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PRONUNCIATION NHA.

A (Khương): Good morning everyone, welcome to our group

presentation. Before we start, I have a quick question. How do you
access new information daily? Maybe through facebook, tik tok or twitter.
So those are called the media. The term includes channels of
communication through which people are informed, instructed and
entertained. And today we will focus on the media in the US. In addition,
I want to provide you with a term which we would see a lot during this
presentation, “the first amendment of the bill of rights”. The First
Amendment provides that Congress make no law respecting an
establishment of religion or prohibiting its free exercise. It protects
freedom of speech, the press, assembly, and the right to petition the
Government for a redress of grievances. Now let’s get started.

We’d like to divide this chapter into 6 parts

1. The media history
2. Freedom of media
3. The contemporary print media
4. The contemporary broadcasting media
5. The internet
6. Issues

Talking about US media, it refers to 4 main things. Firstly, print media

such as newspapers, books, and magazines. Secondly the broadcast
media includes television, radio. Thirdly, new media sources, for
instance: the internet, ebooks, smartphones. And finally, social media
like facebook, twitter, instagram. The American communications system
conveys words, images and messages to a mass audience and are a
powerful and influential part of daily life. The media may influence public
opinion and shape attitudes by deciding what is newsworthy and
therefore publishable, although there is resistance to their dominant role.
Historically, the government has tried to license and muzzle the media
(to little real effect after Independence in 1776 and with the First
Amendment guaranteeing freedom of the press in 1791). With such
power, the media is considered, according to Edmund Burke “There
were three estates in the Parliament (executive, legislative, and judicial);
but, in the reporters’ gallery yonder, there sat a fourth estate more
important far than they all”. It claims to be guardian of US democracy
and argues for equal status with the political and judicial branches of
government. However, the media today is subject to considerable
criticism and pressure as groups with different views attempt to promote
reform of media outlets. Power accessing could be gained through
media sources, that’s why you see politicians make use of media
sources to influence voters, particularly at the election times. Thanks to
the increased technology availability, political life and national and
international events became more immediate for Americans. But the
mass of information and images may also confuse and desensitize
audiences, leading to distrust and rejection of the media and their
methods of persuasion

Now let’s dig deeper into the media history

Books and newspapers were the first media to emerge in early American
history due to a public need for news, education and information. Book
production increased when a printing press was set up in 1683 in
Cambridge, MA. Presses and the print media were controlled politically
by the British colonial authorities. Benjamin Harris and his
newspaper, Publick Occurrences was the first multi-page newspaper
published in British colonial America, on September 25, 1690. However,
no second edition was ever printed because the account angered the
colonial government, which ordered the immediate suspension of the
paper, only four days later on September 29, 1690.

In the 18th century

Newspapers developed quickly and gained influence. They gained
influence and readership as they fought against licensing control and
responded to political events and the demands of a growing population
for information and communication. The first relatively comprehensive
newspaper, James Franklin’s New England Courant (image), was
published in Boston in 1721. Papers were a unifying force in the fight
for independence from the British and communicated news of
east-coast revolt to western settlers (compare to VN war)
Magazines were the last journalistic print media to emerge,
expanded more slowly than newspapers and were partly influenced
by middle-class wishes for entertainment and education. This is the
first magazine which is American Magazine by Andrew Bradford.
As the population grew and expanded westwards, the social role of the
print media was emphasized. After the War for Independence,
newspapers declined in quality as they became abusive and biased
propaganda tools of political parties. So newspapers gained the
protection of the First Amendment of the Bill of Rights in 1791, which
guaranteed freedom of speech and the press was bolstered by later
court decisions. This development formed the basis of “prior restraint”
which is the doctrine that the authorities cannot muzzle the press before
publication. And that’s all for the 18th century. 19th century will be
presented by my friend

B (Phương Nghi): By the mid 19th century, the print media became
more influential as social and cultural forces. Literacy rates increased
and an expansion of schools and libraries created a mass market of
readers. High-speed presses were manufactured to satisfy the demand
for news, entertainment, education and information. The market for
novels, textbooks and general books increased as publishers organized
the book industry into its modern structure. There was a strong demand
for novels, which sold in large numbers, and many were written by
women. For example Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen or
Frankenstein by Mary Shelley or The Awakening by Kate Chopin. The
important part of publishing firms’ structure is still paperbacks and they
are relatively inexpensive purchases for consumers.
Newspapers became a cheap and genuine mass medium and rapidly
increased. They were mostly owned and edited by powerful and
influential individuals who were personally involved in their papers. They
introduced new publishing methods and forms of communication. So
who are they? James Gordon Bennett with the New York Herald in 1835,
Horace Greeley with New York Tribune in 1841, Henry Raymond with
The New York Times in 1851 and others improved news-gathering
methods and developed innovative newspaper structures like foreign
correspondents, reporters, use of telegraph and fast transportation. By
the end of the 19th century, William Randolph Hearst with the New York
Journal and Joseph Pulitzer with the World dominated US
newspapers.So Pulitzer and Hearst were rivals in a struggle for bigger
circulation figures, producing papers which mixed sensational news
reporting which is called yellow journalism, with social crusading. Yellow
journalism is associated newspapers that present little or no legitimate,
well-researched news while instead using eye-catching headlines for
increased sales or báo lá cải. A significant development occurred when
E.W Scripps founded the first newspaper chain (a collectivist structure
under one owner) from 1889 and became an important trend in the 20th
century. Newspapers and other print media were established as the
primary means of communication for the population and had a very large
readership but journalism also became big business for some news
organizations, which focused less on social crusading and accurate
reporting and more on profitable populist material

Moving on to the 20th century. Although the total number of daily

newspapers declined from the 19th century, personal newspaper
ownership continued in the early 20th century. Owners and editors also
realized that readers were more attracted to objective reporting rather
than bias. Newspapers became more conservative because advertising,
on which they now depended financially, replaced circulation figures as
the main source of income. Advertisers initially aimed at a middle-class
market but later divided the population into all the class and income
groups. Different types of newspapers appeared, which reflected varied
lifestyles, social status, education, political ideologies and consumption
levels. Magazines and newspapers were similar in form and content and
often embarked on crusading investigative journalism, which President
Theodore Roosevelt called “muckraking” meaning exposing scandal
and corruption. Investigative journalism had previously been largely
political, but it now also included criticism of the general social system
and attempted to gain public support for specific campaigns. Such
investigative reporting became a feature of the print industries and
spread to radio and television later in the 20th century.
The biggest trial of the print media at that time was Hollywood’s silent
films and later was sound motion pictures, which became the dominant
entertainment sources of the 1920s and 1930s. However, these forms of
media also had to compete with radio broadcasting in the 1920s since it
provided a new national and world perspective for many Americans. It
unified the country and city, minimized rural isolation, and contributed
greatly to cultural standardization. Commercial tv was introduced in
1939, but the Second World War and conflicts between competing tv
production companies hindered its progress. After the war, tv began to
be the dominant in the field.

Today, in the 21st century, the US has the most varied mass media in
the world. It’s undeniable that US books, dramas, comedies, series, films
and music attract a global following. In the early 21st century, we also
saw great advances for the Internet and other electronic or digital media
such as smartphones, social networking sites. On the other hand, it is
also argued that largely unregulated new media can lead to
irresponsibility, abuse or inaccuracy. That’s all for history, we are now
focusing on the freedom of the media.

C (Ngọc Khánh):

Freedom of the media

So as we’ve provided you a term before we started, “The First
Amendment”. The First Amendment to the Constitution states that
Congress shall not make any law that abridges “freedom of speech, or of
the press”. In today's life, the media in general claim equal treatment
under the FA and there is no overt government censorship of content or
form.

This protection from government control has enabled the press to serve
as a watchdog over official actions, executive abuses and violations of
individual rights. The watchdog metaphor imbues the press with the role
of being a forum for discussion, investigators of impropriety, an
adversary to monopoly over power and knowledge and the defenders of
truth, freedom and democracy.
US attitudes to the constitutional freedoms are divided. Most of them
think the press holds the right amount of freedom, the rest argue that the
press has too much or too little of freedom to do what it wants.
The media in pursuing their constitutional rights. They have challenged
the public authorities by publishing official secrets, revealing classified
documents and exposing corrupt practices, unethical behavior and
injustices in American life, which directly led to tension between the
media and public authorities.

For example, in 1971, The Washington Post and The New York Times
published the “Pentagon Papers’. These classified US defense papers
revealed that The United States had secretly enlarged the scope of its
action in the Resistance war against the United States from 1945 to
1967. Surprisingly, after government appeals, the Supreme Court ruled
that the newspapers had a constitutional right to publish the information.
The media’s role, influence, and power is still a controversial and
debatable question. Critics argued that the media have become too
powerful and influential, that their freedom should be curtailed, and that
they should show more responsibility.

The news media are accused of bias, distorted journalism, invasion of

privacy, manipulation of events, and most importantly they are actively
trying to shape public opinion. There is a close bond which is arguably
unhealthy between authorities and the media. Each needs and uses the
other to mutual advantage. The mainstream press has historically
tended to ignore the private lives of its political leaders, however, this
relationship has changed since many forms of media probe the private
and official lives of public figures, which they argued that such people
have chosen their roles and maybe investigated, particularly if their
private actions affect their public duties. The internet, social media and
interactive talk radio have expanded opportunities for extreme
commentary, abuse, scandal-mongering and disclosure of classified
information.

The contemporary print media

As we’ve mentioned, in today's presentation we will focus on 2 types of
media, print media and broadcast media. First we now focus on the print
media and its contemporary. Print media includes the newspaper,
magazines, and book publishing. Let’s have a look at each.
In 2013, around 1395 daily newspapers were published in the US with
a circulation of 40.7 million. 40.7 million is a big number, however, to the
print media, that was a decrease from 2010 and this pattern of print
decline continues after 2010. Newspapers cater to different readerships.
Some are characterized as “quality” or “serious” papers, which tend to
be located in the big cities, and have in-depth international and national
news. Others are “popular”, which emphasize crime, sports, sex and
scandals. However, some US papers have pretensions on quality and
seriousness rather than sensational presentation.

US magazines were more successful than those of other countries in

this field, but sales and the number of publications have declined
significantly since 1999. Rising costs of production and paper led to
smaller formats and fewer magazines, classic publications did not
survive as weeklies. However, general magazines are an important
element of American cultural Life. They were originally designed for
entertainment, but they could also be influential in social and political
areas.

Last but not least, Books publishing. There was a concern in the 20th
century that radio or film or TV might reduce the appeal of buying and
reading books. In fact, book purchases increased and the US led the
world in the number of books read per person. However, book sales
have fluctuated. Although computers, tablets and ebooks were expected
to eradicate print books, publishers have continued to produce new
books, particularly business, medical, law or scientific. The future of the
printed book continues to be debated, but paperback books are the most
popular format of units sold, hardback books sales have grown, online
sales are strong, but purchases from physical stores are increasing. A
large export trade has contributed to the worldwide influence of
American books, especially in the scientific and technological fields.

D: Following the print media is broadcasting media. The broadcasting

system is characterized by its diversity and division into commercial and
non commercial sectors. The commercial sector is largely financed by
businesses which pay to advertise goods or services before, during and
after programs. The non commercial sectors, on the other hand, do not
carry advertising, are largely non profit, funded by individual
subscriptions, private bodies or the government, and have to survive on
relatively limited budgets. All radio and TV stations must be licensed to
broadcast by the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) which is
an independent federal agency, grants limited licenses to applicants.
There is no direct government censorship of broadcasting content, but
the FCC with its licensing power, does regulate media ownership by
trying to ensure that there are no monopolies and that a variety of
services and programs are provided throughout the country.

In broadcasting media, we will focus on TV, cable TV and radio. Let’s

start with TV first. As you guys can see, this graph illustrates
broadcasting devices in American households in 2014. Apparently, 99%
owned at least 1 tv set and 84% had two or more; 80.9% had a dvd
player; 48.5% had a dvr. Although there is a competition between the
network share and online news, TV is still an important source of news
for Americans.

Most commercial TV stations are affiliated with and receive many

programs from the current Big Four private TV networks. Big 4 are ABC,
NBC, CBS, Fox Broadcasting Company. Actually at first, there were only
big3, Fox wasn’t included. However, with its popular shows such as The
Family Guy, Brooklyn 99, or Glee, Fox broke the dominance of the
original big 3 networks.
Most TV programs follow the same formats and are shown at the same
time during “prime time” (8pm to 11pm). I bet that some of us have
watched many of these shows before, right?

Since the 1980s, Big3 has faced the challenge of independent TV

stations that were originally unaffiliated with the networks and broadcast
programming, satellite TV and cable system. There has been a big
increase in religious and ethnic cable stations and channels nationwide
for African, Spanish, Latino, Jewish, Japanes, Portuguese, Greek or
Korean interests. Challenges also came from made-for-internet
programs such as Netflix and Amazon, whose monthly viewers have
grown rapidly.
The last feature in broadcasting is radio. Radio had a dramatic impact
after its commercial introduction to the US. Its immediate function helped
to unify the population of the cities and the countryside, increased
national and world awareness of Americans, informed them about the
events of the Second World War, and allowed political leaders to reach a
mass audience. Big cities have a large number of stations and different
formats. AM = news, sports; FM = music.

Finally, the most familiar media sources, the Internet. The original
internet was used by the US Defense Department in 1969 to improve
information exchange and communication between government
agencies. In the 1980s, the development of hardware and software
enabled other computer networks to use the government system. In the
1990s, the WWW became commercially available. Email broke the
monopoly of letter and postal delivery until it was later challenged by
mobile phone texting or we usually call SMS, which declined in 2012 and
gave way to smartphones and social networking sites such as Facebook
or Twitter.

Barriers of gender, age, income or education among online users have

broken. Individuals and organizations have built their own websites and
cyber expansion created new search engines such as Google, Yahoo or
Bing. The 21st century, the century that we're living in, has seen great
advances for the Internet and other forms of electronic or digital media in
the US. The sales of smartphones became the biggest growth since
2010, which increasingly use a variety of other media platforms.
Technological growth has made the Internet an important part of a sales
market for producers of goods and services and a platform for online
shopping, which led directly to the loss of business of malls and physical
shops.

On the contrary, the Internet and social media have also been seen as a
growing threat to personal privacy and property rights. Databases are
hacked for information about usage habits, financial history or contact
information. The increase in blogging and social media illustrates the
positive and negative sides of the Internet. Blogs usually contain
personal thought and can be a democratic method of spreading ideas or
opinions. But social media can be abusive with extreme views and
personal attack. An ongoing debate about the Internet is concerned with
whether and how it should be supervised and regulated.

B (Phương Nghi): The U.S. media has come under intense scrutiny,
with analysts, politicians, and even journalists themselves accusing it of
bias and sensationalism. The prevailing logic has an “if only” tenor: If
only the media had been less swayed by shocking stories, if only bias in
the media had been purged, if only fake news had been eliminated, if
only the headlines were more accurate, the outcome would have been
different. This is only a few out of hundreds problems that the US media
is facing. Clickbait which is using exaggerated language or omitted
information to entice readers to click on it. Or good vs evil where a frame
is framed that fits people into victim, villain or hero. Deplatforming could
be a familiar case in which an individual is banned from publishing on
platforms, I am talking about Trump who has been permanently
suspended or Kanye’s twitter account was locked for 2 days after he was
suspended on Instagram. But to the question “Is the media doomed?”,
our answer is a sobering no. This is for two reasons: the way news is
produced and amplified and the way consumers process news. The
rumor can be true or false, the context can be stripped but it’s our choice
to choose what to believe, we consume what we want to. That’s also the
end of our presentation. If you have any questions, please feel free to
ask.