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Oscillators 1

The document discusses the phase shift oscillator, which uses an RC phase shift network with three sections to produce a total phase shift of 180 degrees. This results in regenerative feedback that allows oscillations. The frequency of oscillation depends on the resistor and capacitor values and can be varied by changing these components. Some key advantages are good frequency stability and ability to produce low frequencies without needing an inductor. Disadvantages include small output and difficulty starting oscillations due to small feedback. Applications include voice synthesis, musical instruments, and GPS units.

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88 views14 pages

Oscillators 1

The document discusses the phase shift oscillator, which uses an RC phase shift network with three sections to produce a total phase shift of 180 degrees. This results in regenerative feedback that allows oscillations. The frequency of oscillation depends on the resistor and capacitor values and can be varied by changing these components. Some key advantages are good frequency stability and ability to produce low frequencies without needing an inductor. Disadvantages include small output and difficulty starting oscillations due to small feedback. Applications include voice synthesis, musical instruments, and GPS units.

Uploaded by

anna
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OSCILLATORS-1

FEEDBACK OSCILLATORS
RC OSCILLATORS

PHASE SHIFT
OSCLLATOR
COMPILED BY
ANITA VISHEN
PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR
Phase Shift Oscillator is an RC oscillator which works in the Audio frequency
range of frequencies. Part of the output voltage is fedback to the input through
the RC phase shift network. At a particular frequency, the 3 RC sections together
produce a phase shift of 180˚. Thus, the total loop phase shift is zero or feedback
voltage is in phase with noise voltage. The frequency can be varied by varying R
or C. This oscillator cannot be used for high frequency operations since the
capacitors act as short circuit at high frequencies and load the amplifier heavily

Principle of Phase-shift oscillators


We know that the output voltage of an RC
circuit for a sinewave input leads the input
voltage. The phase angle by which it leads
is determined by the value of RC
components used in the circuit. The
adjoining circuit diagram shows a single
section of an RC network. Fig.1
The output voltage V1’ across the resistor R leads the input voltage V1 by
some phase angle ɸo. Value of ɸ depends on R and C. If R were reduced
to zero, V1’ will lead the V1 by 90o i.e., ɸo = 90o.
However, adjusting R to zero would be impracticable, because it would
lead to no voltage across R. Therefore, in practice, R is varied to such a
value that makes V1’ to lead V1 by 60o. The following circuit diagram of
Fig.2 shows the three sections of the RC network.

Fig.2
Each section produces a phase shift of 60o. Consequently, a total phase
shift of 180o is produced, i.e., voltage V’1 leads the voltage V1 by 180o.
PHASE-SHIFT OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT
The oscillator circuit that produces a sine wave using a phase-
shift network is called a Phase-shift oscillator circuit. The
constructional details and operation of a phase-shift oscillator
circuit are as given below.
Construction and working
The phase-shift oscillator circuit consists of a single transistor
amplifier section and a RC phase-shift network. The phase
shift network in this circuit, consists of three RC sections. At
the resonant frequency fo the phase shift in each RC section is
60o so that the total phase shift produced by RC network is
180o.The circuit diagram in Fig.3 shows the arrangement of an
RC phase-shift oscillator. The frequency of oscillations
depends on the values of the resistors and capacitors in the
phase shift network.
V0
Vf
C1 C2 C3

R’1 R’2 R’3


′

Fig.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR


Assuming R’1= R’2=R’3= R and C1=C2 =C3 =C , the frequency
of operation can be derived as shown in the Analysis. The
frequency of oscillation here can be changed by using a
ganged variable capacitor with three sections. To vary the
frequency, the capacitances of the three sections are varied
simultaneously. As conventional variable capacitors have
capacitances in the range 50 pf to 500 pf, the frequency of
oscillation can be altered in the ratio 10:1
RC phase shift network is

Vf
Vo
Solving for I3 using determinant method, we find
3
Now Vf /V0=ꞵ
Therefore,
xA
An alternative way of solving the circuit is to use the ac
equivalent circuit( h-parameter circuit) of the oscillator.
This gives: (1/2πfc)2=6R2+4RRC
⇒ f=1/2πRC(6+4RC/R) ½
And the condition for sustained oscillations as:
hfe=23+29R/RC+4RC/R
Now if RC=R, we get f=1/2πRc√10
Again if RC< R, we get f=1/2πRc√6
ADVANTAGES
❖The circuit provides good frequency stability.
❖This Can be used to produce low frequencies.
❖ It does not require a transformer or an inductor
DISADVANTAGES
The disadvantages of RC phase shift oscillator are as follows:
❖Starting the oscillations is difficult as the feedback is small.
❖The output produced is small.
APPLICATIONS
The applications of RC Phase Shift Oscillator are as follows:
This oscillator is utilized for the generation of signals over a
wide range of frequencies. This oscillator is used in voice
synthesis, musical instruments, and GPS units. These
oscillators are capable of working at all audio frequencies.

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