efficient, Dab = 0.62  10-5 m2/s

To find:

Average mass transfer co-efficient, hm

Solution:

Properties of air at 30˚C

Kinematic viscosity, v = 16  10-5 m2/s

We know that,
UD
Reynolds Number, Re = 
v

2.5  0.012

16 106
Re  1875  2000

Since, Re < 2000, flow is laminar.

For laminar internal flow:

Sherwood Number, Sh = 3.66

We know that,

hm D
Sh 
Dab
hm  0.012
 3.66 
Dab
hm  0.012
 3.66 
0.62 10  5

Mass transfer co-efficient, hm = 1.89  10-3 m/s.

Result:

Mass transfer co-efficient, hm = 1.89  10-3 m/s