Republic of the Philippines

North Eastern Mindanao State University

Formerly Surigao Del Sur State University
Cantilan Campus
Cantilan, Surigao

MODULE 1 & 2

Evolution of Microprocessor
Structural Components of Microprocessor
ALU, CU and Registers
8085,8086 Microprocessor

A Course Pack in CpE 17

Microprocessor

FRANKLIN M. GANANCIAS, DIT(CAR)

INSTRUCTOR II

February 2022

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NAME: Neoly Fee D. Cubero DATE: 04/013/2022

COURSE/YEAR: BSCpE 3

1 The Evolution of the Microprocessor and

2 The Microprocessor Components

Assessments

TASK 2 (Answer the ff. questions )10 pts each

1. How do bus frequencies limit processor frequencies?

 Where the true bus clock frequency makes a difference is in determining
the processor frequency. In some circumstances, a clock multiplier is
applied to the front-side bus (FSB) speed to determine the frequency at
which a processor (CPU) runs. For example, a CPU running at 3200 MHz
may have a 400 MHz FSB, implying an internal clock multiplier of 8 (also
known as bus/core ratio).

2. How is information read from and written to a one-transistor DRAM cell?

 The transistor is in charge of controlling access to a capacitor, which is used
to store electric charge. To write a piece of data, the transistor is turned on,
and charge is either supplied to or drained from the capacitor the capacitor,
to be precise. The transistor is switched on again to read, and the charge on
the capacitor is measured. A change in voltage on the transistor's output is
noticed. A DRAM chip with a gigabit capacity has an Information is stored in
billions of transistors and capacitors.

3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of designing a processor with a built-in
MCH?
 The use of a "northbridge" in your system allows the CPU to interact with
the rest of the system. Nothing would happen if it wasn't for it. The high-
speed FSB (front-side bus) connects the CPU to the northbridge, while
everything else (memory, network, video, PCIe, and so on) connects to the
northbridge via more specialized buses. Because there isn't enough space
on a single chip to fit all of the essential transistors, systems are partitioned
in this way. As a result, yields would be too low and prices would be too
high. To put it another way, all of the available space on the CPU chip is

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 allocated to processing cores and high-speed cache memory in order to
provide the performance that consumers need.
 Memory interleaving has the drawback of being costlier. To manage the
various connections, a northbridge chip is used. Another disadvantage is
that the new memory module must be installed in pairs to maintain the
same number of modules on each channel.

4. What buses does a super I/O chip typically support?

 Access to hard drives and optical storage devices is usually provided by a
separate storage bus. To Low-performance "legacy" standards like the
keyboard, serial port, and parallel port are available. Many chipsets employ
a second chip known as the super I/O chip.

5. Describe the differences between DRAM, SRAM, and SDRAM?

 SRAM is quicker and is often used for cache, whereas DRAM is less costly
and has a higher density, making it the primary memory for the processor.
Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory, or SDRAM, is a form of
DRAM that is synchronized with the processor system bus for increased
speed.

6. What are the important functions of the BIOS?

 The BIOS software has a number of different roles, but its most important
role is to load the operating system. When you turn on your computer and
the microprocessor tries to execute its first instruction, it has to get that
instruction from somewhere. The principal job of a computer’s BIOS is to
govern the early stages of the startup process, ensuring that the operating
system is correctly loaded into memory. BIOS is vital to the operation of
most modern computers, and knowing some facts about it could help you
troubleshoot issues with your machine.

7. What is the difference between ATX and BTX motherboards?

 ATX is a motherboard form factor that was created to replace the
traditional AT architecture. BTX is a motherboard form factor that was
planned to take the place of ATX. Intel was the first to introduce ATX in
1995.

ATX
 Advanced Technology Extended
 ATX was first introduced in 1995 by Intel
 The size of motherboard is 305 x 244mm
 ATX is less costly than BTX utilities

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  ATX Board Design and Components location block airflow, thus less
cooling
 Input / Output ports are at the top of the board
 ATX is the successor of AT design and is currently the de facto
standard of the motherboard.

BTX

 Balanced Technology Extended

 It was Introduced in late 2004 by Intel
 The Size of motherboard is 325 x 267mm
 BTX is costlier than ATX because of the and features it provides
 ATX has better airflow, hence gives more cooling
 Input / Output ports are below the board
 BTX was initially introduced to replace ATX but couldn’t succeed in
doing so.

8. What is the purpose of the VID signals?

 Modern cell phones and online meeting systems employ digital video
nowadays. Digital video is used to distribute material via the Internet, such
as online streaming and peer-to-peer movie sharing. For providing digital
video over the internet and on optical disks, there are several different
forms of video compression.
 VID signals has any systems, which include interlaced analog composite
video, interlaced analog component video, progressive analog component
video, interlaced digital component video, and progressive digital
component video at each number active scan lines per frame.

9. How does memory hierarchy improve performance?

 One of the main ways to increase system performance is minimizing how
far down the memory hierarchy one has to go to manipulate data. Latency
and bandwidth are two metrics associated with caches. Because of the
large discrepancy in access time between the main memory and the CPU
registers, the speed gap between the main memory and the CPU registers
widens, resulting in decreased system performance. As a result, the
improvement was required. Because of the system's increased
performance, this was enhanced in the memory hierarchy model.

10. How has the design of memory hierarchies changed over time?
 In the Computer System Design, Memory Hierarchy is an enhancement to
organize the memory such that it can minimize the access time. The
Memory Hierarchy was developed based on a program behavior known as
locality of references. The ability of the memory hierarchy is the total

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 amount of data the memory can store. Because whenever we shift from top
to bottom inside the memory hierarchy, then the capacity will increase.

TASK 3
Direction: Knowing the different information about microprocessor and its Origin lets dig
deeper on how they are created an being integrated in the CPU. You are instructed to
make a reflection out from the ff. video.

How CPU works = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNN_tTXABUA

The CPU in a computer is a chip in which many pins are glued together based on
their use. this chip has different functions that are complicated for you to
understand especially and many are connected to it. For each command you want
to do on the computer the CPU or brain of the computer will move based on the
winding from the command's public RAM and the other wires pins that are
connected. the speed or process of moving the program is fast.
The computer you're using to read this page is powered by a microprocessor.
Whether it's a desktop computer, a server, or a laptop, the microprocessor is at the
center of everything. Microprocessors come in a variety of shapes and sizes, but
they all accomplish roughly the same job in about the same way. A microprocessor,
often known as a CPU or central processing unit, is a single-chip computing engine
that performs all computations. The Intel 4004 was the first microprocessor,
released in 1971. The 4004 was not a particularly powerful computer; it could only
add and subtract four bits at a time. But it was incredible that everything was
contained on a single chip. Engineers used to build computers out of groups of
chips or separate components before the 4004, transistors wired one at a time.
One of the earliest portable electronic calculators was powered by the 4004. If
you've ever wondered what your computer's CPU does or what the variations
between different types of microprocessors are, keep reading. In this article, you'll
learn how a computer can execute its job, whether it's playing a game or spell-
checking a text, using very simple digital logic approaches.

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