Cell: The unit of life

A living being have cell that a non living doesn’t have

What is a cell? Cell theory! An overview of cell

Unicellular organisms have In 1838, Mathias Schleiden, a Cell contain dense memb. bound structure,nucleus
independent existence and german botanist concluded that contains chromosomes,cytoplasm is main arena of
capable of performing the plants are composed of many cellular activities. Different chemical reactions in
essential functions of life. different cells. In 1839, Theodre cell makes it living. Prokaryotic cell lacks memb.
Anton Von Lewenhoek Schwann,British zoologist Bound cell organelles. Ribosomes are non memb.
described living cell & robert discovered plasma memb. in bound & found in chloroplast,mitochondria & rough
hook described first dead animals, showed cell wall in plants ER. In animal centrosome(non memb. bound) help in
cell. Robert brown discovered & told that “animals & plants are cell division. Sizes of different cells:-
nucleus. composed of cells”. In 1855, Mycoplasma-0.3um , RBC- 7um , bacteria- 3-5um ,
Rudolf Virchow explained Ominis nerve cell- 1m (longest)
cellula e cellula.

Prokaryotic cells
(Bact.,BGA,mycoplasma,PPLO)

They are smaller & multiply faster than eukaryotes. Types of bacteria are
bacillus,cocci,spiral,vibrio. All have cell wall Except mycoplasma. They have
naked genetic material,have genomic DNA (single chromosome/circular
DNA),have PLASMID(small circular DNA outside genome) which gives
resistance to antibiotics. They have inclusion bodies. And also have MESOSOME
(infoldings of plasma membrane)
- -

Cell envelope & it’s modification Ribosomes &

It is present in most of bacterial cells. inclusion bodies
It includes glycocalyx(outer),cell wall(mid) and cell memb.(inner). Cell envelope acts In prokaryotes, ribosomes are
as protective unit. Glycocalyx could be loose sheath called slime layer or maybe tough associated with the plasma
as capsule. Cell wall prevent from bursting or collapsing. membrane(15nm x 20nm). It
BACTERIA CAN BE:- gram positive or gram negative on basis of different composition have 2 subunits 50s & 30s i.e.
in cell enveelope. total 70s ribosomes. Several
In some prokaryotes,chromatophores(membranous extensions) are present which ribosomes attach to single
store pigments. Bacterial flagellum = filament + hook + basal body. mRNA to form polyribosome.
Pilli—> elongated tubular structure made up of special protein. Or polysome. These ribosomes
Fimbrae—> bristle like fibres help to get attached to substratum. translate mRNA to protein.
INCLUSION BODIES-
MESOSOME Several food material is stored
* may be in the form of vesicles, tubules,lamellae. in the form of it in cytoplasm.
* cell wall formation. They are not bound with
* DNA replication & distribution to daughter cells. memb. Eg- phosphate
* respiration. granules,cyanophycean
* secretion processes. granules & glycogen granules.
* increase surface area of cell membrane. Gas vacuoles are found in Blue
* enzymatic contect. green,purple & green
photosynthetic bacteria.

Eukaryotic cells
Compartmentalisation is present thr’ presence of
memb. Bound organelles. Have cytoskeleton
structures. All eukaryotic cells are not identical.
Cell wall
Non living rigid
Cell membrane structure. Helps in
cell to cell
Electron microscope was discovered in 1950s. Structure of RBC revealed interaction. Algae
lipids arranged within memb. with polar head outwards & hydrophobic tail cell wall contains
inner side.(membrane also contains cholestrol). Lipid content mainly cellulose,
consists of phosphoglycerides. Later it was proved that membrane also galactons,mannans,
contain protein & carbohydrates. RBC memb.= 40% lipid + 52% protein CaCO3.
protein can be PERIPHERAL PROTEIN(lie on surface) or Cell wall of young
INTEGRAL(partially or totally buried in memb.) plant is primary
In 1972 Singer & Nicolson gave fluid mosaic model in wwhich lipid have which is capable of
quasi fluid nature and proteins move laterally within bilayer. This ability is growth but
measured as fluidity which is important for cell growth, intercellular secondary wall

.
junction,secretion,endocytosis, cell division,transport(neutral solutes by develops innerly as
passive transport). Centriole is
cell matures. Middle
present only
lamellae is formed of
in animal cell.
Ca2+ pectate which
holds cells.
 Endomembrane system
Function of ER,golgi apparatus,lysosome &
vacuoles are coordinated hence they are
included in endomembrane system.

V V V V

The endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles

Divides intracellular space in Discovered by Camillo Golgi in 1898. They consist They are memb. Contains water
2 compartments i.e. of many flat,disc like, sacs or cisternae of bound vesicular sap,excretory
luminal(inside) & extra diameter 0.5um-1um. Which are stalked parallel structure formed product,materials
luminal(cytoplasm) to each other. The cisternae are concentrically by golgi rich in (not useful). In plants
ROUGH ER- Protein synthesis arranged near nucleus with convex cis/forming hydrolytic vacuole occupy 90%
& secretion. They are face & concave trans/maturing face which are enzymes(lipases, space. They are
continuous with memb. Of interconnected. Performs packaging to deliver proteases,carbo layered by tonoplast
nucleus. outside or inside cell & forms glycoproteins & hydratases) which allows active
SMOOTH ER-Lipid synth& glycolipids. Materials in form of vesicles are which are transport. In amoeba
steroid hormone synthesis. passed to cis from ER —> processing takes place activate at acidic contractile vacuole
—> packaged material leaves from trans face. pH. performs excretion &
in protist food
vacuole are formed
by engulfing food
particles.

Mitochondria Plastids Ribosomes

Found in all plants & euglenoids,easily available under In 1953 discovered by George
Specifically stained,sausage shaped/ microscope,bear pigments. Palade under electron microscope.
cylindrical (0.2-1um or avg. 0.5um in CHLOROPLAST-contain chlorophyll & carotenoid Composed of RNA & proteins.
diameter & 1- 4.1um in length). Its pigments(for light trapping). 80s=60s+40s
inner memb. divides it into outer & CHROMOPLAST-carotene,xanthophylls(fat soluble And 70s=50s+30s where ‘s’ is
inner compartment. Outer memb. carotenoid pigments), give red,yellow,orange colour. svedberg’s unit stands for
forms continuous limiting boundary LEUCOPLAST-colourless plastids which store sedimentation coefficient i.e.
for organelle & cristae increases nutrients. For eg- Amyloplast(store carbohydrate in measure of density & size.
surface area which is site for aerobic potato),elaioplast(store oil & fat),aleuroplast(store
respiration. Called power house of protein).
cell, inner memb. Have associated Majority of chloroplast(width:2-4um, length: 5-10um)
enzymes. Matrix = single circular are found in mesophyll cells. Chlamydomonas have 1
DNA+ RNA Molecules+ 70s chloroplast per cell , mesophyll have 20-40 chloroplast
ribosomes+ components required for
proteins synthesis. Mitochondria
per cell. Cytoskeleton
Grana are also called intergranal thylakoids. Network of filamentous
divide by fission. Membrane of thylakoids enclose lumen. Stroma proteinaceous structures
contains small,double stranded circular DNA & 70s present in cytoplasm.
ribosomes. Involved in mech. support,
maintenance of shape of cell.

Cilia & flagella Centrosome & Nucleus

Discovered by Robert Brown in 1831 & material stained
Hair like outgrowths,cilia are like oars & centriole by basic dye was named chromatin by Flemming.
help in cell movement. They both are Centrosome is an
Nucleolus may be one or more. Nuclear envelope
covered with cell memb. Their organelle usually
consist of 2 parallel memb. with a space(10-50nm)
core(called axoneme) have many containing 2 cylindrical
called perinuclear space. Pores are formed by fusion of
microtubule running parallel to axis. structures called
2 memb. Mature RBC & Sieve tube cell lacks nucleus.
Axoneme arrangement (9+2 array) = 9 centrioles surrounded by
Nucleolus is membrane less & site for RNA
pair doublets of radially arranged amorphous pericentriolar
Synthesis(from ribosomes). More nucleolus hence
microtubule + centrally placed 1 pair materials & lie
more protein synthesis. Chromatin = DNA +
microtubule. Central tubules are perpendicular to each
histones(basic protein) + non histone protein + RNA. A
connected by bridge and enclosed in other & are arranged like
single human cell have 2m long thread of DNA
central sheath and sheath is connected cartwheel. They are made
distributed among his 46 chromosomes. Every
to one of the tubules of each doublet by up of 9 triplet of
chromosome has primary constriction called
radial spoke. Total radial spokes are 9. peripheral tubular protein
centromere & disc like structure kinetochores.
Peripheral doublets are interconnected which are linked. It’s
Sometimes few chromosome have nonstaining
by linkers. Both emerge from centriole centre part is
secondary constriction at a constant location which
like structure called basal body. hub(proteinaceous) which
gives the appearance of small fragment called satellite.
is connected to triplet by Chromosomes
radial To IT
spokes(proteinaceous). Metameric Sub-metacentric Acrocentric Telocentric
They form base of Centromere Centromere Centromere Centromere
cilia,flagella & spindle is middle,2 slightly away present near at terminal.
fibres. equal arms. from mid. Short & at end.
long arm found.

Microbodies
They are Memb. Bound vesicles containing enzymes. They are
found in both plant & animals.
.

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