Wind Tunnel Lab Aya ElAlfy CU2000529

("Flow Passed Immersed Bodies Aerodynamic/ Wind Tunnel Lab - Bing images", 2021)

Aya ElAlfy
CU2000529
Mechanical Engineering
School of engineering
Coventry University-The knowledge Hub Universities
9th of December, 2021

Engineering Application-TKH5033MAA
Lab instructor: Micheal Whba

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Wind Tunnel Lab Aya ElAlfy CU2000529

Abstract
This lab report investigates the key standers of understanding the aerodynamical
specifications of the operation of a wind tunnel and its design. The apparatus used was the
manual Aerodynamic Tunnel, “TA300/300C”, which is a wind tunnel created to examine
subsonic aerodynamics in a tunnel with incompressible subsonic flow and in open circuit. This
apparatus indicates the different aspects that effect the drag and the lift forces over an airfoil. It
introduced the sensor calibration concept and how it effects the reading. Furthermore, it
demonstrates the major impact of the flaps drag model “TA10/300” and slaps on the
aerodynamics of an airfoil. In this experiment both the air streamlines flow and the pressure
distribution over the air foil shape. Fore model NACA 0009 air foil test section, two different
speeds will run the wind tunnel and the pressure distribution will be recorded in the
streamlines and manometer flow. The results were gotten and plotted on graphs with
important discussion.

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Wind Tunnel Lab Aya ElAlfy CU2000529

Table of Contents
Abstract.......................................................................................................................................................2
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................5
Real life vs wind tunnel............................................................................................................................5
Apparatus....................................................................................................................................................5
Experiment 1...............................................................................................................................................6
Method 1.................................................................................................................................................6
Analysis....................................................................................................................................................7
Errors.....................................................................................................................................................12
Experiment 2.............................................................................................................................................12
General Description...............................................................................................................................12
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................13
References.................................................................................................................................................14

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Wind Tunnel Lab Aya ElAlfy CU2000529

List of figures

Figure 1 Wind Tunnel Fan............................................................................................................................6

Figure 2 Wing with Flaps.............................................................................................................................7
Figure 3 Subsonic Wind Tunnel...................................................................................................................7
Figure 4 Testing Results...............................................................................................................................8
Figure 5 Force Vs Velocity Graph.................................................................................................................8
Figure 6 Force vs angle Graph.....................................................................................................................9
Figure 7 Stall..............................................................................................................................................10
Figure 8 Flaps and camber.........................................................................................................................11
Figure 9 Flaps and AOA..............................................................................................................................11
Figure 10 Force vs Flaps.............................................................................................................................11
Figure 11 Force vs flaps & Slaps Graph......................................................................................................12
Figure 12 Flaps and slats ...........................................................................................................................12
Figure 13 Aerodynamic Tunnel..................................................................................................................13

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Wind Tunnel Lab Aya ElAlfy CU2000529

Introduction
The wind tunnels are a device to reproduce and analyze what is the effect of air and how it
performs moving past any kind of object usually solid. They are frequently used in the
aerospace and automotive industry to help adjust and manufacture designs best suitable for
their use. Scale model wind tunnel testing performs ("Aerodynamic Tunnel, 50 x 250
a significant role in the aerodynamic progress stage for numerous mm | EDIBON ®", 2021)
applications. The wind tunnel is a huge array of tubes with air
circulating inside by an efficient fan shown in figure1, measuring protest attached in a
certain location within the tubes, and instrumented with appropriate
sensors to measure various aerodynamic statistics and features.
Measuring a static object is easier by examining the aerodynamical
characteristics of each constituent individually and identifying their interaction. Aside from a
scale reproduction of every minute feature and surface roughness, every sample evaluated
must be mathematically equivalent to the model. (Alhoussaini, 2018)
Real life vs wind tunnel
The primary distinction between a real-life application and a wind tunnel is that in the
former, the air is static, and the body is penetrating it, whereas in the latter, the body is
stationary and the air flows through it. Furthermore, wind tunnels were used to evaluate
multiblock models and how they will be affected by wind, which aided civil engineers in
developing more high-rise structures that can survive winds by upgrading structural and
exterior designs. It was used to inspect and manufacture athletic equipment such as golf balls,
Olympic cyclists, and auto racing helmets. (Alhoussaini, 2018)
One is for air removal and the other for stimulation. Due to the air traveling in a loop the
machine is relatively efficient where its fundamental energy produced at first is recycled to
keep the speed at the level required.
Apparatus
The "TA300/300C" shown in figure3 manual Aerodynamic Tunnel, 300 × 300 mm, is a wind
tunnel developed to investigate subsonic aerodynamics in an open circuit with immiscible
subsonic flow. A speed control fan placed at the tunnel's exit end draws air in. A variety of
models and components are provided, enabling for a thorough examination of subsonic
aerodynamics. The unit consists of many tunnel pieces. Section, working area, lips, contraction,
diffuser, and fan are panned in the sequence where the flow traverses them.
The working area is located after the contraction. It is a continuous aspect tract where the
prototypes to be examined are made, and the transverse section dimensions are greater than
the models. It is composed of clear acrylic resin so that the models can be seen. A Pitot static
tube is used on the upper side to analyze static pressure, dynamic pressure, and total pressure.
At the tunnel exit, a diffuser is put to avoid the production of turbulences, which might
damage the current quality in the working area. A more uniform velocity profile at the working
area is provided by an axial-flow fan located at the tunnel's discharge end.

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Wind Tunnel Lab Aya ElAlfy CU2000529

There are a total of sixty unique pressure-taking tapings (along the tube and in the various
versions). The machine has thirty differential pressure sensors to detect static pressure.
To bridge the distance, the prototypes are installed above a circular hatch and linked to the
working space. They are kept in place by knobs on the side wall of the working area.
("Aerodynamic Tunnel, 50

("Aerodynamic Tunnel, 50 x 250 mm | EDIBON ",

2021) ("Aerodynamic Tunnel, 50 x
250 mm | EDIBON ", 2021)

Figure 3 Subsonic Wind Tunnel

Experiment 1
Drag Wing with Flaps model shown in Figure2 was used for the
experiment: the model was tested on its own by attaching it too the Figure 2 Wing with Flaps
strut in the open testing area and being operated by the technician.
the procedure was testing shown in figure4 the testing result, every component in a set of
velocity varies from 400 to 500 RPM with different angles ranging from 0 to 15. Special software
generates data sensed by sensors mounted to the strut and records it to do the necessary
calculations for all forms and the boundary layer.
‫ן‬ speed Drag Force Lift Force Flaps Slats Drag Cal Lift Cal
Dgree RPM N N Status Status N N
0 400 0.08 0.11 OFF OFF -0.1 -0.05
0 500 0.18 0.17 OFF OFF -0.1 -0.05
15 500 0.6 1 OFF OFF 0.1 0.16
15 500 1.07 2.73 ON (-30) OFF 0.1 0.16
15 500 1.1 0.54 ON (-30) ON 0.1 0.16
Figure 4 Testing Results

Method 1
After confirming that the system is working, and the ground board is located at the bottom
of the test section. This will allow the apparatus being tested to be in free stream and the wind
tunnel will not affect the flow around the apparatus. Then, attach each model to the overhang
balance. Before the experiment starts, confirm that the balance is set to zero to avoid any
errors. The frontal area of each model is noted. After taking all the requirements the results
were plotted in a graph.

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Wind Tunnel Lab Aya ElAlfy CU2000529

Analysis
With respects to the drag force, figure 5 represents the force vs velocity. It seems to follow
when the air resistance increases the wind speed increases. This can be shown in the equation
Drag= CD∗A∗0.5* ρ*V^2 which demonstrates that as the V increases, Drag must increase too
provided all the other properties are constant.

Figure 5 Force Vs Velocity Graph

Figure 6, represent the force and the angle whenever the force angle increases the force
increase. When the angle reaches beyond than 15 angle of attack the airplane starts to stall
shown in figure 7.

Figure 6 Force vs angle Graph

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Wind Tunnel Lab Aya ElAlfy CU2000529

(www.dw.com), 2021)
Figure 7 Stall

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Reduced flaps enhance wing camber, as seen in figure 8, allowing the aircraft to fly at a low
angle of attack. Because flaps change the shape of the wing, as seen in figure 8, camber rises.
As a result, the lift is enhanced.
("Reverse Engineering in Manufacturing and Engineering", 2021)

Figure 8 Flaps and camber

The effective chord line pivots up shown in figure8, increasing the AOA. It extends from the
leading edge of the wing to the trailing edge of the flap. The angle produced between the chord
line and the relative wind is widened as a result (the AOA). ("Reverse Engineering in Manufacturing and Engineering", 2021)

Figure 9 Flaps and AOA

The following graph in figure10 shows the Force vs the flaps of the draft and lift increase
more than the drag with the same force.

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Wind Tunnel Lab Aya ElAlfy CU2000529

Figure 10 Force vs Flaps

The following graph shown in figure 11, the drag has a constant force but differs in the angle in the
lift it force decreases until it reaches 30 degree.

The aircraft's velocity is relatively modest during takeoff and landing. To maintain high lift, airplane
designers attempt to expand wing area and modify airfoil shape by including moving elements on the
leading and trailing edges of the wings. The flaps and slats are propelled by metal rails placed inside the
wings. Moving the flaps back and the slats shown in figure 12 forward expands the wing area. The
effective camber of the airfoil is increased by pivoting the leading edge of the slat and the following
edge of the flap downward. Furthermore, the flap's huge aft-projected surface adds to the aircraft's
drag. This assists the plane in slowing down before landing. ("Flaps and Slats", 2021)

Figure 11 Force vs flaps & Slaps Graph

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Wind Tunnel Lab Aya ElAlfy CU2000529

Figure 12 Flaps and slats ("Flaps and Slats", 2021)

Errors
There are a few of potential causes of inaccuracy in this experiment. One might be from
the strut from which the Flaps drag model was hung. This would have resulted in more
unneeded drag on the system, implying that the model's genuine drag values would have been
lower than measured. This inaccuracy, however, is systemic, which means that the results
would still be true because it would apply to all the models. A potential area for improvement
would also be to increase the number of measurements by lowering the increments of wind
speed that were measured.

Experiment 2
These studies are classified as subsonic or supersonic aerodynamics based on the Mach number, or
the relative speed of a moving object about air, which is more or less than one. Aerodynamic test
tunnels shown in figure 13 are commonly used to investigate the effects of wind on various sorts of
bodies. The model under consideration stays immobile, whilst the flow medium is placed in motion to
provide the required flow.

("Aerodynamic Tunnel, 50 x
250 mm | EDIBON ", 2021)

Figure 13 Aerodynamic Tunnel

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Wind Tunnel Lab Aya ElAlfy CU2000529

General Description
The Aerodynamic Tunnel, 50 x 250 mm, or "TA50/250," is a wind tunnel designed to
research subsonic aerodynamics in an open circuit with incompressible subsonic flow. This part
incorporates a Pitot static tube on the upper side to analyze static pressure, dynamic pressure,
and total pressure. Lips, haven portion, contraction, working area, diffuser, and fan are listed in
the sequence in which the flow passes through them. A contraction ratio of 8:1 and a
thoroughly analyzed contour curve of the contraction enable well-developed airflow over the
working area.

Conclusion
Overall, this experiment was effective in demonstrating how an object's design may change its
aerodynamic qualities. Overall, this experiment was effective in demonstrating how an object's design
may change its aerodynamic qualities. The data gathered supports the assumption that increasing
airspeed causes an increase in drag.

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Wind Tunnel Lab Aya ElAlfy CU2000529

References
Alhoussaini, R. (2018). Flow Past Immersed Bodies Wind Tunnel Lab. 207 MAE Wind Tunnel Lab, 5.
Retrieved from https://www.coursehero.com/file/38765659/reda-wind-tunnel-lab-reportpdf/

Flow Passed Immersed Bodies Aerodynamic/ Wind Tunnel Lab - Bing images. (2021). Retrieved 4
December 2021, from https://www.bing.com/images/search?
view=detailV2&ccid=JNRvYBzr&id=79CD0FD5D787A16CD9FB477F5AE3FF647FF61199&thid=OIP.JNRv
YBzr8BkSpkKZHfDkVQHaE8&mediaurl=https%3a%2f%2ffanyv88.com%3a443%2fhttps%2fth.bing.com%2fth%2fid
%2fR.24d46f601cebf01912a642991df0e455%3frik%3dmRH2f2T%252f41p%252fRw%26riu%3dhttp
%253a%252f%252fwww.nasa.gov%252fimages%252fcontent%252f148023main_bwb_sideshot_hi.jpg
%26ehk%3dX8mfmUJJxawN3D4S%252bjEFwmY2TJTLkodqJOfIVvkZywU%253d%26risl%3d%26pid
%3dImgRaw%26r%3d0&exph=2336&expw=3504&q=Flow+Passed+Immersed+Bodies+Aerodynamic
%2f+Wind+Tunnel+Lab&simid=607992405228679277&FORM=IRPRST&ck=F35D6086EA1C42A9C4F22
F4D48898D9B&selectedIndex=3&ajaxhist=0&ajaxserp=0

Aerodynamic Tunnel, 50 x 250 mm | EDIBON ®. (2021). Retrieved 5 December 2021, from

https://www.edibon.com/en/aerodynamic-tunnel-50-x-250-mm

(www.dw.com), D. (2021). Why do airplanes stall and why is it so dangerous? | DW | 12.03.2019.

Retrieved 6 December 2021, from https://www.dw.com/en/why-do-airplanes-stall-and-why-is-it-so-
dangerous/a-47869837

Reverse Engineering in Manufacturing and Engineering. (2021). Retrieved 6 December 2021, from
https://www.intertek.com/non-destructive-testing/materials-testing/reverse-engineering-
manufacturing/#:~:text=Reverse%20engineering%20in%20manufacturing%20and%20engineering
%20is%20used,production%20processes,%20enhance%20product%20effectiveness,%20and
%20protect%20patents.

Flaps and Slats. (2021). Retrieved 6 December 2021, from

https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/flap.html#:~:text=Moving%20the%20flaps%20aft
%20%28toward%20the%20tail%29%20and,the%20flap%20increases%20the%20drag%20of%20the
%20aircraft.

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