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Statistics For Engineers, Module 2 - Notes 1

Statics notes for sem 3 and sem 4 students

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Dhruv
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36 views29 pages

Statistics For Engineers, Module 2 - Notes 1

Statics notes for sem 3 and sem 4 students

Uploaded by

Dhruv
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Probability and Random Variables Conditional Probability The probability of occurrence of an event E;, given that Ez has already occurred is called conditional probability of occurrence of E, on the condition that Ez has already occurred. P(E, OE) P(Ez) " Note 1. If Ey and E are independent events, then P(E;/Ez) = P(Ex) It is denoted by P(E,/E2) i.e, P(E,/E2) = En +¢ Theorem of Total Probability If Ey, Ez, Ez, .., Ey be a set of exhaustive and mutually exclusive events and A is another event associated with (or caused by) F;,then P(A) = PCE) PCA/ED) Example 1. A bolt is manufactured by 3 machines A,B and C. Machine A turns out twice as many items as machine B and machine B and C produce equal number of items. 2% of bolts produced by A and B are defective and 4% of bolts produced by C are defective. All bolts are put into 1 stock pile and 1 is chosen from this pile. What is the probability that it is defective ? Solution. Example 2. Three groups A,B,C are contesting for positions on the Board of Directors of a Company. The Probabilities of their winning are 0.5,0.3, 0.2 respectively. If the group A wins, the probability of introducing a new product is 0.7 and the corresponding probabilities for group B and C are 0.6 and 0.5 respectively. Find the probability that the new product will be introduced. Solution. Example 3. The probability that certain electronic component fails when first used is 0.10. If it does not fail immediately, the probability that it lasts for one year is 0.99.What is the probability that a new component will last for one year ? Solution. Example 4. Ina coin tossing experiment, if the coin shows head, 1 dice is thrown and the result is recorded. But if the coin shows tail, 2 dice are thrown and their sum is recorded as result. What is the probability that the recorded result will be 2? Solution. Baye's Theorem or Inverse Probability : If Ey, Ez, .., Ey, are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events and E is any event, such that P(E;) > 0 {where 1 2)}.and 1 (iii) the smallest value of 4 for which P(X <2) >5. Continuous Random Variables If X is arandom variable (RV) which can take all values (i.e., infinite number of values) in an interval, then X is called a Continuous RV. For example, The length of time during which a vaccum tube installed in a circuit functions is a continuous RV. Continuous Random Variables Probability Density Function 1 1 If X is a continuous RV such that o(« gaxsXexty ar) = f(x) dx, then f (x) is called the probability density function (shortly denoted as pdf )of X, provided f(x) satisfies the following conditions + pee @ f@) = 0, for all x € (—c0, 00), and Ww [10 ae Moreover, P(a < X < b) or P(a< X 0 roy = {& when x <0 Find the value of k. Example 2. If the density function of a continuous RV X is given by _ fk@+1), Ze2=5 Te))= i elsewhere (i) Find the value of k, (ii) Find P(X < 4), (iii) Find P3 < X <5). Example 3. The probability that a person will die in the interval (t,t) is given by & P(t) 0 ; whenx <0 FO) = 19 Find its distribution function F(x) . Example 3. If the density function of a continuous RV X is given by x/2, Osxs1 _J1/2, 1sx<2 OVE", 2Ex<3 0, elsewhere Find the cdf of X. 0, x

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