Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU

M S R Nagara, MSRIT Post

BANGALORE-560 054

Semester: V Course Code: ET52 Course Name: Communication System-1

QUESTION BANK
(similar type of problems and examples are included)
UNIT 1
1 What is the need for modulation? Also define amplitude modulation and derive the
expression for amplitude modulation.
2 A single tone modulating signal m(t) = Amcos(2 π fmt) amplitude modulates a carrier
c(t) = Accos(2 π fct).
Derive an expression for the AM wave s(t).
Derive an expression for the total power.
Draw the AM waveform
Determine and Sketch the spectrum of s(t)
Find bandwidth of the modulated wave
3 Explain with block diagram and relevant mathematical equation how an AM wave can be
generated using a non-linear device in Switching Modulator.
4 Explain with block diagram and relevant mathematical equation how an AM wave can be
generated using a non-linear device in Square Law Modulator.
5 Explain with relevant mathematical equation and spectrum the demodulation of AM wave
using Square Law demodulator.
6 Explain with relevant mathematical equation and spectrum the demodulation of AM wave
using Envelope Detector.
7 Show that the AM signals can be demodulated by a crystal detector followed by a lowpass
filter and a dc blocker. Assume a crystal detector to be basically a squaring device.
Determine the signals from input to the output at all points. Find the distortion term in
the output. Show that if Ac  m(t), the distortion is small.
8 Show that how a square law device can be used in modulation and demodulation of an AM
wave.
9 Explain the generation of DSBSC modulated signal using Balanced modulator with
relevant mathematical equation and spectrum
10 Explain the generation of DSBSC modulated signal using Ring modulator with relevant
mathematical equation and spectrum
11 Explain with relevant mathematical equation and spectrum the demodulation of DSBSC
wave using Coherent detection method.
12 Explain the working of Costas Receiver with relevant mathematical equation and block
diagram.
13 State and explain the properties of Hilbert transform and also derive an expression for the
Hilbert transform.
14 Derive a time domain expression for SSB modulated wave in which only the lower
sideband is retained.
15 Derive a time domain expression for SSB modulated wave in which only the upper
sideband is retained.
16 Explain the generation of SSBSC modulated signal using Filtering method with relevant
block diagram, mathematical equation and spectrum.
17 Analyze the coherent detection of SSB modulated signal and discuss errors associated
with the local oscillator signal.
18 What is vestigial sideband modulation? Derive a time domain expression for vestigial
sideband modulated wave.
 Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU
M S R Nagara, MSRIT Post
BANGALORE-560 054

Why VSB modulation used in the transmission of video signal and how it can demodulated
19 in the receiver.
Numerical on AM, DSBSC, SSBSC
1 A multitone modulating signal has the following time-domain form: m(t) = Am1cos(2f1t)
+ Am2cos(2f2t) + Am3cos(2f3t) volts, where Am1  Am2  Am3 and f3  f2  f1
Give the time-domain expression for the conventional AM wave.
Determine and sketch the amplitude spectrum for AM wave and also find the minimum
bandwidth.
Derive an expression for the effective modulation index. –(8M)
2 An amplitude signal is given by S(t) = 10cos(2 105t) + 2.5cos(2.02 105t)
+2.5cos(1.98 105t) + 1.5cos(2.04 105 t) + 1.5cos(1.96 105t) volts.(I) Find the
various frequency components and the corresponding modulation index Draw the
spectrum and find its bandwidth (III) Find the effective modulation index and power
dissipated across 100 load.
3 Consider a message signal m(t) with a spectrum
|f |
M(f) = 1- ≤W
W
0 otherwise.
The message bandwidth W = 1KHz. This signal is applied to product modulator together
with a carrier wave Ac cos(2fc t), producing the DSBSC modulated s(t). The modulated
signal is next applied to coherent detector. Determine the spectrum of the detector
output when: (i) fc =0.75KHz.(ii) what is the lowest frequency for which each component
of the signal s(t) is uniquely determined by m(t).
4 Consider the message signal m(t)=20 cos 2ϖt volts and the carrier wave c(t)=50
cos(100ϖt) volts. i) Give the time domain expression for the resulting conventional AM
wave for 75% modulation. ii) Find the power developed across a load of 100Ω due to this
AM wave. (5M)
5 For a PN junction diode, the current ‘i’ through the diode and the voltage ‘v’ across it is
are related by i=Io [e-(v/ VT)-1] where Io is the reverse saturation current and VT is the
thermal voltage. At room temperature , VT =0.026volts.
i)Expand ‘i’ as a power series in v, retaining terms upto v2.
ii)Let v=0.01 cos 2ϖfmt+0.01 cos 2ϖfct volts, where fm=1Khz and fc=100Khz. Sketch the
spectrum of the diode current i.
iii) Specify the required band pass filter to extract from i, am AM wave with carrier
frequency fc.
iv) what is the percentage modulation index. –(8M)
6 Consider a resultant wave obtained by adding a non-coherent carrier Ac cos[2 ϖ fc t+ Φ]
to a DSBSC wave cos 2ϖfc t +m(t). This composite wave applied to an ideal envelope
detector. Find the resulting detector output. Evaluate this output for Φ=0.
7 Suppose non linear devices are available for which the output current i0 and input voltage
vi are related by io =a1 vi +a3 vi3 , where a1 and a3 are constants. Explain how these
devices could be used to produce a DSBSC wave.
 Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU
M S R Nagara, MSRIT Post
BANGALORE-560 054

Unit-2
1. Derive time domain representation of FM waves with relevant mathematical
equations and waveforms
2. Derive time domain representation of PM waves with relevant mathematical
equations and waveforms
3. Compare Conventional AM wave with NBFM wave with single tone modulation
using phasor diagrams and spectrum evaluations.
4. Define i. Frequency deviation ii. Modulation index of FM iii. NBFM iv. WBFM
v. Transmission Bandwidth vi. Carson Rule vii. Deviation ratio viii.SNRc ix.
SNRi x.SNRo xi. Figure of Merit xii.Capture effect in FM xiii. Threshold
effect in FM
5. Explain with suitable circuit diagram and relevant mathematical equations the
Direct method of generation of FM wave.
6. Explain with suitable circuit diagram and relevant mathematical equations the
In-direct method of generation of FM wave.
7. With necessary equations obtain the amplitude spectrum of NBFM and explain
how the bandwidth requirement of NBFM is 2fm for single tome modulating
signal.
8. With necessary equations obtain the amplitude spectrum of WBFM and explain
how the bandwidth requirement of WBFM is infinity for single tome modulating
signal.
9. Explain with the help of block diagram and relevant mathematical equation the
generation of NBFM and also show that how it can be used in generating
WBFM.
10. Derive a mathematical equation for the WBFM wave with sinusoidal modulating signal and show
that the bandwidth required for an ideal WBFM is infinity.
11. Explain clearly how a Frequency Discriminator method is used for FM
demodulation.
12. Explain clearly how a balanced slope detector is used for FM demodulation.
13. Explain with relevant mathematical equation the demodulation of FM signal
using PLL.
14. Derive an expression for figure of merit of an DSBSC receiver using
synchronous detector
15. Derive an expression for figure of merit of an SSBSC receiver using
synchronous detector .
16. Derive an expression for figure of merit of an AM receiver using envelope
detector .
17. Derive an expression for figure of merit of an FM receiver using Frequency
discriminator .
18. Discuss the effect of carrier amplitude on the performance of AM and FM
system
19. Show that the performance of an FM system can be improved by using the pre-
emphasis and de-emphasis circuits
20. Define noise figure and equivalent noise temperature and also derive an
expression showing relationship between noise figure and equivalent noise
temperature.
21. Define ‘Figure of Merit’ and derive an expression for figure of merit of FM
receiver
22. Derive an expression for a canonical form of representation of the narrow band
 Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU
M S R Nagara, MSRIT Post
BANGALORE-560 054

noise and also discuss its various properties

23. Define i.shot noise ii.thermal noise iii.White noise iv.Noise equivalent
Bandwidth v. Noise figure vi.Spot noise figure vii.Equivalent noise temperature
viii. External noise and Internal noise ix. Cascaded networks
24. Derive an expression for overall equivalent noise temperature and overall noise
figure of the cascade connection of two noisy two port network
Numerical on Angle modulation and Noise
1 A satellite receiving system consists of LNA that has a gain 47 dB and a noise
temperature of 120oK, a cable with a loss of 6.5dB and the main receiver with a
noise factor of 7dB. Calculate the equivalent noise temperature of the overall
system referred to the input for the following system connections.(i) LNA at the
input followed by the cable connecting to the main receiver.(ii)The input direct to
the cable which then connected to the LNA, which in turn is connected to the
main receiver.
2 Two amplifiers A and B are to be connected in cascade. Find out the order in
which the amplifiers must be connected to minimize the noise. Amplifier A has
a noise factor of 1.5 and a gain of 10dB while Amplifier B has a noise figure of 3
dB with a gain of 15dB. Also determine the equivalent noise temperature of both
amplifiers assuming a reference temperature of 20 0C, and compare with that of
the cascaded amplifier.
3 An FM signal with  = 1 is transmitted through an ideal bandpass filter with mid-band
frequency fc and bandwidth 5fm ,where fc is the unmodulated carrier frequency and f m is
the frequency of the single-tone modulating wave. Determine the amplitude spectrum of
the filter output given: J0(1) = 0.765, J1(1) = 0.44, J2(1) = 0.115
4 Derive an expression for figure of merit of an AM receiver using non coherent
detector. Two resistors 28kΩ and 51 kΩ are at room temeperature T =
290okelvin. Calculate for a bandwidth of 100KHz, the mean square value and
RMS value of thermal noise voltage:
(i) For each resistor
(ii) For two resistors in series and
For two resistors in parallel
5 A carrier wave is frequency modulated using m(t)=Am cos2 ϖfm t. i) List the
values of index β for which the carrier component of FM wave is reduced to zero.
Ii). In a certain experiment conducted using spectrum analyser with fm=1Khz
and increasing Am starting from zero volts, it is found that carrier component of
FM wave is reduced to zero for the first time with Am =2 volts. what is the
frequency sensitivity of the modulator? What is the value of Am for which the
carrier component is reduced to zero for the second time?
6 An unmodulated carrier has amplitude 10Volts and frequency 100 Mhz. a
sinusoidal waveform of frequency 1Khz, frequency modulates this carrier such
that the frequency deviation is 75 Khz. The modulated waveform passes through
zero and is increasing at time t=0. Write the time domain expression for the
modulated carrier waveform.
7 A carrier is frequency modulated by a sinusoidal modulating signal of frequency
2Khz, resulting in a frequency deviation of 5Khz i)What is the bandwidth
occupied by the modulated waveform? ii) If the amplitude of the modulating
signal is increased by a factor of 2 and its frequency lowered to 1Khz, what is
the new bandwidth?
8 A 2Khz sinusoidal signal phase modulates a carrier at 100Mhz with a peak phase
deviation of 45o .Using Carson rule evaluate the approximate bandwidth of the
 Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU
M S R Nagara, MSRIT Post
BANGALORE-560 054

PM signal.
9 An angle modulated signal is represented by s(t)=10 Cos[2 ϖ x 10 6t + 5 sin
200ϖt + 10sin 3000ϖt] volts. find the following i)The power of the modulated
signal ii)The frequency deviation Δf iii)The deviation ratio iv)The phase
deviation Δθ v)The approximate transmission bandwidth BT.
10 Show that when two resistors R1 and R2 at the same temperature are connected
2
in series, the mean square noise voltage across the combination is V N ( t ) =4Rs k
TB volts2; where Rs=R1+R2, k is Boltzmann constant, T the temperature in
degree kelvin and B the bandwidth in Hz. (5M)
11 Two resistors 28KΩ and 51 KΩ are at room temperature T=290 oKelvin. Calculate
for a bandwidth of 100Khz, the mean square value and RMS value of thermal
noise voltage i) For each resistor ii)For two resistors in series and iii) For two
resistors in parallel. (8M)
12 In a communication receiver, the first stage is a tuned amplifier with an
available power gain of 20dB and noise figure of 10dB. The output of the
amplifier is given to mixer stage, whose noise figure is 20dB. Determine the
overall noise figure of the system. (6M)

UNIT-3
1. With proper justification explain the advantages of digital communication over
analog communication.
2. Explain the process of flat-top sampling by deriving suitable mathematical
equations and by sketching relevant diagrams.
3. With an arbitrary spectrum and neat block diagrams explain quadrature
sampling and reconstruction of band pass signals.
4. With neat block diagram explain basic signal processing operations involved in
digital communication.
5. Explain the process of natural sampling with relevant diagrams and equations.
6. Derive an expression for the spectrum of the sampled signal using sample and
hold circuit. Bring out the differences between aperture effect and aliasing
effect
7. Analyze the process of pulse amplitude modulation when a rectangular pulse
h(t) is modulated by an input signal g(t). Obtain the overall frequency
domain expression of the PAM signal.
8. What is “Quadrature sampling”? Explain the method of sampling and
recovering the band-pass signal from its samples using suitable block
schematics.
9. State and prove the Ideal sampling theorem for low pass signals with
necessary spectral analysis and expressions.
10. Explain Time Division Multiplexing of PAM signals with neat block diagram
and necessary equations.
11. Explain how Differential PCM transmission and reception is done for audio
coding and mention its advantage over standard PCM.
12. Explain the working of DPCM modulator and demodulator with suitable block
diagrams
 Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU
M S R Nagara, MSRIT Post
BANGALORE-560 054

13. Discuss briefly the different types of distortion that occurs in DM systems
14. Illustrate Delta Modulation with necessary equations , diagrams and
waveforms.
15. Explain Adaptive delta modulation scheme with necessary equations and
diagrams.
16. With neat block diagrams and expressions explain DPCM
17. Analyze the functioning of a PCM system with appropriate block diagrams.
18. Describe with necessary equations i. μ – law companding ii. A – law
companding iii. Delta modulation
19. By deriving suitable mathematical equation show that the maximum SNR
output increases by 6dB if the number bits per sample increases by one in case
of PCM system.
20. Analyze the two different methods of non-uniform quantization used in practice
21. Explain how quantizing error is introduced in digital communication system.
Obtain the signal to quantizing noise ratio of a PCM system assuming sinusoidal
signal.
22. What is the need for non-uniform quantization? Explain the different types of
companding methods used in practice.
23. What is quantization error? How does it depend on step size? Suggest two
different methods to overcome the difficulties encountered when the
modulating signal amplitude is large.
Sample numericals
1 A signal g(t)=2Cos 400∏t+6Cos 640∏t is ideally sampled at fs=500Hz. If the
sampled signal is passed through an ideal lowpass filter with a cutoff frequency
of 400Hz, what frequency components will appear in the filter output?
2 Delta modulation of a sinusoidal message signal, x(t)=5cos(2π50t) with no
slope overload error is done with sampling frequency fs=2000 Hz. (i)Then find
SNR in dB.(ii)Find the sampling frequency to attain SNR of 39.8488 dB.(iii)Find
SNR in dB if sampling frequency is doubled. Write your inference.
3 A PCM system uses a uniform quantizer followed by an 8 bit binary encoder.
The bit rate of the system is equal to 60 mega bits per second.(i) What is the
maximum message bandwidth for which the system operates satisfactorily?(ii)
Determine the output signal to quantizing noise ratio when a full load
sinusoidal message signal of frequency 0.5 MHz is applied to input.(iii)Repeat
(i) and (ii) when the bit rate is 100MBPS and 10 bit encoder is used.
4 Derive an expression for post filtered signal to noise ratio of a delta modulator
system under the assumption of no slope-overload and also show that
maximum output SNR for sinusoidal message signal rises by 9 dB when
sampling frequency is doubled.
5 A TV signal g(t) has a bandwidth of 2MHz. This signal is converted into a PCM
signal.
(i) Find the sampling rate if the signal is to be sampled at a rate
50% above the Nyquist rate.
(ii) If the samples are quantized into 256 levels, find the number of
 Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU
M S R Nagara, MSRIT Post
BANGALORE-560 054

binary pulses required to encode each sample.

(iii) Determine the bit rate of the binary-coded signal and the
minimum required to transmit this signal
6 Consider a low-pass signal with a bandwidth of 3.4 kHz. A linear modulation
system with step size  = 0.1 volts, is used to process this signal at a sampling
rate of 10 times the Nyquist rate.(i)Evaluate the maximum amplitude of a test
sinusoidal signal of frequency 1 kHz, which can be processed by the system
without slope overload distortion.(ii)For the specifications given in (i), find the
output SNR under prefiltered and postfiltered conditions
7 A binary PCM system uses polar signaling with symbols “1 “ and “0”
represented by +a and –a volts. The additive noise is Gaussian processes with
zero mean and noise power spectral density No/2. Evaluate the average
probability of symbol error.
8 A voice signal g(t) = 6sin2t volts is sent using a 4-bit binary PCM system. The
quantizer is midrise type, with a step size  = 1 volt. Sketch the PCM wave for
one complete cycle of the input, assuming a sampling rate of 4 samples/second
with samples taken at t = 1/8, 3/8, 5/8, . . seconds.
9 (i) Show that for small signals the signal-to-noise ratios for the non-uniform
quantizer using A – law companding and uniform quantizer are related by 10
log10[(SNR)A-law] = 10 log10[(SNR)uniform] + 20 log10 Gc.(ii)Given that A = 87.56,
find the equivalent increase of SNR produced by the use of A-law companding.
How many bits this equivalent increase in SNR represent.(iii)Show that for μ =
A the μ -law and A-law have the same companding gain Gc
10 A signal g(t)=2cos 400ϖt+6 cos 640ϖt is ideally sampled at fs=500Hz. If the
sampled signal is passed through an ideal lowpass filter with a cutoff frequency
of 400Hz, what frequency components will appear in the filter output?
11 A signal g(t)=10cos (20ϖt) cos (200ϖt) is sampled at the rate of 250 samples
per second. I) sketch the spectrum of the sampled signal ii)Specify the cutoff
ideal reconstruction filter so as to recover g(t) from gδ(t) iii) specify the Nyquist
rate for the signal g(t)
12 Determine the Nyquist rate and Nyquist sampling interval for the following
signals i)g1(t)=sinc(100ϖt) ii)g2(t)=sinc 2(100ϖt) iii) g3(t)=sinc(100ϖt)
+sinc(50ϖt)
13 The fourier spectra of the signals g1(t) and g2(t) are shown below. Determine
the nyquist interval and sampling rate for the signals g1(t), g12(t), g22(t),
g23(t) and g1(t).g2(t)
 Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU
M S R Nagara, MSRIT Post
BANGALORE-560 054

UNIT-4
1 Derive an expression for power spectral density of Bipolar NRZ signaling format
and plot the same
2 Explain the block diagram of duo binary signaling scheme with suitable
example. Also derive an expression for impulse response and plot the same
3 What are the practical difficulties in implementing an ideal Nyquist low- pass
filter for eliminating ISI? What is practical pulse shaping method employed and
derive an expression for pulse shaping function p(t) assuming roll off factor of
unity
4 For a bit-stream of 11011000, show the encoded waveform for (i)Bipolar NRZ
signaling scheme.(ii)Manchester signaling scheme.(iii)4 level natural coding
scheme.
5 Explain the working of duo binary signaling scheme with suitable block diagram
and derive an expression for its impulse response.
6 Discuss the various properties of line codes
7 State when and why ISI occurs. Derive a mathematical scheme to describe ISI
and also derive a condition for Nyquist criterion for distortion less base band
binary transmission.
8 What is correlative coding? By deriving an expression for impulse response and
suitable block diagram explain one type of correlative coding.
9 Determine the power spectral density for a random binary sequence where bits
are statistically independent and equally likely with Manchester format
representation..
10 For a bit-stream of 10011100, show the encoded waveform for binary format
and differential coding format
(i) AMI RZ signaling scheme.
(ii) Polar NRZ signaling scheme.
(iii) NRZ-M differential coding scheme.
(iv) 4 level natural coding scheme
11 What are the practical difficulties in implementing an ideal Nyquist low- pass
filter for eliminating ISI? What is practical pulse shaping method employed and
derive an expression for pulse shaping function p(t) assuming roll off factor of
unity.
12 Derive an expression for the Power Spectral Density of NRZ AMI NRZ Format.
13 Derive and expression for pulse shaping function p(t) of a raised cosine
spectrum with roll-off factor of unity.
14 State when and why ISI occurs. Derive a mathematical scheme to describe ISI.
15 Derive an expression for power spectral density of pseudo-ternary code.
Sample numerical
1 The raised cosine spectrum for a roll off factor of unity is given by

P(f) = (1/2B0).Cos2(f/4B0), 0<|f|<2B0

0, 2B0<|f|
Show that the time response is given by P(t) = sinc(4B0t)/1-16B02t2
2 The binary data 001101001 are applied to the input of a duo binary system.
(i)Construct the duo binary coder output and corresponding receiver output with
0 as a reference bit and without precoder.(ii)Suppose that due to error during
transmission the level at the receiver input produced by the 2nd digit is reduced
 Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU
M S R Nagara, MSRIT Post
BANGALORE-560 054

to zero. Construct the new receiver output.(iii)Show that error propagation can
be avoided using precoder.
3 A PCM system uses a uniform quantizer followed by a 7-bit encoder. The bit rate
of the system is 50 M bits/sec i) what is the message bandwidth for which the
system operates satisfactorily? Ii) determine the output signal to quantizing
noise ratio when a sinusoidal modulating wave of frequency 1MHz is applied to
the input
4 Find the output signal to noise ratio in a delta modulated system for a 1KHz
sinusoid, which is sampled at 32KHz without slope overload. The bandwidth of
the reconstruction filter used is 4KHz.

5 In a duobinary data transmission using binary pulses, sample values were read
as given below: 1 2 0 -2 -2 0 0 -2 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 -2
i)Explain if there is any error in detection ii)If there is no error in detection,
determine the bit sequence.

6 A binary sequence 0011010001 is applied to a duobinary system shown in

figure. i)Construct the duobinary coder output and corresponding receiver
output, without a precoder ii) Suppose that owing to error during transmission,
the level at the receiver input produced by the second digit is reduced to zero.
Construct the new receiver output.

UNIT-5
1 Define Probability density function and give its properties .
2 Define Power Spectral Density and also state its properties.
3 State Gaussian processes and also discuss its properties.
4 Distinguish between Joint Probability distribution function and Joint Probability
density function.
5 Describe Uniform probability density function and Gaussian probability density
function.
6 State Gaussian processes and also discuss its properties.
7 Briefly explain the model of Random Process
8 Define i) Mean ii) Correlation iii) Co variance
9 What is Auto correlation function? Give its Properties.
10 What is Cross correlation function? Give its properties.
 Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU
M S R Nagara, MSRIT Post
BANGALORE-560 054

Sample numerical
1 Consider a random variable X defined by probability density function.

fX(x)= {k , a constant for 2≤ x ≤ 4

0 ,elsewhere
Determine i)Constant k ii)FX(x) iii)P(X≤3.5)
2 Consider the probability density function
fx (x) = k for - ≤ x ≤  .
Find (i) the value of k (ii) Fx (x) (iii) P(1≤X≤2).
3 Let X be a continuos random variable having a uniform probability distribution
defined in the range 2≤x≤4 . Let Y=3X+2. Find the means mx and my .
4 A random variable X has the density

{
3
f X ( x )= 32
(−x 2 +8 x−12 ) , 2≤ x ≤ 6
0 , elsewhere
Find the following moments i)m0 ii)m1 iii)m2 and iv) μ2
5 A random variable has a probability density function

{
5
f X ( x )= 4
( 1−x 4 ) , 0 ≤ x ≤1
0 , elsewhere
Find i) E(X) ii)E(4X+2) and iii)E(X2)
6 Determine a constant b such that each of the following are valid joint density
functions

i) f XY ( x , y )= {3 xy , 00 ≤, elsewhere
x ≤ 1∧0< y< b

ii) f XY ( x , y )=
{bx ( 1− y0) ,0<, elsewhere
x<0.5∧0< y <1

{
b ( x + 4 y ) , 0 ≤| x|≤ 1∧0 ≤ y <2
2 2
iii) f XY ( x , y )=
0 , elsewhere
7 Let two random processes X(t) and Y(t) be defined by
X(t) = A cos(ω ot) + B cos(ω ot)
Y(t) = B cos(ω ot) - A cos(ω ot)
Where A and B are random variables assumed to have zero mean and are
uncorrelated.
Also, A and B are assumed to have variancesσ 2. Find the cross-correlation
function RXY(τ ).
8 Two random variable X and Y are related by the expression Y = aX + b where a
and b are real numbers.
(i) Show that the correlation coefficients is
ρ = 1 if a¿ 0 for any b
 Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU
M S R Nagara, MSRIT Post
BANGALORE-560 054

-1 if a ¿ 0 for any b
2
(ii) Show that the correlation covariance is Cov[XY] = a σ X
2
Where σ X is the variance of the X.