DC MACHINES

Presented by:
Anil Kumar Panjiyar
Assistant Professor
IOE, Pulchowk Campus

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2
Introduction

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DC Machine Constructional Detail

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Yoke
In small generators where cheapness rather than
weight is the main consideration, yokes are made
of cast iron. But for large machines usually cast
steel or rolled steel.

Function

provides mechanical support for the poles

and acts as a protecting cover for the
whole machine

It carries the magnetic flux produced by

the poles

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Field Pole
The field magnets consist of pole cores and pole shoes.

Function of Pole Shoe

➢ spread out the flux in the air gap

➢ reduce the reluctance
➢ support the exciting coils

pole core itself may be a solid piece pole cores and pole shoes are built
of thin laminations
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DC Machine Constructional Detail…..

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Field winding

✓ field coils or pole coils, which consist of

copper wire or strip
✓When current is passed through these coils,
they electromagnetise the poles which
produce the necessary flux that is cut by
revolving armature conductors.

Field Winding

Fig :Separately excited 2 pole dc generator

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Armature

It houses the armature conductors or coils and

causes them to rotate and hence cut the
magnetic flux of the field magnets.

Its most important function is to provide a

path of very low reluctance to the flux through
the armature from a N-pole to a S-pole.

Construction
❖ cylindrical or drum-shaped
❖ built up of usually circular sheet steel discs or
laminations approximately 0.5 mm thick
❖ keyed to the shaft.
❖slots are either die-cut or punched on the outer
periphery of the disc
❖ these laminations are perforated for air ducts
which permits axial flow

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Armature……….

Construction continue…
❖ the circular laminations, instead of being cut out
in one piece, are cut in a number of suitable sections
❖complete circular lamination is made up of four
or six or even eight segmental laminations.
❖Two keyways are notched in each segment and are
dove-tailed or wedge-shaped to make the laminations
self-locking
❖Thinner the laminations, greater is the resistance
offered to the induced e.m.f., smaller the current and
hence lesser the I2 R loss in the core.

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Commutator

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Brushes

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Armature Winding

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Armature Winding Pole-pitch

Winding Parameters The periphery of the armature divided

by the number of poles of the generator
i.e. the distance between two adjacent pole.

It is equal to the number of armature conductors (or

armature slots) per pole. If there are 48 conductors
and 4 poles, the pole pitch is 48/4 = 12.

Conductor
The length of a wire lying in the magnetic field
and in which an e.m.f. is induced, is called a
conductor

Coil Span
It is the distance, measured in terms of armature slots
(or armature conductors) between two sides of a coil. It
is, in fact, the periphery of the armature spanned by the
two sides of the coil.

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Armature Winding Contd……..

If pole pitch is assumed to be 4 then

in the figure A is full-pitched while B
is short pitched i.e fractional pitched

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 F1

F1
S8
S2

F1 connected to S2 of second coil F1 connected to S8 of 8th coil

starting under the same pole. starting under the similar pole but
Connector of F1 & S2 connected to one pole away.
segment -2

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Armature winding……..

Lap Winding Wave Winding

➢ No of parallel path = no of ploes ➢ No of parallel path = 2

➢ Z/P number of condr in series ➢ Z/2 number of condr in series
➢ emf generated=emf/parallel path ➢ emf generated=emf/parallel path
➢Ia = P* current/parallel path ➢Ia = 2* current/parallel path

Used in large machine where current Used in small machine to obtain

carrying capacity is critical, suitable suitable as current carrying capacity
voltage is easily obtained due to large is not generally critical.
no of armature conductor.

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Lap Winding

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Wave Winding

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EMF Equation.

Right hand rule

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Position of Magnitude of emf Direction of emf
armature (e)
()

00 0
300 0.5 Em positive
900 Em positive
1350 0.707 Em
1800 0
2100 -0.5 Em Negative
2700 - Em Negative
3600 0

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EMF Equation……..

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EMF Equation…...

Let Φ = flux/pole in weber

Z = total number of armature conductors = No. of slots . No. of conductors/slot

P = No. of generator poles

A = No. of parallel paths in armature

N = armature rotation in revolutions per minute (r.p.m.)

E = e.m.f. induced in any parallel path in armature

Generated e.m.f. Eg = e.m.f. generated in any one of the parallel paths i.e. E.
d
Average emf generated per conductor =
dt
Magnetic flux cut by each conductor in one revolution= d = P

Time of one revolution dt = 60/N

d  .P.N
Average emf generated per conductor = =
dt 60

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Let A = Number of parallel path
Then number of conductor in series = Z
A

Total emf across the brushes ZN P

E= x
60 A
Note : A= P for lap winding
A= 2 for wave winding

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 Type of DC Generator
✓ Generators are generally classified according to their methods of field
excitation. On this basis, d.c. generators are divided into the following two
classes:
✓ Separately Excited d.c. Generators.
✓ Self Excited d.c Generator.

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Separately Excited DC Generator

E − Ia.Ra − IL.RL = 0
V = I L .R L
E − Ia.Ra = V

V is always less then ‘E’

because of drop in armature.

E − Ia.Ra - Voltage drop in brush = V

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Self Excited DC Generator

Shunt DC Generator
Series DC Generator
Compound DC Generator

Shunt DC Generator

In this type field winding and armature

winding are connected in parallel as
shown in figure.

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Shunt DC Generator………..

V
If =
Rf
V = E − Ia.Ra
V
IL =
RL
Ia = If + IL
Why DC Shunt generator should not be started with load???????

----because if started with load voltage built up process

cannot take place.

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Series DC Generator

Field winding is in series with

armature winding.

Ia = If = IL
V = E − Ia.Ra − IL.RL

Why DC series generator should not be started without load???????

Voltage built up process cannot take place due to OC.

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DC Compound Generator

This types of generator has

two sets of field winding,
series and shunt. Hence we
can get the mixed
characteristic from this
generator
It can be either Short shunt
or long shunt types as shown
in figure below.

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Long Shunt DC generator.

Series winding is connected in series with the armature.

V
If =
Rsh
V = E − Ia.Ra − Ia.Rse

Short Shunt DC generator.

E − Ia.Ra
If =
Rsh
Vsh = E − Ia.Ra
V = E − Ia.Ra − IL.Rse

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Characteristic of DC Generators

Open Circuit Between no-load emf Vs If

called magnetic characteristic
Characteristic or no load saturation curve

Internal or total between the e.m.f. E actually induces in the

armature (after allowing for the
Characteristic demagnetising effect of armature reaction)
and the armature current Ia.

It gives relation between that terminal voltage

V and the load current I. This curve lies below
External characteristic the internal characteristic because it takes
into account the voltage drop over the
armature circuit resistance.

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OCC (Open Circuit Characteristic)

❖ Curve shows different values of emf generated across the armature at

no load for different values of field current at constant speed.
❖ OCC for separately excited series and shunt generator is obtained in
similar way as shown below.

The field winding of the self excited generator (whether shunt or

series wound) is disconnected from the machine and
connected to an external source of direct current as shown in
figure above.
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The exciting or field current If is obtained from an external independent d.c.
source. It can be varied from zero upwards by a potentiometer and its value read
by an ammeter A connected in the field circuit as shown above.

when If is increased from its initial small value, the

flux Φ and hence generated e.m.f. Eg increase
directly as current so long as the poles are
unsaturated.

Due to residual magnetism in the poles, some

e.m.f. (= OA) is generated even when If = 0. Hence,
the curve starts a little way up.

But as the flux density increases, the poles become

saturated, so a greater increase in If is required to
produce a given increase in voltage than on the
lower part of the curve. O.C.C. for a higher speed
would lie above this curve and for a lower will lie
below this.
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1 OCC at speed N>Nm
2 OCC at speed N=Nm
3 OCC at speed N<Nm

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1 internal characteristic
2 external characteristic

MC no load terminal voltage

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When generator is loaded ,flux per pole is reduced due
to armature reaction so E generated at load will be less
then Eo ie no load emf.

External characteristic gives the relation between terminal

voltage V and IL

As IL increases V decreases. Hence external characteristic lies below

internal characteristic.

V = E − Ia.Ra
V = E − ( IL + Ish ) Ra

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❖ shunt winding can be connected either across armature only (short- shunt
connection) or connected across armature plus series field (long shunt connection)

Compound generator

Cumulatively Compounded Series shunt excitation help each other.

Differentially Compounded Series shunt excitation oppose each other.

Rarely used.

❖ External characteristic of both long and short shunt are identical

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External Characteristic of Cumulatively Compounded DC generator

1 over-compounded
2 Flat Compounded
3 under compounded
Terminal Voltage

Full load current

Load Current
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• Flat compound: If the series field amp turn are such as to
produce the same voltage at rated load as at no load then
generator is called flat compound.
• Over compound : if the series field amp turn are such that
the voltage at rated load is greater then the no load voltage
then the generator is called as over compounded.
• Under compounded: if the series field amp turn are such
that the voltage at rated load is less then the no-load voltage
then the generator is called as under compounded.

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