Sarr ated ; ‘Haale | FOR SEN CE STUDENTS VOLUME ONEIATCS FOR SCIENTIST ~ Volur is book is ded Copyright © 2001: Al 1A.A,, Sogunro §. dewuyi J.B. First published in Nigeria 2001 Second Edition 2002 Revised E n 2011 i Alll right reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any forn means, electric or mechanical, including photocopy recording or an information storage retrieval system, without permission from the copy right owners. BN 988-32020-4-9DEDICATIONACKNOWLEDGEMENT ‘To God be the G F First and foremost, we acknowledged all readers of this book and we welcome thei a. nd criticisms. T s Secondly, we quite appreciate the efforts of our colleagues both in the Department and outsige ‘ for their encouragement and suppor 2 ° ‘ AbO. Ne are immensely grateful to Mr, .O,Onibanjo, Former Rector Lagos City Polytech: Ikeja, Lagos for taking time to go through this volume and his advice, A s A Lastly, we express our indebtedness to our wives and children for their support, patien, cooperation and understanding,tics for Science Stuyg, 7 ‘ ats Volume j 4 LEXt wrig ring nets, lertiary institutions pursy commen 3 k contains S6Ven chapters w eh iMeludes; Indices, Lopa; Su r Simultaneous equation and Tnequalitie. + Quadratic equation, Polynomisl and Partial fraction quences and series, and Trigonomet, and outsig x) chapter is acconmpanied by 1: S well sim d e r ie. rmnviction that students ill find this boo, FY Useful 2 Polytechni . Abdurasid A.A, soguare S.O. Adewuyi J.B. rt, patienOF CONTEN PREFACE ABLE OF CONTENT NE ad INDICES, LOGARTHMS AND SURD Indices Exponential equation Logarithms Change of logarithm base Natural or Napierian Logarithms Surd Rationalization of the denomination Conjugate of surd Square root of surd Exercise One CHAPTER TWo SET THEORY set Element Empty Set Unit Set Finite And Infinite Sets Subsets: Equality Of Set Universal Set Complement Of A Set Difference Of set” Union Of sets simu Linear Simul simul Inequ Abso Exer caLinear Equation ‘ simultaneous equatio i: ineguatty ONE ee Unknown 55 a Absolute vaiue 37 1 Exercise Three wae 5 CHAPTER FOUR > 20 QuabRATIC EQUATION . 2 Sum of root ‘i v7 Product of roots e 2 Nature of the graph the quadratic equation 70 Exercise Four be 2 CHAPTER FIVE 76 é POLYNOMIAL AND PARTIAL FRACTION 76 Linear Polynomial : 76 5 Quadratic Polynomial 16 Cubic polynomial 76 Addition of polynomial 76 wb traction of polynomial 76 Muitiplication of polynomial n Division of Polynomial ” Remainder Theorem 79 Identity 82 - Partial Fraction 82 Exercise Five 89 CHAPTER SIX 30 SEQUENCES AND SERIES 1 Sequences 91 Sum of the n' term of an “-ithmetic Progression a5 arithmetic Means w Geometric Progression 98 Sum of a Geometric Progression 100 Progression to infinityhe HHIGONOMETIIC HATIO Quadrant Newative angle Trigone nity Compound Angle Double Angle Halt Angle Formula konrometrie Equation Exercise Sever Answers To Rxercioes 14 6 16 116 417 170 114 477 a7 129 194 1 133 432SSS CHAPTER ONE INDICES, LOGARTHMS AND SURD INDICES The number 3 x3 x 3x3 x 3x 3 the base and 8 is called the index, Jices are discussed below, Laws of indices axe agtty = 3" is written in index form, 3 i Power or exponent. The rules for workingExample 6 SolutionExponential equation Equation of the form a’ = a? is called an exponential equation. Solution of the law of indices that say that when the bases are equal then above = b are base of the exponenial y are equal, or vise versa when the power are equal n is based on th quati 1 the power are equal. Form af n then the power x equ: then the base are equal se Example 7 Solve the following equation (x -2)« -1) =0 x-2=0orx-1=0 X- 2orx=1 2°? =16(2") (2°) 2*** (On the same base 2) then the powers are @ NNTG cS Equ.2x3 Equ 1 +Equ3 Substitute fory in equation 1 “Ox ty 2-11 - Example 11 Solve the following equation (Va) =(a)" (i) (26) We)’ =(e)”* Solution ax ty) =2y +2-1) 3x +3y =2y+2z -2Six +2-2) 5x +5z -10 5x- By +52-32 =10 5x -3y +22 =10 key =e" ke pae ¢ 7 (Onthe same base) then the powers are equal y_xtytz ‘ : PG x. Ty =4(x +y +2) Ty =4x 4dy 44z - Ant?y -4y-4z =0 - 4x 43y-42 = 0 + 4x -3y 442 =0 — ~ Solving equation (L), (2) & G) simultaneously “3x +y - 22 i Sk O3y +22 t 4x ~ ay +42 = 0 3Gx"+ aa) equ 1x3 Sx -3y +22 =10 i E 9x 43 y - 62 equ Lx3 | 5X 3y +2z = 10 | 14x) 242 4 Te yd i a (4) S* Sx -3y 422 =10 Ax =3y +dz = 0 x -2z =10 beaa. a) ce rstilute arid z in equation 1 AY atlit |-2|—|+y=-2 4 4 ty=-2 28 2 Ifa’ = b’ = c? and b=ac . show that y ‘on the same baseExample 13 Solution xy = yz+2xz xy =Z(y+2x) Logarithms If bY =N, then y is called the logarithm of N to base b and is written as log,» Thus bY = N => y= logy Laws of logarithm i log,” =log, x+log, » log, * =log, x-log y es" =nlog, xvw of logarithm irithm of both side to base a log. icp,’ - log, * Ifa =xthen 7= Example 17 simplify log “+ wlo og *+7log * Solution log 7+ 16log * svlog * +7log ® log2+ logic. logis) s{logs -log24) +7 (logs: log») loge) log2+ idlog-log*s } {logs Alogss|4] log: +3. ee ‘logs }+7{41og ms logs }+7(41ogs log?*-log me eps Jogs)+1{2I0ps -slog2-log>}+7{ 4logs-3iog log2 +64log2 bie 16log5 + 24logs -36log2 -12log3 + 2 65log2- 64log2 +24log5 - 23log5 log2 + logs Logl0= 1 Examplel8 simplify log, ‘log, ‘log, ‘log, “log, “log,” Solution ~ log,* log, ‘log, log, ‘log, ‘log, * Jog3 log logs log8 . loo = Tog? Example 19 Solution ain( 22) logab =log| =" 1 =| 4 Joga + log b = 2lox| ; am o.log °& Example 20 Solve the equation log, ~ log ff 4 ot faithsSolution Example 21 Solution 1 10 Be ley? 34 3y’ = 10y 3y’- l0y+3=0 @y-DQ-3)=0 3y-1=0ory-3 =0 3y=1 ory =3 yey orys3 When y =37 X= 27 Given that log, @r-sy+4)=0, log, @+» log, @-sy+ Oa log evs p-1 x-Sy +4 = log, «x+ » -log,2 =log,»" x-Sy +4 =1 + ‘log, S5 =10g, 57 x . , xa . xel oy x Sy x =o 2 2y'—Sy-1+3 =0 2y-Sy+2 =0 Qy-1y 2) =0 2y-1 =0 ory-2 =0 yah ory =2 From x = 2y*-1 14leg = (abe) os =4 432 Ifa’= be; Show that log,” + log." = 2iog," log,” By putting a = log a. Blog. y=logem the identity a(8 —y)+Bar- 0) + Yor B) pye(cyrn( ay Show that at — =l ‘c a b Given dat y clog,” and < = 102, ager Mae 5. Hence find the numerics sates ofand zwhen 108, ]¢Ha0)0s. ((og,)= 10g," Solve the equation for x if 2(3°* = Evaluate log,’log,” loge > ‘ Lapse Prove that 1oBy" 1082 = 3/08. . ifp+a? 10: Prove that log (pq) = ¥2(log p + log q + log 3) if j= logy.” K= lose" 1 = logy prove that 1+ jkI= 2k,,b are ina GP . Prove that log,” , log,”, log,” are in AP st term of an AP is log a, second term log b: te) rst xtermis =log how tha m of the 19 Simplify Jog” t!08x9 F108 * les a Fade vee puting Cee) 21. Solve the equation fb"?+5 +¥52")-9 =. (2? *? )+ 24 2 22. Solve the equation 3° _ pt? Big! 2” 43°? = fon 12 27 2 5a Simplify 2054 $5894 +O an Ae 23, Simplify +5v 29: =4 30 3 Find the value of x andy 1 fa8 Fe Tiana — Jos + V8 +2 3+ {6 impli Simplify 75-212 —32 + V5 6. Find the square root of the following (a) 37-203 (vb) 8+ 215 f+ 8-8 Va—f10- y 7, Simplify ase\pna( cee \ee( EY? * 28/ Simplify (**] Kea Ker M \ J ‘ } 29. af G38 = 02 31)" = 10/2 PpCHAPTER TWO SET THEORY SET: Any well define or collection of objet + called a set. x Example of set: i Set of natural numbers: are positive counting whole numbers, denoted byZ > Set of integerss are both positive and negative counting, whole numbers denoted by Z ; 3 Set of rational number : they are numbers of the form {f labe 17h where a, b, are integer, denoted by Q 4. Set or irrational number hey are non terminating and no recutting decimal, denoted by Q' Set of real numbers: is the combination of both integer ‘and rational ~~ number denoted by TR, 6. Set of fruits (Oranges, Banana Mangoes, etc} Hi Set of NDI Engineering students of 1 5 State Polytechnic. Ete. 8. Set of pit mbers 9. Set of even numbers 10. Set of odd numbers 11. Set of menin the mathematics class etc. Notations isa member of aseteg. 2 €S,2EZ ‘_ 3 is such that, or | or a is there exist. ¥ for all = Implies ually denoted by a capital letter and braces or curly bracket is the type e: used in set theory ie. set A = {1, 2, } ¥: Phe objects or items comprising a set are called elements of the set Hence from the example given above 2 € A mean that 2 is an ment of A. the symbol € “means” is not ad element of “or” iS no member of sven that A = { y:y is an odd number} then y €8 while y €% An empty set is also ealled a null set and sometimes referred to as i sete that contains no element, and is denoted byP alking chairg 7UNIT SET WT SET: (is a set that contain only one eleme referred to as ‘si ton’ set. Example 2: _ Set of the president of the Federal republic of Nigeria FINITE AND INFINITE SETS A set can be finite or infinite. A set is finite if iV is not empty ¢ it consists of exactly n objects or element. (For n € Z'pin-otfier words a finite set is a set that has a finite members or element. which is a set that is list able and countable. Otherwise itis infinite eg. sct of watches owned by ‘staff members of a polytechnic 1s finite while set of real numbers between 0 ‘and 1 is infinite. A set that is infinite can be further classified as countable or uncountable. A set 15 countable when its members can be put into ‘one to one correspondence with natural numbers otherwise it is uncountable. Examples of countable set are i. Set of even numbers ie, 2 8 10 12, 14 4 L 1 1 4 4 4 1 z 3 4 5 6 ey ji, World population ete- Examples of uncountable set are @ Set of real number hetween 0 and L Gi) Set of complex number Note: All finite set are countable but not all countable set are finite. SUBSETS: Let A and B ‘be two given sets. }f every element of A also belong to B, thatis, ifx € A jmplies x € B, then we S4Y> ‘Ais subset of B or Ais contained in B oF B contains A. symbolically it is written as AC Bot B> ‘A. but, if all elements i A are present in Band still has at Teast one clement not in A, then we say that Aisa proper set of B. fe ACB={x€ A@XEB) Jt should be noted that a sct is a subset of itself while empty set is. © the subset of every set. Example) Lethe {xe 7: 02x52) list the subset of A- a Solution?” Aciula 2} The subset of A are y = {o}, (1) 0.1) 40.21{1.21(0.1 2}. and ( }EQUALITY OF SET: said to be equal if cach is Contained in In other words, if A and B are two given sets, then A and B are said to be equal ie. A= ff and only if (iff) ASB andBEA ic, ifye. = EK DI > x€BandxeBox€A,thenA=A 4 Example 4: A= {x : xis.a positive even number less than 10} and B= y: y is number less than 10 but divisible by 2} then A = { 2, 4,6, 8} and B= { 2,4,6,8}. Hence A=B UNIVERSAL SET A universal set is a set containing several sets. It is a set of all under investi gation. A universal set is usually denoted by 4 6 COMPLEMENT OF A SET ; Let A be a subset of the universal set . The compliment of A wil be the set of clements in the universal set # but not in & Compliment of A is denoted by A! or A’. ExampleS AS=(x:x€wsx@A} The complement of A is the difference of the universal set a that is the set of difference between the universal set and set A. ie. p-A=AS DIFFERENCE OF SET Let A and B be two sets. The set difference of A and BO relative compliment of B with respect to A denoted by A=B A/B is the set of element present in A but not in B 4 ie. A-B or A/B = {x: x € Aandx € B} . 6,7, 8} and B =(2, 3, 5,7, 11} then A-B = {46 Example6 If A= UNION OF SETS Consider by AU B. It is the set of elements that belongs to A or B or ic. AUB = {x: x € A or x € B} Note “or” is used in the and/or Example7. If A= (23,5, Then A UB INTERSECTION OF SETS If A and B are two given sets, the intersection of A and B is l element that belongs to both A a , . Aand eared ina shorten form as ANB. Hence one onan = (Kix al ii: 30DISJOINT SET = Let A and B are said to be disjoint WANB= when both sets has no clement in common ¢6. (1,5,7}° AA B=@ if A={2, 4, 6} and B: Hence A and B are disjoint sets. uct setofAand b) for TS} Let Aand B be two defined sets. The prod by Ax Bis the set of all ordered B.AxB (a,b) :2€A DE b,c}, then Example 8: Let A= (2 AxB=(Q VENN DIAGRAM : = a, T ‘The shaded portion is 4 ee Disjoint sets Aand B6. 6. 1 Further explanation of the Venn diagram set A= (2,4, 5,6, 11,5}, the carding come certain laws or identities as identified below y of written as N(A) = 6 st satisfies (HE ALGEBRA OF SETS ENTPOVENT LAWS JB =A (b) ANA=A MMUTATIVE LAWS F \U b= BUA (by ANB=BOA SSOCIATIVE LAWS L su(BUC) (6) (AN BNC= A NANG SPRIBETIVE LAW AU BY M(AUE) (ANB) U (AGS) NDENTITY LAWS ) (bt) AUBSH (fa) ANA ) An go=e Where p= universal set and @ empty set. COMPLEMENT LAWS (a) ANAT=BR (by) = ANAT=G (©) (AS =A (@) wae Qo ow DE MORGAN’: LAWS AUB (b) (A UBY =A OB (AN BY N(A UB)=N(A)+N(B)- (ANB) UB)=N(A) +N), if A and B are disjoint N(A N(A)EN(B}+ N(C) NAMB ) -NEANC)- NBE N(AUBUC} A.B and C are independent N(AU BUC) +N (A) +N(B) +N), if, Band C are disjoint. N(AUB UC) +N [(A U BUC Y= NW). Where A,B and C are subsets of universal set #¢ (AUBUC) AN BAC (ANBNCY =A UB UC 1c HNCANB aay lifes fda /- TULL eeBonly | (aonty Kone » /@ Aonly 4 nani Remarks: Aand Bi only ti 5 A and B but not C Band C only implies C but not A ‘AandC only implies a C but not Tt should be noted that 1 A and Bis quite different from ‘A and B only ete. also Ay Bis different from A 0! 1B only etc. @) and (3) eons ‘Aor B but not C which means s Aor Bonly 3). 4) ‘and (7) means BorC but not A which mean B or C a (yy. © and (7 means ‘Aor C but not B gnc an A or C.0n a= G4) and. (8) Br = (6), and 2 (0), o and (8) AUBUC = (1).2), G) 5), @and @Example 9: pro’ Solution ange Solution i) ~~ gnsenc: IN at (AUB)N C = (A NC) UB n) Proof, (AuBAc=(ANCU BN © (ke (AUB) NCI {xixe (AUB) and x €C} {xixe A or x€ B and x€C } ixfx€ A and x€ C orx € Band x EC} dxine (ANC) orxe BNC} (xe [((ANC)UBNCI [A UB)NC]=lANO YBN Conversely (ANC)Y BNC) = bxe LAN C)YE no) 2 xe (ANC )UBNC)] > ix] x€ [(ANB)orxe (B nc} > (x1 x€ A and x€ Bor x € Band x € C} > {xlxeA and x€ C or x € Bandx €C} => {xe A or x€ Band x € C} > {xlxe{[ A U B] and x €C} 2 {xlxe [AUB] NCI Hence (AU B) N.C =(ANC)UBNC) BELTHY Show ‘hat (A bys ANB Suppose {xIx€ (A U BI} > — {xlxé/y, but x¢ ( AUB)} = {xix€ Aorx €B} @ © {xlxé Aand'x € B) = — {xlxe A and xe BY} 2 xk € (ASB) aes ef E> 4+Suppose : Example 11: Prove that N(AU B) =N (A)+N (B)-N (ANP L versely {xlxe [(A° N Be} {xIx€ A® and x € B*} z {xlx € A and x¢ B) => {xix €Aorx €B} Hence {xlx € (A UB) } Brom (1) and (2), henee (A U)t = A‘ 1B 2 Proof sy acy i se AUB=(ANB )UAN B) U BNA), N(AU B) = (A. BS ENA B+ NBA But A=(A NB) U(A MB) = N(A)=N (AN BENG 1B) 2. NANB je N(A)-N(A nB) Also NOB NA‘) =N@)-N (ANB) ——— putting (2) and @) in 0) WE have is N(AUB) = NCA) —N (ANB) N(ANB) + N(B)— NAMB) N(A UB) = NA) + NB) - NANB) Hence the proof. Aliter =NB+B ‘ =A-(ANB) iAUB = A/B +B =A-(ANB)4B AUB = N(A) + N(B)= NA 1B) Example 12 Given that A= {x €21 T (14 +84+9)4+x | [2 i 14 students take Chemistry only ii, 9 students take Physics only iii, (14 +8 +9)=31 students take at least one physics and Chemistry ‘Phat is either you take Physics only or Chemistry only or both N(CU P) iv. 9 students take neither of Physics nor Chemistry i.e. N[(C UP) = coup of 250 students 170 are boys. If 120 students ine! es, determine the number of boys th SolutionNote “a” repr nt boys who do not wear glasses x represent boys who wear glasses b represents girls who wear glasses y represents girls who do not wear glasses. (a +x) = Boys, (b + y) = girls it should be not that we cannot have the two intersection of set Boys and Girls as indicated below. | / ia \ ) ene] aa LN 2 oe In this case the intersection cannot hold for the two subjects are disjoint. Hence upheld the first Venn diagram Now since N(y) = 250 and N (B) = 170 e 50 — 170 = 80 = NG)=b+y (w -B) or NQw MB!) and y = N [Bu w)'] or NIB" Aw!) since all the girls wear glasses. b ‘Also N(w) = 120 & x +b= 120 where x= NBN) since b= 80 => x +80 = 120 120-80 =40 Similarly, N(B) 170 > a+x=170 where a=N (B—w) orN(@BNw') Since x = 40 => a+40=170 70- 40diven that the universal set u { A = {x €Z [x is divisit +B C8 {xE 24x! 2x? — 5x? 6x = subject of the universal Find (i) {x €z}-0< 10} x €Z] is aprimenumber } ) Where, A B and C are by 7 ims (AN BUC (ii) A'nB'NC! s as Solution: ( - 10,-9,48, .....0, 1,2. Ms 10a oes Racy B=4-7, +5, -3, 2,2,3,5,7}, C= 1, 0,2} i + “Note x* 4299 -5x?- 6x =0 > x(x8-+2x?_ 5x -6) =0 t > -xf(x) = Owhere f(x) = x 42x? 5: -6 3 Now solving x*+ 2x? — 5x — 6 by remainder theorem f(x) = x3 42x?_ 5x6 try (x+ Die. f(-1) =(13)+2¢ 1-561) -6 = -14+24+5-6=0 7 Hence (x + 1) is a factor. ni Try & -2)ie. f(2) = (2) +(2) -5(2)-6 84+8-10-— Hence (x - 2) is a factor Bt 25-6 1 - (z+ DE-DE) x+3. x + Ox, ier) f(x) =(x- 2) + 1 (x +3) Hence x* +2x° - 5x"- 6x=0 > xf(x)=0 > x(x —2) (K+ 1) &+3)=0 > x=0orx—2orxt1=Oorx+3=0 or2orx-lor3, cen JuC={-3,-1,0, 2, 3} (ANE erga 1st a, TO) i ~6, 4, -1,0, 1,0, 1, 4, 6, 8, 9 I "7, 6,5, 4,-2.1. 3, 4, 54657, 89410} {-10,-8,-4, 1,4, 8,10} 6,9} 5,7} A-BUC NIA -(BU)] =4Example 18: A team of Engineering experts of company interyiews 3000 people on the usage of thi ands of machines. The results of the interviews shows that 975 use brand A, 1080 use brand B and 750 use brand C. also 135 use brands A and B, 360 use brands x and C, 180 use brands A and C while 300 use brand C only. The | company has decided that a fourth brand of the machine will be introduced if 25% of those interviewed do not use any ofthe existing brands, 4) i How many of those interviewed use none of the brands | ii Does the result justify the introduction of a fourth brand Solution: N(u) = 300, N(A) = 975, N(B) = 1080, N(C) = 750 NCA NB) = 135, N (AAC) = 180, N(B 9. C) = 360, N (A'N BNE) = Let N(ANB'NC!)=a,NBNANC)=b N(ANBNC)=xandN (A'NB! acd Now N (A) = 975 © at 135-x +x +180—- a+315—-x =975 975 35 x +x +360 —x= 1080 b+495—x = 1080 b= 1080-495 +x a b=585-4x Similarly, N(C)=750 > 180—x+x +360-x + 300 =750 = 840-x =750 j > 840-750 =x és x=90 Hence a= 660 + x = 660 + 90=750 42j b=585 4x 5.585 +90 = 675 But N(A UB U C) + N((AUBUC)j = Nw) + 135-x + 180-x+b+360 750 + 135 ~ 2x +180 + 675 +3 OD ee es 360 + 31 = 30 2400 — 2x +d = 3600 ir Nae 3 2400 — 2(90) + d = 3000 2400 ~ 180 +d = 3000 2220 +d =3000 d=3000 - 2220 d=780 ‘ 75, i 90 use brands A, Bas well as C ii. 780 use none of the existing brand 780, 100 280 100 9 = 269 : 3000 < 1 % Bow Since the percentage of those that use none of the existing brand is 26% which is greater than 25%, hence there is no need for the introduction of fourth brand. iii. Example 19: IDERA Engincering Company produces three brands A, B and C of cement. To determine the marketability of the product, some samples were sent out. The result of the survey reveals that 250 customers liked brand A, 240 customers liked brand B, 100 customers liked brand A only, 50 customers liked brand A and B but hot C, 250 customers liked A or B but not C, 128 customers liked C but disliked A or B, 65 customers liked A and € but not B and 17 customers liked none of the brands. You are required to determine i. The number of customers that liked ‘The number of customers that liked brands B. ‘The number of customers that were interviewe at least two of the brands. iv. ‘The number of customers that liked brands A and Cut not Bs all the three brands and C only xd that likedbaipaaie «a to ifitraduce onty:two-brands into the markeis which brands will you recommend? N(A) = 250, N(B) =240 NAN BNC’) 100, N(A NBC!) = 50 N(AUB)) 500, N(C NA! MB!) = 128 NAN COB!) =65.N (lap nc)=17 A=250 Solution: N(A)= 250 100 +50 +65 +x = 250 x= 250-215 2 gee Also N[(AUB) NC! > 100 +50+ > a=250- 150 : 00 Similarly N(B) = 240 50+ aty+x=240 35 = 240 351 =x=35 ay el = a ‘The number of customers that were interviewediv. Solution ; 100 + 50 + 100+ 55 +35 + 05+ 128 + 17 = 550 ie. NQD=N[(AUBUC)+(AUBUC)] The number of customers that liked at least two of the brands = 50455465 +35 = 205 Pet 05, Percentage ==> x 10 = 37.27% ‘The number of customers that liked brands A or C but not B = 100 +65 + 128 = 293 Since 283 customers liked brand C while 250 and 240 liked ance A and B respectively. hence brands C and A will be recommended. ‘A pharmacists. produces three Kind of drugs x1, x2, and x», whieh A Piysed for the same purpose. To deter te the efficiency of ‘hese drugs some patients were sampled. Of the 1230 patients samples it was discovered that, 156 have used x), and x3.270 have sand xy, and x2, 30 have wsed Xie Xa and 3, 312 have used X2, 180 have used xs, and no patients has used $25 ‘and x5 without Usi E376 patients have not used any of he ‘existing drugs, determine the numberof patients that have used i. only Gi). Exactly one of the drugs. iv. Exactly two of the 3 drugs (¥) 22 0108 nat MOE Xs N= 1230 N(x 1x8 N (x1 11.821 Xs) = 30, NGw2)= 312, NG x's x's) = 376 IN (x1 9x2 12) =0d+30+0+ 180 126 + 30+e =180 e= 180 - 156 =24 N(x2) = 312 2 bec+30+0=312 = Mo+rc+30=312 #312427) =42 N (X1 U x2 Ux:) + N [041 U x2 Uxs)'] = NW) (a+b+30+d+c+0 +e ) +376 = 1230 a+240 + 30 + 126 +42 + 24+ 376 = 1230 a+838 = 1230 a = 1230-838 = 392 | X= 24 patients have used x3 only The number of patients that have used exactly one of the drugs =| 302 +42 +24= 458 ints used x, and x2 but not x: 240 + 126 + 0 = 366 patient used exactly two of the three drugs 42 + 0+ 24 = 66 patients used x2 or x2 but not x1 788 patient have used xEXERCISES TWO QI Inaclass of 70 stude idents, 60 but 10 students pass Mathematics, Biology or Chemistry, 30 pass 25 pass Chemistr er 30 pass Mathematics, 30 pass Biology and 25 pass C yon Ci If 11 pass Ma Pass Mathematics and Biology, 10 pass Biology and Chemistry and 7 pass Mathematics and Chemistry. How many students: i, Pass all three subjects ii Pass Mathematics or Chemistry but not Biology iii Pass Biology and Chemistry but not Mathematics iv Pass at least one subject. The school of Engineering of a Polytechnic required all students to take raduating class of 252 student's 90 Physics, Mathematics or English. In a students take Physics, 72 students take Mathematics and 162 take English. L of those that take Physics, take English, 4 of those that take Mathematics take English and ¥% of those that take Mathematics take Physics. How many students take all three courses? i take two or more courses? ii How many studen ge of the student takes exactly one course? What percent value of NMA P)and NP NE}. What is th 3. The Nigerian Super Eagle team (0 the World Cup toumamenl consists of one or more positions of to play in 22 players each of them is able attack. The number of the players who can play im midfield, defence and lay in attack and mber of those who can pl midiield only is twice the nun the midfield , and two or more than the iW in defence attack only ymber who can play in ‘and midfield is twice the the number who can + of players who can play The number eld and attack, while number that can play in midi 4 only is the same as then in defence only. number who ean play play attaclWye tne pinyemsee hea ce el Sil SSE y in midfield and va san ptoyin Bey tgopcion, nde nubetSTPlaies see ies i All the three positions ii Attack Autack and defence iv. Defence and midfield Defence orattack vi. Midfield and attack but not defence Suppose R is the set of zeal numbers, Q is the set of rational numbers, Zig thetset oF integer’ and Q* is the\set of positive rational number. Drawigy Venn diagram illustrate the relationship between the sets R, Q, Z, a Let the Universal set J.! be defined as J. = { x 10 aawn 2y=0ory-F=0 Gory=1 ubstitere for yin equation (3) x+y=3 when’y =0or when y=1 Example 4: 2 equaxion Solution: y=xtl Sulbstituie for y in equation (2) x xtl cere Example 5: Solution ara 4+ y Leg 52-4 Sa \d aa s From (2) ay pals ANY r Substitul a eaSubstitute for x in equation (2) Cl cies a=17a+16=0 (a-1) @- 16) =0 or 16 note that \ a when when a= 16 } yal y =16 y yaad Example 6: Solve the equation x*+y'=4914, x ty =18 Solution: x+y =4014 2 (1) x +y=18 2) Ny s+ ayty) \ (ty) (xy ty) = 4914 18(x" — xy + y4) = 4914(x + y)'= 2xy - xy= 273 (x+y) 3xy c 13°=3xy = 273 324 - 3xy 324-2 51 =3xy Solve (2) & G) simultaneously a ; ee from (2 x=18 in) (8 -y)y=17 1sy—y'=17 y’- 18y+17=0 (y-Dy-1N=0 y-1=0 or y-17=0 y=) Gayot i Substitute for y in equation@) \ 1 or when y y 18-17 xen SIMULTANEOUS EQUATION WITH THREE UNKNOWN, tion ¢ the simulianeous eq 1 4b —2c=2, 5a +3b+5e=-1 multaneously using elimination method, 0 eFiminating one of the unknown say c, then Solving 2&3 same i hod by eliminat simultaneously using elimination me unknown letter ¢; Solution: a+ 2b+ ¢ 3a - 4b - 2c 5a+3b+5e=-1 Solve (1) & (2) simultaneously at 2b+c 3a—4b-2c uation (1) x2)” Equation (2) (1)Solve (2) & (3) simultaneously a 4b + 2c 5a + 3b + Se = al Equation (2)x5 15a—20b-10c = 10 Equation (3)x2 10a+6b+ 10c =-2 25a—14b =8 Substitute for a in equation (4) 25a - 14b=8 25(2) - 8= 14b 50-8 = 4b Substitute fora & bin eriition () a+2b+c =4 2+2(3)+¢ 2a + 0 8+e Example 8: Solution : 2x -2y+5z=3 Solve (1) & (2) Sey 2x -y+3z=2 x+3y-z=11 eqn(l)x1 2x-y+3z= 2 ~ eqn.(2)x3 3x +9y-3 3. Solve (2) & (3) simultaneous X+3y-z =11 2x - 2y +5; Eqn. (3)x I | Eqn.(2) x 5Solve (4).& (5) K + 8y =3 X+ By = 58 simultaneously Eqn. (4) x7 3 a Sx + S6y = 245 Eqn. (5)x 5 35% 4 65y= 200 By = -45 Sut ae tubstitute for y in equation (4) 5x + By =35 5x + 8(5) y in equation (2) x+#3y-z=1 -1 + 3(5) -1+ 15- 5~ 12, Inequality Inequality signs Jess than greater than less than or equal to greater than or equal to Rules of inequality i Ifa> bthen atx>b+x where x is any real number a-b>0 eg S24 543>443, 8>7 Ia>bthen ax > bx if xis positive if xis ne 5>3 2(5)> 23), 10>6 -3(5) <-33), -15<-9 If a bx if x is negative eg. 6>4 3(6)>3(4), 18> 12I a>bande>dthna+e>b+d e.g. if5>3,and9>7 54+9>347,14>10 iv If a>b, b>cthena>c eg. 9>8, and 8 >Sthen9>5 v If a>b,andesd a, b, cand dare all positive then i ac > bd fee EtG If 5>4and7>6 0 x 5(7) > 4(6) f 35> 24 [| 5 aa 2 as } cy vi. If a>b,aandb are both positive a>b%, asb ice a) Se iee Interval | ( ] ( a Open Close Open open Half open . 1C Saute :°—— eat | od x | a -8x ~3x26 . -8 << -8x 3x 2-6 ) 3x <8 ve £ + 5 ] iax Example 10: Solve the inequality and show -5<%-1<1 1 A Solution: -5 =55 A wie Ble? IN ES wl wale Example 11: Find the intery Solution: «+ DG y+ leo xz-lorx22 Check take x When x =-1 i. orx-220 Whenx = 0 sienOnmD ( x 2-lisnota solution x <- Lis the solution when When x = 2. solution + -1&x22 alin which x will Hie in th -1 any value (i+ DCL 2) 2 2+N2-2=9 2356 Q5+N25-2=3 the solution on number line of x greater than -1 O+ 4 ar oe Qx -1 eo re x+3 Example 12: For what value of 8 solution: Squareie dencksiaaaam given inequality to get “—~ n ie. (x + 3) and use il ) (ete x43 59 1c given inequality 5 (0.5) =OsReva aes 1 to multiply theaie) — g 3 (28 — Ix +3) < 2x + 3) 4 3(2x—1)x+3)-2(x+ 3) <0 . (x #3) [3(2x - 1)-2(x +3) <0 cr (s +3) (6x -3-2x-6<0 (x +3) 4x-9) <0 x+3 -3 is solution Whenx=2ie < 2 5 (negative and is a solution) Example 13: what value of x is 2 Solution : Since the denominator is x? + 4 there is no need to Sq denominator because whatever the value of x will not ch; of the given inequality. Ax+x—ox44 2x? 42x 4 -(x244)30 2x74 2x—4 x7 44 30 2x? + Dee = g (x+4)(x-2)>0 X>-4 orx>2 check when x > ~4 ice. ie. (-3 +.4)0-3 -2 ‘ Fol a solution) x <-4is the solution when x>2iex=3 GB +4) (3~2)=7 (positing ' X<-4or x32 me) Geex20 Pe ee hat, If [x|athenx>aorx<-a Example 14: Solve the inequality 'y and show the solution on number line |x - 1] <2 Solution: — |x-1}< 2 -20 lL. 125 Find the value of x in the following i x-1 a D Ye ee fe-1] >3 fe -2] as f 18: Ifa & bare positive numbers show that a+ > 2and that y 1 i w= +-|>4 esoft +t) { 132 Bl 16. Ifa, b & care positive numbers 17. Show that x°+y’>x’y + xy If 18. If a,b, & c are positive and 19. Ifa, b, & c are positive and 1 BAe arbro( ae j)>s 20. Ifa & bare two m ry therwise show that a° +8? 2 >nequality | 22. Solve the inequality —! 51x -3] =Dar+ 4) 25. Find the set of Values for which | Samed e ? Se 47 %6, For what valueofx 2¢ rS¥#7 , | Sx+ §CHAPTER FouR QUADRATIC EQUATION equation can be x= Prove : Given ax?+ bx +c=0 Sum and product of root of the equation ax? +bx +¢=0 Let &, B be the given root of the equation ax? + bx + c = 0, and since the 2a Let D = b?— 4ac (the discriminant)x or eu 2a b+ VD Leta = “2 or B. Sua 2a —b+VD bb" + dace 4er &p = = = 1. Given 4 fas the roots of the quadratic equation ax’ + bx +¢=0 then Sum of root a+ $= -— a : a } Product of reots ae a Example 1." 1f 4, f are the roots af the equation 3x? — 7x — | ee) Find (i e+ di) (pyr *\ Gil) a-B (iv) a4 p* 3x7-7x-1=0 Solution: =-7, Coalss 2, S. (i) (4— By)’ = a 268 + p2 = 6+ B24 B (substitute for 624 B’ above) = 35 {Z Sone) == + sep Sakae cee = (+ BY? 2 apr 81 3 Gy, 4) 81 9 Gof 2 81 9 3025-18 _ 3007 81 81 Example 2, If é fare the roots of the equation 2x? 4 3x — ue Find (i) Z 8 di) @_p Gi) Gop Solution: 2x? +3x-7=0 a=2,b=-3,c=a) @ + B= f@-py = lath — 208 veG-Ae zr 38 ate = on pe +P =ta- Pye + ah-+p) ada B) (a +f + of) (a —B) (Ia +BY - 2a + ap) = (a—) (la + fl - of ) IG) +4| ~ Bit) es 2365 8 (iii), hag =ta+ ro? -oB-+ 9) =(a+B)(@ +B" - a8) = @+ Ode +p]. 2a - af) = (a+ B) (le +B}*- 3ap ) . (2) eee 2) er a 2 (224s 2,4 zee ele =3 She ise +4 BF = fea ae 2 =[2] a 4 Equation with given roots: me ~ (sum of roots )x + product of roots = 0 if a, B are the given roots then > =Example 3; Solution: (X-a@)&x -py=0 x7 XB-xa $f =0 x =x(a+ 8) + aB=0 Given that a, B are the roots of the equation 3x?— x —5=0, form an equation whose roots are 2g — 1 ag 1 B @ a=3,b=-1,c=-5 let a, B be the roots of the givenequation a+B=@4 g=2 a a 3 a 3 Then the sum of the required roots ‘ 1 1 =a = 428 - 2 Soa ome Product of the roots 1 = dof -2-2+— s The required equation is x? = (sum of the roots ) 15x? = 13x - 169= 0 x + product of the roots = oNature of the graph the quadratic equation x2 + bx +¢= 0 From b* — dac = 0 (discriminant) it If b° —4ac >0 The equation will have two real distinct roots ii, If b?— 4ac = 0 the equation will have equal roots ang this will be iii, If b?— 4ac < = 0 the equation will have no roots, the roots of the equation be complex. Graph of the above roots are shaw below If a>0,b?—4ae>0 —— Tworeal roots _ Hfa<0,b?—dac>0 x a a b If a>0,b?-4ac=0 Tealequal roots Ifa <0, b?- ac =0 % . ° zx x ¢ a ‘ b ag a>0,b'-4a0>0 — noreal equal roots ilfa@ a b Example 4: Find y if the equation (Sy + 1) x? 8yx + 3y = 0 has equal 1008- Solution: (Sy+1)%' -8yx +3y=0 ab? = 4ac : Substitute in b? = dae to get C8y)" = 4(5y + Gy) Gay 64y? = 60y? + 12y 64y? - oy? - I2y Example 5: Solution: Example 6: Solution: The coefficient The coefficient The constant ay Comparing coefficient with the ax?+ bx+e=0 le | 8y 91, be -By,c=3y The equation has equal roots if =0 Of x? = 5y 4. of x 4(15y? + 3y) For what value of h does the equation x2—(4 +8) x +9 = 0 has teal roots X-4+h)x+9=0 ‘The quadratic equation x + bx + ¢ = has real roots if b? — 4ac > 0, b? > 4ac Comparing coefficient x’ + bx +c=0 with x?~(4+h)x +9 we 5 have a=1,b=-(4+h),e=9 b’ >4ac 14+ nf >4()) (4+h)*>36 y h?+8h+16>36 h? + 8h + 16-3630 h248h-20>0 (h—-2y(h + 10)>0 h-2>0orh+10>0 - h>2or h>-10 ' h'> 2 oF [(h 10) isnot soluion i. aken any value of h>-10 say h = 1 and substitute in equation (1) we haye % (2 d4102 - 11 > 0 which negative (1) therefore h > ~ 10 is not a solution , then/h< -10 is a solution ie h>2or h<-10 (1) i =0i time the i If one of the roots of the equation ax? + bx +¢ = Ois four time og other show that 4b? ~ 25ac = 0. 5 2 i =0 Let a, B be the roots of the equation ax" + bx +eThen in (1) a +h=48 +B =5B= — : E r k Example 7: Form an equation for which the sum of the roots is 5 and the sum of the square of the roots is 53 Solution: let a, f be the roots of the equation a+B =5 “(1) w+ =53 from (2) a” +f*= (a+P*)- 2a8 =53 (a+) - 2ap = 53 3 5?- 20 =53 25- 208 =53 - ap = 53-25 = 2ajuired equation is 1 of the roots ) x + product of the roots = 0 sum of the*roots (a+ B)EXERCISE FOUR ct, are the roots of the equation 2x? + 6x = 10 =O find (i Rees Gi) + (ii) of + 6° Gv) a p* 2. If a, B are the roots of the equation px" + qx +¥ = 0. Show that pa+1(B+)=p-a+r b If the roots of ax? + bx + ¢ = 0 differ by 1 show that they are ms and a — 445 and that b? = a (a +4ac). 2a 4. One of the root of the equation 2x? + fx + g =0 is three times the other roots prove that 3f° = 32g. } 5, State the condition that the roots of the ax” + 2bx +c = 0 shall be equal, if | the equation a® x? + 6abx + ac + 8b; = 0. Has equal roots, prove that the roots of the equation ac(x + 1)’ = 4b"x are also equal. -2b If y, 8 are the roots of the ax’ + 2bx +c = 0. Show thaty +8 = —— . a Those a 7 a, B are the roots of the equation x” - 7x + 2 = 0, find without solving the ae equation, the value of (i) @@ +2 Gi), = 4 & 3+ 6 Sele a Obtain the roots of the equation bex? + [b” a(b c)]x + (a+ bia-e)=0 Find the equation whose roots are the reciprocal of the roots of the equation 9 Given that 4(y - 2)’ = k (y- 1), where k is constant (i) show that the sum of the roots equal their product . (ii) Find the value of k for which the difference between the roots is 394. 10. If @, Bare the roots of the ax” + 2bx + c= 0, andy, 8 are the roots of ay x’ +2b,x +c, =0 show that if @q - 7) (B- 8) + (a. 8) 6-¥) =9 then acy + ac = 2bby. 11. The equation 3x’ + 3kx + k= 0, where k is non Find the quadratic equation whose roots are Ese B Ble +B +k)? al@ +f+h) 12, If a, Pare the roots of the (a + b + c)x” + (b + 2c) x + ¢ = 0. Find the B acl atl Bri ero constant has a, B. equation whose roots are expressing the coefficient im terms of a,b, c. 13. Find the ranges of values of k which the equation x” + (k —3)x +k = 0 has jl (i) real distinct roots (ii) roots of the same sign.and ther i, if the d the terms O has Form the equation whose roots ar fe the square of the roots of ax? + bx +.¢ For what values of k has the equation (x + 1 (x +2) = k(x +7) has ‘The roots of the equation x? + px +4 =0 are a, differ by 2V3 and that the sum of the reciprocal Possible value of p and q If ris the ratio of the equation ax? + bx + c= 0. Show that (r +1)°ac =b’r BG) given that the roots Of the roots is 4, find the x m-1 for what value of m will the equation ax-c m+i1 have equal roots in magnitude but opposite sign. “Eee If a, B are the roots of the equation ax? + bx + c= 0 form an equation with l-a lta’ 14+8 For what value of k does the equation 10x” + 4x + 1 = 2kx (2 - x) have equal roots roots 4x+6=0 Find (i) @ - 6°CHAPTER FIVE POLYNOMIAL AND PARTIAL FRACTION tayx! +ag 02 re SOgX" Fag aX"! tp gX"e + An aN eee eee i Sy called the ith coefficient and ajx' is called & a,x! where a) €R , a of the polynomial f a polynomial is the highest power of x in the polynomial. The term ax’ is defined as i, the leading coefficient is the coefficient of the highest power , for the example above the leading coefficient is onstant term is the term with no power of x in it, where ag is the n of the above polynomial 1 olynomial are 1 1) nomial. sis a polynomial with the power of e.g. a,x + ap, 2x +4 Quadratic Polynomial :is polynomial with power of 2 ¢.g. ax” + a)x + ap Cubic polynomial zis a polynomial with power of 3. + ayx” + axyt ay The linear equation and quadratic polynomial has been dealt with in other ci olution of equation with power three or more will be dealt with under th.s cid x) =x°+ 5x + 10x? + 10x? + 5x +1. Determine The leading coefficient (ii) the degree of the polynomial The coefficient of the term involving x° (iv) the constant term Exar Solutior (ii) 5 (iii) 10 (iv) 1 Operation o» polynomial Addition nomial Example 3x'-+ 5x94 11x? x +6, Pa(x) = 6x94 5x2 OKT *) + Px) = 3x44 5x34 11x? x 46+ Ox? + 5x SRE x74 Le + 16x? dx + 13 Subtraction of polynomial The difference of two polynomial P\(x) and P2(x) as defined above is Ex 3 Let Pi(x) =x°+ 3x* + 2x3 x 4.5 Pix) = 2,5_ 4x4 Se Find 3P\(x) - 2P2(x) Solution 3P,(x)_- 2Ps(x) = 3(@'+ 3x°4 Ox* + 6x" = x94 17x" + 12Example 6 Solution 2x" — Ix+ 16 x43) a= Sx +1 20 +60" -IN° - 8x 2 =2h 16x +1 Moe +48 2x3 —x?— 5x41 = (2x?—7x +16)(x +3) 47 Example 7 , Solution Example 8. Solution -.. -47 f(xy = Gx) d(x) +160) Divide x°+ 4x4 3x +5 byx’=2x +1 X 4x8 -3et5 » 2x41 at +4x +2 ax +1) e+ 4x"+ Ox + OV 3x +5 x -20 +27 axe 420 x - lis factor of 2x? 5x + 6= 6 +6 = 6x +6 2x? Sx +6 = (x- x0) - x+2(x -3)&-1) Gi) fo) xtSx’ 451? 4 5226 0) + 251) + 5 (Ly + 50) -6 1-5 +5454 -6 =0 ie. x =1,x -1 =0 Ox - Lisa factor of x4-5x° +5x° + 52-6 ynomial since , the polynomial is Now using method of repeated factor to factorise the poly of poster 4 repeat the factor 4 times follows xt5x? 45x? + 5x- 6 X81) AX Ol) #4 -1) 46. =) xt og? dx? + dx? 4x7 =x 46x 6 (1) For checking Then equation (1) can be written as (2 & - 00 Att x +6) x 5x2 + 5x- = (x - LG Axx +6) Then using, remainder theorem to find the factor of x Then f(x) 34x x +6 fl) = P-4ay+ 1 +6 fj# 0 f-D (ay 4(-1)°- 146 fC) = -1-4-14+6 = vi xt 1 20 => x + Lisa factor of x Axe n +6 hha method of repeated factor to factorise x° -4x"+x +6 xe x +6 (xt 1) +/6(x4 1) —5x + 6x +6 (for checking) Then equation (3) can be written as (xtl (x? = 5x +6) iomeesees He = Oe 5x +6) ~(4) When X2-5x2 45x? + 5x-6 = (x - 1)" 4x74 x +6) xe Orr) ~ 5x +6) = (x It) (x? = 2-3) (iii) Solve the equation x-9x? + 26x”-24 = 09x? + 26x -24 f(1) = 13 -9(1)"+ 26(1) -24 1-94+26-24 =-6#0 f(-1) = (-1)-9¢-1)? + 26-1) -24 = -1-9-26-24 0 {(2) =2° -9(2)? +26(2) -24 = 8-36 +52-24 = 60-60 = 0 ie. x =2, x-2=0,=>x-2 isa factor of x°-9x? + 26x" -24 the method of repeated factors x°-9x? + 26x? -24 xx 2) — 7x(x-2) + 12(x - 2) ~ x2. Tx + 14x + 12x24 (for checking) juation (5) can be written as Then usin: Then x°-9x?-+ 26x?-24 = (x- 2)(x”- 7x + 12) (x- 2)(x- 3)(K -4) = x -2=0,x -3 =0 orx-4=0 x =2.x =3 orn 34 Example 11 x-1,x + 1 are factors of the expression x*#ax"# bx-+c and it leave a remainder 12 when divided by x ~2. Find the value of a, b and c Solution f(x) = xP4ax?4 bx +e =l+a¢bte a+b+c 4 1) +a(-1)? +b¢-1) + ¢ =0 -l+a-b oe a -b tc Z FQ) =) +@)a sho) +e a, 844a +2b +c 4a +2b+c 4a +2b+c Solving equ(1) , (2) and (3) simultaneously at+bte =] a -b+c =1 4a+2b +¢ Solving equation (1) and 2 simultaneously a +bte 81solving equation(2) a a -b+c fa+2b +c asl since a : 1 Substitute for a and c in equation (1) a +b+c b Identity (a+by P43ab + 3ab? + b° (@a-by 3a’b + Sab’ - by a+b? (a+b\(a’—ab+b) abesp (a-b)(a” ab +b") tb +c? = (@+b +c)(a? +b? +c -be —ac — ab) Example 12 Factorise the following . () 21a°b°—8c° (ji) a + bY + c'+3ac( at C) Solution @ 7 8c? U by = (2c? Gab? - 20)(0a"b* + 6acb? + 4c”) (ii) a eb) 4 es3ac( ac) b+ at +¢°43a0( a+ c) b+ @toy (b +a +c )(b*-ab—be +a" + 2ac+c7) PARTIAL FRACTION Example 13 Identity. Find the value of A. B & C in the following identities qi) 22 4x — 2x? = AK - y BO -1(x +3) +C (+3) (ii) Sx 431 = AG +2)K41) + B(x -1NK -5)4 Cx SQ Solution (i) 22 -dx — 2x? = A(x -17 + BO -1(x +3) +C (+3) Chose a value for x so that any two of the letter A or B can be eliminated, Therefore Let. x=h ] 22 -4(1) - 20 = AC 1)? + B(L-1(143) + C(1+ 3)Whenx = - ) b= AL So. 4 BEVIS +3) 40-34 3) 42412-18 16 When x 2 3B4 5c =1-3B 434) Jo2 1-B+D B 9 =p = (x -17'+9(x -I(x 43) 44 (x +3) Ax + 2)(K + D4 BCX Dx 25) + CCK -5)K +2) 3¢-2) + 31 A(-2+2)(-2+1)# B(-2-1)(-2-5) + C(-2-5)(-242) -104+31 21B 21 21B B i (5425+ 1) + BES-1)G-5)+ C(S-5)542) A When x 31 (0+2)(0+1 14 B(O-1)(0-5) + C(0-5)(0+2) 31 =2A+5B -10C ee 31 -(3) + 5(1) -10C 31 =o 4s te 3 1c = SS 3t oo loc a 8415-9. 2 10c = sd) G =7 = 4 WHI + D+ (K-DO -5)- 5 SED) 5x.+31 fa traction into two or more fraction with the ab Partial fraction is slittiny mple 14 Express as partial fraction Solution ees @-De +2) & B x+2 4 Alx +2) + BC @=@+D — &-DOEHD 4 £A(x+ 2) +BCx - 2)( comparing the numerator ofthe When x +404 ok Oat example 15 Express a pains aa G@-D@ +) tl A, Bx+C Solution — ws (x=DO* +) x +1 a got) OG GD’ +) (DG? +) 3x+1 A(x7+ 1) + (Bx +O) -1) ) 3x41 Ax? +A +BxBx+Cx-C 3x41 ‘A +B)x?74+x(C-B)+A-C * Comparing coefficient A+B =0 c-BExample 16 Solution Solving equation(1) & 2 simultaneously A+B =0 C-B A+C Solve equation (3) & $ Simultaneously AC A+C 2A A A-C a -1 From equation (1) A=-B Lea Q@—DOr +H) oo x-1 arhie a4 c i Ge HD Express in partial fraction Fs Ca: x+2 x 1 Axa Bla +2161) + OE?) GEG @12e7 toe age DP#BOx +2)- 1 +664) ACD? + BUA2I-D) + C042) 1 =3¢ pap © oe =2 We * TAY + BGZEI-2D) O22) 1 = 9A ; 95Example 17 Solution 1 A oh 9 When x = 0 ' =AGCIY + BQ) CI + CQ) 1 =A -2B + 2C 1 | i er ge 9 a 1 1 =—+=-28 9 2p = Le eed op 2 lage y t Se) Se G+2@-l) +2 Ge) Kx-¥P 2 Express in partial Fraction oe 4 4d eee @-DG4D x+4 A * B0 ee Ms +2) + BU = 2) 42) oy NS ad when x =2 244 2 A(-242) +B(-2 -2) 2 =-4B B= -% = Bie s 1 akg eee rod x=2 +2 zee sea xea4 x-2 x42 vote 3 4 Foy '*5¢29 paaea itl E le 18 in partial fraction ——— — > xample Express in partial fraction G63) sits "pales X41 _+x-6)H7-9, ole GDA) x +xr6 B+x-6 (2 +x- O49) +26, Toe SF eaaOml ee pe 0 Gece @ts-O40-B, GSA xe +x-6 +x-6) ox = ee e4x-6 GHD . tax) Aa : GARD x43 4-2 Tox __Aarpys B+) @+30-2) x43a x = A(x- 2)+ BR +3) Wiis =2 Pee =A(2-2)+B(2+3 When x 7 -(3)- =A3-2) +B(-3 +3) =-5A12 14 16 el EXERCISE FIVE + 4dxt 3x + Sby x) -2 2x +1 ».) tS ibyx =| ¢ ACH A? ED byte (d) vay? by boyd i) x ° following equation (i) a! $144.6 =0 Gi) 9x! 44¢ ) 37 equation 3x3+ x? -8x 44 e the equation x* -2x°- 6x7-2x +1=0, (hintlety= x44 > x Solve the equation y* 2y42y*. 2y +1 =0 (hint let 2=-y4+4 a Solve the equation 4x44 17x34 8x74 17x +4 = 0 Solve the equation x* -5x°+ 10x? -10x +4 =Of hint let y = The expression ax*+ bx +c is divided by x - 1 has remainder 2 when divided by x + 1 and has remainder 8 when divided by x — 2. Fina the value of a, b andc If the expression ax*+bx*. x74 3 has remainder 3x+ 5 when it is divided by x°.x-2.. Find the value of a and b se the following +b°+c*-2be—2ac + 2ab (b) —_ a* + 8b* + 27c°- 18abe @ atta’? +b* (2a -b)' +(a-—By Kab) Prove that a E : d‘ +a @ +ab Ex followii tion f 3 — at xr = 1) i Gx + Det) Qnt18 3x? +20 i“ (xt 3-2) Bieta) alate 5 a (&+3G-D1 21 _—_ ae 457 £6 2et-28 442-2 BO ee mj GD +1 ~ tant Da (x+DGF +4) x a ——— 7” = a= 1)? xx— 1)? x 41 28 a 29, Met IP @+D@=) USequences The @) (c) 1, 4,3, Example 1: example 2: Solution: CHAPTER SIX SEQUENCES AND SERIES of the following are examples of sequences. By5, 7, a Bee Wh, ty ass os 9 16, 5, 36, 7, 64, ----—— A sequences is defined by the rule U, = U;.1 + Ur-2 for rz 3 With U\= 1, U= 2. Find the first 7 terms of this sequences. 1, Ur=2 Up= Ure + Ur-2 Us.1 + U3-2 U2 +Ur 24153 Us = Ug-1 + Us-2 U3 +U2 3 +2 Us.1+Us-2 Ug + Us 5 +3=8 Us +Us 8 +5=13 Uy = Ue + Us = 1346 =21 The sum of the n terms of @ series is given by Sa = value of n. Find Ur 2d) 2¢-1 Br + 1 + 2r- at = 2n for allExample 3: Then nee: cediee de ee 1S given by ena - 4] y 45] | Find the value of a and b, and obtain # Solution: fl Egn. (1) 3 ‘ \ gn. (2)xi h formula for the sum of the n term of the series: 6(9a + 16b) = 144 9a + 16b = 24 Solve eqn. (1) & (2) simultaneously 3a+4b=12 Oat 16b 9a + 12b= 36 eExample 4: Solution : Eqn. (1)- Eqn.(2) Example 5: Solution: Ty-1= a+ (n—2)d, Ta =a + (9 — The fitti tcim of an arithmsetic progression is 19 and the fourtes is 55 Find (i) its first term and the common difference (i) the 31" () Us=a+4d at+4d=19 sorsacaraaomnenon (1) Uy=at 13d © a $1BG= 55 snnnencnennmmennn (2) Solve the Eqn. (1) & (2) simultaneously a+ 4d=19 . Substitute for d in Eqn. (1) at+4(4)=19 a+16 =19 a=19-16 a=3 (i) Us1 sa +30d =3 +30(4) =3+120 = 123 The sum of three consecutive terms of an AP is 6, and product 90. Find the terms. Let the term be a~d,a,at+d a-dtata+d=6 3a=6 ee (a-d)2(a+d) =-90 (ad) (a+d)2 =- 90 @- dla +a) = -45 a_d?=-45 a=2 d=27 Then AP. are a-d,a,a+d when d =7 2-7, 2,247 52,9 When d = -7 24+7,2,2-7Example 6: bi, care A.P, show that —eagg Do agi bt+e’ cta’ atb AP. Solution: Let a’, b?, c? be three nee term ‘of A P, Common difference d = b? — ine 1 1 Let ‘ — cue bee’ cea’ gap Pethitee consecutive term of an A.P. 2 ba eta bt+e atb cha btc-(ct+a)_(c+a)-(a+5) (c+ab+c) (atbera) b+e-c-a _cta-a-b (c+a\b+e) (a+b\(c+a) ie Be (c+a\b+o (a+ be +a) [(b— a)(a +b i(c+a)= ( +a)e-b) Cb 0)] (b-ayb 4a) = (c-b)(c +b) beam -b Sum of the n' term of an Arithmetic Progression _@ Sy=at atd+ at2d +...a+(n-2d4 at(n—id ; cag, Shas (a ~1)d] +atd+ at2d +.tat(n-2)d+adn-ld ] (n — 1)d + 2a+(n-1)d tatd+..ta ® 2Sq = 2at (n= 1)d-+2a + (n= d+ ...2a (n= 1)d a+ (n— 1d 2S, =n [2a+ (n- 1d] \ S,= =[a +(n-1)d] Prove: Example 7: _ The first term of an A.P. is 7 and the last term is 70 and the series is 385. Find the number of terms in: the set common eiftence T,=70, Sy =385 se ple +t ]=385 Solution: [7 +70] = 385cid n [77] = 385 x2 71n = 770 n =10 T, =a+(n—1)d Tyo=a+9d * 70 =a+9d 0: =7.+94 70°—7'= 9d 63 =9d e 8: The sum of all the positive integers less than {00 which are multip ib T,=98 - Id i ec T+In-7=9) gn 98° n=14 Example 9: The third term of an AP is 18, and the seventh term is 30.1 sum of the first 33 terms: Solution: =U; =a+2b a+ 2d=18 Ur = a+6d a+ 6d =30 - (1) Solve (1) & (2) simultaneously a +2d=18 - 0 - Egn, (1) Eqn. (2) 12 d=3 Substitute for d in Eqn. (1) at2d =18 a+2(3) =18 a+6 =18