Pool Billiard

An OpenGL-based billiard simulation

Stefan HUBER
Kamran SAFDAR
Andreas SCHRÖCKER

Fachbereich Computerwissenschaften
Universität Salzburg

June 10, 2009

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Table of Contents

1 Modelling the Balls

2 Modelling the Table

3 Force Simulation

4 Viewing

5 Animation

6 Control

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Outline

1 Modelling the Balls

An Introduction to Texture Mapping
What is Texture Mapping?
2D Texture Mapping
Texture Mapping a Sphere
Texturing the Billiard Balls
Drawing the Billiard Balls using OpenGL

2 Modelling the Table

3 Force Simulation

4 Viewing

5 Animation

6 ControlS. Huber, K. Safdar, A. Schröcker: Pool Billiard, An OpenGL-based billiard simulation 3/34
The Ball

Rendered using a sphere (gluSphere)

with unit radius, 50 slices and 50 stacks.
A texture image is wrapped around it to
give it a look of billiard ball.

Figure: Wire Sphere

Figure: Texture image

Figure: Textured Sphere

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Texture Mapping

Mapping of a function, called a texture

map, onto a surface.
Can be understood as gluing a 2D
image onto the surface of a 3D object.
Pioneered by Edwin Catmull in 1974.
Can be used to enhance the aesthetic
appearance of an object at a relatively
Figure: A 2D image mapped onto a
small computational cost. 3D cylinder.
Image source: http://prosjekt.ffi.no/unik-4660/
lectures04/chapters/Basic.html

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2D Texture Mapping

The 2D texture space is defined in terms of parameters s and t each

ranging from 0 to 1.
For each point in the 3D object space, a corresponding point in the 2D
texture space, called a texel, is mapped.
While rendering the 3D object, each point (x , y , z ) is assigned a color
value computed from the corresponding 2D texel value (s, t ).

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Geometry of a Sphere

z
Geometrically stating, a sphere with
radius r centred at C (xc , yc , zc ) is
the locus of points
Pi (x , y , z ), (0 ≤ i ≤ n), such that P
t r

(x − xc )2 +(y − yc )2 +(z − zc )2 = r 2 C
s
For any point P (x , y , z ) on surface y
P0
of the sphere, let s be the angle
−−→
from +x-axis to CP 0 , and t be the x
−→
angle from +z-axis to CP, such
that (0 ≤ s ≤ 2π) and (0 ≤ t ≤ π).

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Geometry of a Sphere

z
The parametric representation can
be explained mathematically as:

x = xc + r · sin t · cos s P
y = yc + r · sin t · sin s t r
z = zc + r · cos t
C
s
with s ∈ [0, 2π] and t ∈ [0, π] y
P0
So, if we know the coordinates of a
x
point P (x , y , z ) on surface of the
sphere, then we can easily find out
the values of parameters s and t.

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Billiard Ball Textures

The textures are 512 × 256 RAW images.

The lines marked as North pole and South pole are mapped onto single
points at the poles.

0 s 1
North pole
0

t 256

1
512 South pole

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Mapping the Ball Textures

−z
t=0
North pole
−y
s = 0.5
Texture coordinates are assigned such
that: −x

s = 0.00 at y = +r
s = 0.25 at x = +r +x
t = 0.0 at z = −r
s = 0.50 at y = −r
t = 1.0 at z = +r
s = 0.75 at x = −r
s = 1.00 at y = +r s=1
+y s = 0
t=1
South pole
+z

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The Basic Algorithm

Draw the Billiard Ball

Load the texture map in memory
Create a quadric object
Enable texturing of the quadric object
Draw a quadric Sphere, generate texture coordinates for it as per the
scheme already known and load the texels
Do garbage collection and house keeping

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 Drawing the Billiard Balls using OpenGL

1 void DrawBall ()
2 {
3 GLuint texture_map ;
4 GLUquadric * qobj = gluNewQuadric () ;
5
6 texture_map = LoadTextureRAW (" textures /2. raw " , true , 512 , 256) ;
7 glEnable ( GL_TEXTURE_2D );
8 glBindTexture ( GL_TEXTURE_2D , texture_map );
9 gluQuadricTexture ( qobj , GL_TRUE );
10 gluSphere ( qobj ,1 ,50 ,50) ;
11 gluDeleteQuadric ( qobj );
12 glDeleteTextures ( 1, & texture_map );
13 glDisable ( GL_TEXTURE_2D );
14 }

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Outline

1 Modelling the Balls

2 Modelling the Table

Drawing the Table
Texturing the Table

3 Force Simulation

4 Viewing

5 Animation

6 Control

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Structure of the Table

quad strip quad strip

rectangle rectangle
The Table is axis
aligned.
Rectangular planes
trapezoid
GL QUADS
Pockets
GL QUAD STRIPS
GL TRIANGLE FAN triangle
GL TRIANGLES
quad strip

triangle fan
trapezoid
triangle
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Drawing the Edge

Draw a half of and a quarter of a circle

with brute-force scan-conversion
algorithm
Save the points in two arrays
Connect the points with
GL QUAD STRIPS
For the hole: Draw an arc and use
GL TRIANGLE FAN

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Drawing the Legs

A cylinder is drawn
void gluCylinder()
And closed with
void gluDisk()

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Symmetric Construction of the Table

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Full Table

We make use
of the
symmetry in
the table’s
geometry.
One quarter
of a table is
drawn 4 times
with
glScalef().

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Table Texture

Two different raw files: Wooden texture and green cloth texture
The texture coordinates are specified with glTexCoord2d(u,v)
For GL QUADS: Set u,v to (0.0,0.0), (0.0,1.0), (1.0,0.0), (1.0,1.0)
For the rest: Calculate u,v so that it looks properly

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Outline

1 Modelling the Balls

2 Modelling the Table

3 Force Simulation

4 Viewing

5 Animation

6 Control

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Force Simulation

Orthogonal projection for drawing in 2D

glOrtho(0, 10.0, 0.0, 10.0, -1, 1);
We used three GL QUADS with different
blending functions
Black background:
glBlendFunc(GL ZERO,GL ZERO)
Color slide: glBlendFunc(GL ONE,
GL ZERO)
Transparent slide:
glBlendFunc(GL DST COLOR,
GL SRC ALPHA)

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Outline

1 Modelling the Balls

2 Modelling the Table

3 Force Simulation

4 Viewing
Camera Movement

5 Animation

6 Control

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A Top View

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A Strike Direction View

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Looking at the Center of the Table

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 Setting Camera in Display Function

1 switch ( nCameraState )
2 {
3 case CAM_SHOOTING :
4 gluLookAt ( eye_x , eye_y , eye_z ,
5 arrBalls [0]. pos .x ,0.285 , arrBalls [0]. pos .z ,
6 0.0 , 1.0 , 0.0) ;
7 break;
8
9 case CAM_OVERVIEW :
10 gluLookAt (0 ,35 ,0 , 0 ,0 ,0 , 1.0 , 0.0 , 0.0) ;
11 break;
12
13 case CAM_CENTER :
14 gluLookAt ( eye_x , eye_y , eye_z , 0 ,0 ,0 , 0.0 , 1.0 , 0.0) ;
15 break;
16 }

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Outline

1 Modelling the Balls

2 Modelling the Table

3 Force Simulation

4 Viewing

5 Animation
Movement and Friction
Rotation of Balls
Collision with the Cushion
Collision of Balls

6 Control
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Movement and Rotation of Balls

Movement: Adding a constant vector to the position.

Friction: Simulated by subtracting a part of the movement vector.

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Rotation of Balls

In real life, movement of a ball is understood as:

Displacement from start position
Revolution around its center in the direction of movement
Rotation matrix is stored for every ball and applied when drawing - on
every step of animation a new rotation matrix is multiplied on this stored
matrix

x 2 (1 − c ) + c xy (1 − c ) − zs xz (1 − c ) + ys
 
0
yx (1 − c ) + zs y 2 (1 − c ) + c yz (1 − c ) − xs 0
xz (1 − c ) − ys yz (1 − c ) + xs z 2 (1 − c ) + c
 
0
0 0 0 1

c = cos(angle), s = sin(angle), k(x , y , z )k = 1

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Collision with the Cushion

The ball is reflected back when it strikes the cushion.

Reflection is calculated by changing the sign of x or z component of the
movement vector (remember, cushions are parallel to x or z axis).

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Collision of Balls

-(a-b)

A
a

(a-b)

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 Collision of Balls

1 void ball_check_collision (struct BALL * b1 , struct BALL * b2 ) {

2 GLdouble b1b2_norm ;
3 Vertex v1 , v2 , vdiff , b1b2 ;
4
5 vec_diff (& b2 ->pos , &b1 ->pos , & b1b2 );
6 b1b2_norm = norm (& b1b2 );
7 if ( b1b2_norm < BALL_DIAMETER ) {
8 GLdouble s1 = vec_dotp (& b1 -> move , & b1b2 )/ b1b2_norm ;
9 GLdouble s2 = vec_dotp (& b2 -> move , & b1b2 )/ b1b2_norm ;
10 GLdouble sd = fabs (s1 - s2 );
11
12 vec_mult (& b1b2 , 1/ b1b2_norm , & b1b2 ); // build unit-vector of b1b2
13
14 vec_mult (& b1b2 , -sd , & v1 );
15 vec_mult (& b1b2 , sd , & v2 );
16
17 vec_add (& b1 -> move , &v1 , &b1 -> move ); // new speed of the balls
18 vec_add (& b2 -> move , &v2 , &b2 -> move );
19 }
20 }

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Outline

1 Modelling the Balls

2 Modelling the Table

3 Force Simulation

4 Viewing

5 Animation

6 Control

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Control

Left and right arrow keys: Rotate around the y-axis

Up and down arrow keys: Move towards the ball and
backwards (eye y does not change)
The keys ’y’ and ’Y’: Decrease and increase eye y
Left mouse button: Push the ball

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