Experiment no 6

Aim: To Study the Bluetooth Architecture

Bluetooth is a network technology that connects mobile devices wirelessly over a short
range to form a personal area network (PAN). They use short-wavelength, ultra-high
frequency (UHF) radio waves within the range 2.400 to 2.485 GHz, instead of RS-232
data cables of wired PANs.

There are two types of Bluetooth networks −

 Piconets
 Scatternets

Piconets

Piconets are small Bluetooth networks, formed by at most 8 stations, one of which is the
master node and the rest slave nodes (maximum of 7 slaves). Master node is the primary
station that manages the small network. The slave stations are secondary stations that
are synchronized with the primary station.

Communication can take place between a master node and a slave node in either one-
to-one or one-to-many manner. However, no direct communication takes place
between slaves. Each station, whether master or slave, is associated with a 48-bit fixed
device address.

Besides the seven active slaves, there can be up to 255 numbers of parked nodes. These
are in a low power state for energy conservation. The only work that they can do is
respond to a beacon frame for activation from the master node.
Scatternodes

A scatternet is an interconnected collection of two or more piconets. They are formed

when a node in a piconet, whether a master or a slave, acts as a slave in another
piconet. This node is called the bridge between the two piconets, which connects the
individual piconets to form the scatternet.
Bluetooth is a network technology that connects mobile devices wirelessly over a short-
range to form a personal area network (PAN). They use short-wavelength, ultra-high
frequency (UHF) radio waves within the range 2.400 to 2.485 GHz, instead of RS-232
data cables of wired PANs.

Features of Bluetooth

 Bluetooth technology was released in 1999 as Bluetooth 1.0, by Special Interest

Group (SIG) who continues to manage it.
 It was initially standardized as IEEE 802.15.1.
 Mobile computing devices and accessories are connected wirelessly by Bluetooth
using short-range, low-power, inexpensive radios.
 UHF radio waves within the range of 2.400 to 2.485 GHz are using for data
communications.
 A PAN or a piconet can be created by Bluetooth within a 10 m radius.
 Presently, 2 to 8 devices may be connected.
  Bluetooth protocols allow devices within the range to find Bluetooth devices and
connect with them. This is called pairing. Once, the devices are paired, they can
transfer data securely.
 Bluetooth has lower power consumption and lower implementation costs than
Wi-Fi. However, the range and transmission speeds are typically lower than Wi-Fi.
 The lower power requirements make it less susceptible to interference with other
wireless devices in the same 2.4GHz bandwidth.
 Bluetooth version 3.0 and higher versions can deliver a data rate of 24 Mbps.
 The Bluetooth version 4.0 came in 2010. It is characterized by low energy
consumption, multivendor interoperability, the economy of implementation, and
greater range.
Bluetooth layers and Protocol Stack
 Bluetooth standard has many protocols that are organized into different layers.
 The layer structure of Bluetooth does not follow OSI model, TCP/IP model or any other
known model.
 The different layers and Bluetooth Protocol architecture.
 Bluetooth Architecture
Radio Layer
 The Bluetooth radio layer corresponds to the physical layer of OSI model.
 It deals with ratio transmission and modulation.
 The radio layer moves data from master to slave or vice versa.
 It is a low power system that uses 2.4 GHz ISM band in a range of 10 meters.
 This band is divided into 79 channels of 1MHz each. Bluetooth uses the Frequency
Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) method in the physical layer to avoid interference
from other devices or networks.
 Bluetooth hops 1600 times per second, i.e. each device changes its modulation frequency
1600 times per second.
 In order to change bits into a signal, it uses a version of FSK called GFSK i.e. FSK with
Gaussian bandwidth filtering.
Baseband Layer
 Baseband layer is equivalent to the MAC sublayer in LANs.
 Bluetooth uses a form of TDMA called TDD-TDMA (time division duplex TDMA).
 Master and slave stations communicate with each other using time slots.
 The master in each piconet defines the time slot of 625 µsec.
 In TDD- TDMA, communication is half duplex in which receiver can send and receive
data but not at the same time.
 If the piconet has only no slave; the master uses even numbered slots (0, 2, 4, …) and the
slave uses odd-numbered slots (1, 3, 5, …. ). Both master and slave communicate in half
duplex mode. In slot 0, master sends & secondary receives; in slot 1, secondary sends and
primary receives.
 If piconet has more than one slave, the master uses even numbered slots. The slave
sends in the next odd-numbered slot if the packet in the previous slot was addressed to
it.
 In Baseband layer, two types of links can be created between a master and slave. These
are:
1. Asynchronous Connection-less (ACL)
 It is used for packet switched data that is available at irregular intervals.
 ACL delivers traffic on a best effort basis. Frames can be lost & may have to be
retransmitted.
 A slave can have only one ACL link to its master.
 Thus ACL link is used where correct delivery is preferred over fast delivery.
 The ACL can achieve a maximum data rate of 721 kbps by using one, three or more slots.
2. Synchronous Connection Oriented (SCO)
 sco is used for real time data such as sound. It is used where fast delivery is preferred
over accurate delivery.
 In an sco link, a physical link is created between the master and slave by reserving
specific slots at regular intervals.
 Damaged packet; are not retransmitted over sco links.
 A slave can have three sco links with the master and can send data at 64 Kbps.
Logical Link, Control Adaptation Protocol Layer (L2CAP)
 The logical unit link control adaptation protocol is equivalent to logical link control
sublayer of LAN.
 The ACL link uses L2CAP for data exchange but sco channel does not use it.
 The various function of L2CAP is:
1. Segmentation and reassembly
 L2CAP receives the packets of upto 64 KB from upper layers and divides them into
frames for transmission.
 It adds extra information to define the location of frame in the original packet.
 The L2CAP reassembles the frame into packets again at the destination.
2. Multiplexing
 L2CAP performs multiplexing at sender side and demultiplexing at receiver side.
 At the sender site, it accepts data from one of the upper layer protocols frames them and
deliver them to the Baseband layer.
 At the receiver site, it accepts a frame from the baseband layer, extracts the data, and
delivers them to the appropriate protocol1ayer.
3. Quality of Service (QOS)
 L2CAP handles quality of service requirements, both when links are established and
during normal operation.
 It also enables the devices to negotiate the maximum payload size during connection
establishment.
Bluetooth Frame Format
The various fields of blue tooth frame format are:
 Bluetooth Frame Format
1. Access Code: It is 72 bit field that contains synchronization bits. It identifies the master.
2. Header: This is 54-bit field. It contain 18 bit pattern that is repeated for 3 time.The
header field contains following subfields:
1. Address: This 3 bit field can define upto seven slaves (1 to 7). If the address is zero, it
is used for broadcast communication from primary to all secondaries.
2. Type: This 4 bit field identifies the type of data coming from upper layers.
3. F: This flow bit is used for flow control. When set to 1, it means the device is unable to
receive more frames.
4. A: This bit is used for acknowledgement.
5. S: This bit contains a sequence number of the frame to detect retransmission. As stop
and wait protocol is used, one bit is sufficient.
6. Checksum: This 8 bit field contains checksum to detect errors in header.
3. Data Field: This field can be 0 to 2744 bits long. It contains data or control information
coming from upper layers
 States/Mode of Bluetooth: –
1. Active mode: It enables master slave communication (limited to 7 devices).
2. Hold mode: It frees the slave for a predetermined one time old period.
3. Sniff mode: It frees the slave for predetermined, recurring fixed time periods.
4. Park mode: It enables a master to connect to as many as 255 devices in addition to 7
active devices.(It is a process of temporarily deactivating a device to allow its active
member addresses to be removed or probably re-assigned)