ESO-203: Tutorial 6

2018-19 Semester II
Problem 1. A single-phase, 50-kVA, 2400:240-V, 60-Hz distribution transformer has the following
parameters:
Resistance of the 2400-V winding R1 = 0.75 𝞨
Resistance of the 240-V winding R2 = 0.0075 𝞨
Leakage reactance of the 2400-V winding X1 = 1 𝞨
Leakage reactance of the 240-V winding X2 = 0.01 𝞨
Exciting admittance on the 240-V side = 0.003 − j0.02 S
Draw the equivalent circuits referred to the high-voltage side and to the low-voltage side. Label the
impedances numerically.

Solution 1.
(a) The equivalent circuit referred to the high-voltage side is shown in Figure 1(a). The quantities,
referred to the high-voltage side from the low-voltage side, are calculated as

Note that the exciting admittance on the 240-V side is given. The exciting branch conductance and
susceptance referred to the high-voltage side are given by

Fig. 1(a)
(b) The equivalent circuit referred to the low-voltage side is given in Fig.1 (b).
Note the following points.
(i) The voltages specified on the nameplate of a transformer yield the turns ratio directly. The turns ratio
in this problem is 2400:240, or 10:1.
(ii) Since admittance is the reciprocal of impedance, the reciprocal of the referring factor for impedance
must be used when referring admittance from one side to the other.

Fig. 1(b)

Problem 2.
The transformer of above problem (Problem. 1) is supplying full load (i.e., rated load of 50 kVA) at a
rated secondary voltage of 240 V and 0.8 power factor lagging. Neglecting the exciting current of the
transformer,
(a) Determine the percent voltage regulation of the transformer.
(b) Sketch the corresponding phasor diagram.
(c) If the transformer is used as a step-down transformer at the load end of a feeder whose impedance is
0.5 + j2.0 𝞨, find the voltage VS and the power factor at the sending end of the feeder.

Solution 2.
(a) The equivalent circuit of the transformer, referred to the high-voltage (primary) side, neglecting the
exciting current of the transformer, is shown below in Figure 2(a). Note that the voltage at the load
terminals referred to the high-voltage side is 240×10 = 2400 V. Further, the load current corresponding
to the rated (full) load condition is 50×103/2400 = 20.8 A, referred to the high-voltage side. With a
lagging power factor of 0.8,

Using KVL,

If there is no load, the load-terminal voltage will be 2450 V.

Fig 2(a)
(b) The corresponding phasor diagram is shown in Figure 2(b).

Fig. 2(b)

(c) The equivalent circuit of the transformer, along with the feeder impedance, referred to the high-
voltage side, neglecting the exciting current of the transformer, is shown in Fig 2(c). The total series
impedance is (0.5+j2.0)+(1.5+j2.0) = 2+j4 𝞨. Using KVL,

The voltage at the sending end is then 2483.5 V. The power factor at the sending end is given by
cos(36.9 + 0.96)° = 0.79 lagging

Fig 2(c)

Problem 3. Compute the efficiency of the transformer of Problem.1 corresponding to

(a) full load, 0.8 power factor lagging, and
(b) one-half load, 0.6 power factor lagging, given that the input power Poc in the open-circuit conducted
at rated voltage is 173 W and the input power Psc in the short-circuit test conducted at rated current is
650 W.
Solution 3.
(a) Corresponding to full load, 0.8 power factor lagging, Output = 50,000 × 0.8 = 40,000 W
The I2R loss (or copper loss) at rated (full) load equals the real power measured in the short-circuit test
at rated current,

where the subscript HV refers to the high-voltage side. The core loss, measured at rated voltage, is
Core loss = Poc = 173 W
Then, Total losses at full load = 650 + 173 = 823 W
Input = 40,000 + 823 = 40,823 W
The full-load efficiency of η at 0.8 power factor is then given by,
(b) Corresponding to one-half rated load, 0.6 power factor lagging,

Note that the current at one-half rated load is half of the full-load current, and that the copper loss is one-
quarter of that at rated current value.
Core loss = Poc = 173 W
which is considered to be unaffected by the load, as long as the secondary terminal voltage is at its rated
value. Then
Total losses at one-half rated load = 162.5 + 173 = 335.5 W
Input = 15,000 + 335.5 = 15,335.5 W
The efficiency at one-half rated load and 0.6 power factor is then given by

Problem 4. The distribution transformer of Problem.1 is supplying a load at 240 V and 0.8 power factor
lagging. The open-circuit and short-circuit test data are given in Problem.3.
(a) Determine the fraction of full load at which the maximum efficiency of the transformer occurs, and
compute the efficiency at that load.
(b) The load cycle of the transformer operating at a constant 0.8 lagging power factor is 90% full load
for 8 hours, 50% (half) full load for 12 hours, and no load for 4 hours. Compute the all-day energy
efficiency of the transformer.

Solution 4.
(a) For maximum efficiency to occur at a certain load, the copper loss at that load should be equal to the
core loss. So,
k2Psc = Poc
where k is the fraction of the full-load rating at which the maximum efficiency occurs.
Therefore,

The output power corresponding to this condition is

50,000 × 0.516 × 0.8 = 20,640 W
where 0.8 is the power factor given in the problem statement.
Also,
core loss = copper loss = 173 W.
The maximum efficiency is then given by

(b) During 24 hours,

energy output = (8 × 0.9 × 50 × 0.8) + (12 × 0.5 × 50 × 0.8) = 528 kWh
core loss = 24 × 0.173 = 4.15 kWh
copper loss = (8 × 0.92 × 0.65) + (12 × 0.52 × 0.65) = 6.16 kWh
The all-day (or energy) efficiency of the transformer is given by
Problem 5.
Three single-phase, 50-kVA 2400:240-V transformers are connected Y-∆ in a three-phase 150-kVA
bank to step down the voltage at the load end of a feeder whose impedance is 0.15 + j 1.00 𝞨/phase. The
voltage at the sending end of the feeder is 4160 V line-to-line. On their secondary sides, the transformers
supply a balanced three-phase load through a feeder whose impedance is 0.0005 + j0.0020 𝞨/phase.
Find the line-to-line voltage at the load when the load draws rated current from the transformers at a
power factor of 0.80 lagging.
1-ø leakage impedance parameters referred to HV side are
Req = 1.42 𝞨/phase Y
Xeq = 1.82 𝞨/phase Y

Solution 5.
The computations can be made on a single-phase basis by referring everything to the high voltage, Y-
connected side of the transformer bank. The voltage at the sending end of the feeder is equivalent to a
source voltage Vs of

From the transformer rating, the rated current on the high-voltage side is I = 50,000/2400 = 20.8 A/phase
Y at power factor of 0.80 lagging.
The low-voltage feeder impedance referred to the high voltage side by means of the square of the rated
line-to-line voltage ratio of the transformer bank is

and the combined series impedance of the high- and low-voltage feeders referred to the high voltage side
is thus
Zfeeder,H = 0.30 + j 1.60 𝞨/phase Y
Because the transformer bank is Y-connected on its high-voltage side, its equivalent single phase series
impedance is equal to the single-phase series impedance of each single-phase transformer as referred to
its high-voltage side
Zeq,H = 1.42 + j 1.82 𝞨/phase Y

Fig. 5
Load voltage referred to the high-voltage side is
V2 = 2400∠00 – (0.3 + j1.6)(20.8∠-36.860) – (1.42 + j1.82)(20.8∠-36.860) Volts to neutral
V2 = 2329 Volts to neutral
The actual line-neutral load voltage can then be calculated by referring this value to the low-voltage side
of the transformer bank as

Problem 6.
The equivalent circuit for a 100-MVA, 7.97-kV:79.7-kV transformer is shown in Fig. 6a. The
equivalent-circuit parameters are: XL = 0.040𝞨, XH = 3.75𝞨, Xm = 114𝞨, RL = 0.76 m𝞨, RH = 0.085𝞨
Note that the magnetizing inductance has been referred to the low-voltage side of the equivalent circuit.
Convert the equivalent circuit parameters to per unit using the transformer rating as base.

Fig. 6(a)
Solution 6.
The base quantities for the transformer are:
Low-voltage side: VAbase = 100 MVA, Vbase = 7.97 kV

High-voltage side: VAbase = 100 MVA, Vbase = 79.7 kV

The per-unit values of the transformer parameters can now be calculated by division by their
corresponding base quantities.
Finally, the voltages representing the turns ratio of the ideal transformer must each be divided by the
base voltage on that side of the transformer. Thus the turns ratio of 7.97-kV:79.7-kV becomes in per unit

The resultant per-unit equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 6b. Because it has unity turns ratio, there is no
need to keep the ideal transformer and hence this equivalent circuit can be reduced to the form of Fig.
6c.

Fig. 6(b)

Fig. 6(c)
Problem 7.
A three-phase load is supplied from a 2.4-kV:460-V, 250-kVA transformer whose equivalent series
impedance is 0.026 + j0.12 per unit on its own base. The load voltage is observed to be 438-V line-line,
and it is drawing 95 kW at unity power factor. Calculate the voltage at the high-voltage side of the
transformer. Perform the calculations on a 460-V, 100-kVA base.

Solution 7.
The 460-V side base impedance for the transformer is

while that based upon a 100-kVA base is

Thus, the per-unit transformer impedance on a 100-kVA base is

The per unit load voltage is

where the load voltage has been chosen as the reference for phase-angle calculations.
The per-unit load power is

and hence the per-unit load current, which is in phase with the load voltage because the load is operating
at unity power factor, is

Thus we can now calculate the high-side voltage of the transformer

Thus the high-side voltage is equal to 0.964 x 2400 V = 2313 V (line-line).

Problem 8.
A 120:480-V, 10-kVA transformer is to be used as an autotransformer to supply a 480-V circuit from a
600-V source. When it is tested as a two-winding transformer at rated load, unity power factor, its
efficiency is 0.979.
a. Make a diagram of connections as an autotransformer.
b. Determine its kVA rating as an autotransformer.
c. Find its efficiency as an autotransformer at full load, with 0.85 power factor lagging.

Solution 8.

Part (a):

Part (b): The rated current of the high voltage terminal is equal to that of the 120-V winding,

Irated = 104/120 = 83.3 A.

Hence the kVA rating of the transformer is 600 × 83.3 = 50 kVA.

Part (c): The full load loss is equal to that of the transformer in the conventional connection,

Ploss = (1 − 0.979)*10 kW = 210 W

Hence as an autotransformer operating with a load at 0.85 power factor

Pload = 0.85×50 kW = 42.5 kW

The efficiency will be