CAPSTONE Verbal : Grammar Lecture 08 Next Lecture Voice * Commands Prepositions ¢ Tag Question Reading Comprehension] # Uses of Words * Sentence Completion Reach Us Panthapath :01972-277 866 Mouchak =: 01999-017 011 Mirpur :01970-985 421 Chattogram : 01970-985 420 Q©www.capstonebd.com Q capstone EducationVerbal Lecture Sheet: 08 Parallel Structure Parallelism is a similarity of grammatical form for similar elements of meaning within a sentence or among sentences. Examples: Not Parallel: Abused children commonly exhibit one or more of the following symptoms: Withdrawal, rebelliousness, restlessness, and they are depressed. Parallel: Abused children commonly exhibit one or more of the following symptoms: Withdrawal, rebelliousness, restlessness, and depression Paired ideas are usually connected in one of three ways: With a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, nor, yet With a pair of correlative conjunctions such as either... or, not only... but also With a word introducing a comparison, usually shan or as Error Examples Not Parallel: A good night's sleep not only gives your body a chance to rest, but also energizing you for the following day. Parallel: A good night's sleep not only gives your body a chance to rest, but also energizes you for the following day. Not Parallel: My mother could not persuade me that giving is as much a joy as to receive. Parallel: My mother could not persuade me that giving is as much a joy as receiving, Not Parallel: Raj likes both those who are popular and who are not as well-liked. Parallel: Raj likes both those who are popular and those who are not as well-liked. Not Parallel: Shuvo is a man of many ideas and who knows how to express them, Parallel: Shuvo is a man who has many ideas and who knows how to express them. Directions: Write C if the sentence is correct or else write the correct answer 1. The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurately, and in a detailed manner. 2. The teacher said that he was a poor student because he waited until the last minute to study for the exam, completed his lab problems in a careless manner, and his motivation was low. 3. Although we were sitting at the front, the baseball game was as exciting to us as the people sitting in home plate. 4. Many people choose to seek employment in the rural rather than to face low salaries in the city 5. We were dismayed to learn that our neighbors were untidy, disagreeable, and they were uninterested to make new friends.More Practices: 1. His ambition was not only to study but also mastering the craft of journalism. {IBA 2004-2005] A. not only to study but also mastering D. not only to study but also to master B. not only studying but to try and master E. to study, and, as well, to master C. not studying only, but also mastering 2. He has (A) not only (B) violated the law, but-also (C) he has (D) escaped punishment. No error (E). [IBA, 2003-2004] a rae ‘i others that have become redundant in a changing world. (IBA 2012_June] ‘A. The board reviewing the curriculum have found numerous courses that have become outdated and others that have become redundant in a changing world. BB. The board is reviewing the curriculum have found numerous courses that have become outdated, and others that have become redundant in a changing world. C. The board reviewing the curriculum has found numerous courses that become outdated, and others have become redundant in a changing world D. The board reviewing the curriculum has found numerous courses that have became outdated, and others that have become redundant in a changing world E, The board reviewing the curriculum has found numerous courses that have become outdated, and others that have become redundant in a changing world. 4, It is far (A) rewarding to strive (B) and fail than (C) to suecess (D) without trying. No error (E). 5. Students in Bangladesh often (A) support themselves (B) by (C) tutoring, working in Restaurants, or they drive (D) Mishuks. No error (E). 3- or 4-Item Lists The word and can also signal a list of three or four items List Example X, ¥, and Z= apples, jackfruits, and bananas X, Y, Z, and W= apples, jackfruits, bananas, and peaches Wrong: In today's news, technology stocks are up, while the pharmaceutical, and energy, and retail sectors are down, Right: In today’s news, technology stocks are up, while the pharmaceutical, energy, and retail sectors are down, 6. There are now many kinds of dictionaries, such as a dictionary of synonyms and antonyms, a biographical dictionary, and a geographical dictionary with pronunciations given, {IBA 2009-2010] A. with pronunciations given D. that have pronunciations given B. that has pronunciations given E. that do have pronunciations given C. With pronounciations’ given7. This century began with war brewing in Europe, the industrial revolution well-established, and a nascent communication age. A. war brewing in Europe, the industrial revolution well-established, and a nascent communication age. B. war brewing in Europe, the industrial revolution surging, and a nascent communication age. C. war in Europe, the industrial revolution well-established, and a nascent communication age. D..war brewing in Europe, the industrial revolution well-established, and the communication age beginning. E. war brewing in Europe, the ‘communication age. dustrial revolution well-established, and saw the birth of the Modal Verbs Expressing Strong obligation Modal Verbs Examples ‘You must stop when the traffic lights turn red, Must | Togical conclusion 7 certainty Must not __| Prohibition He must be very tired. He's been working all day long, ‘You must not smoke in the hospital, Ability Permission Possibility Ability in the past Polite permission Possibility Permission Possibility, probability Tean swit Can [use your phone please? Smoking can cause cancer ‘When I was younger I could run fast. Excuse me, could just say something? Tt could rain tomorrow! May Tuse your phone please? Temay rain tomorrow! Polite permission Might I suggest an idea? Possibility, probability Lack of necessity/absence of obligation 50% obligation Should/ Ought to [Advice Logical conclusion Tmight go on holiday to Australia next year Tneed not buy tomatoes. There are plenty of tomatoes in the fridge. T should 7 ought to see a doctor. I have a terrible headache, ‘You should / ought to revise your lessons He should / ought to be very tired. He's been working all day long. Had better_[ Advice You d better revise your lessons Modals - deduction (past) Haye + past part infinitive. iple: When we use modal verbs to talk about the past they are followed by a perfect Must + perfect infinitive: use must + perfect infinitive when we feel sure about something in the past. For Example: You must have been delighted when you heard you'd won the lottery. The thieves must have come in through the window. Look — it’s still open Oh no! Where's my car? Someone must have stolen it!Might/ may/ could + perfect infinitive: use might, may or could with the perfect infinitive to say that we think something was possible but we aren’t sure. For Example: ‘The thieves might have escaped by car but we can’t be sure. He should be here by now, He may have been delayed by a traffic jam or something. I can’t find my purse. I could have left it in the supermarket but Ijust don’t know Can't + perfect infinitive: use ean’t + perfect infinitive when we feel sure something didn’t happen in the past. “Can't have” is used in a similar manner to “must have”, but in the negative. For Example: | thought I saw John in town this morning but it can’t have been him — he’s in Greece this week. You can’t have read the instructions properly. They're perfectly unclear. Could have: used to express that something was possible in the past, but in fact did not happen For Example: I could have arrived earlier but I came out late (= it was possible for me to have arrived earlier). Should have/Ought to have: “Should have” and “ought to have” are used when something didn’t happen but it would have been better if it had For Example: 1. [should have studied harder. (= I didn’t study very hard and so I failed the exam. I'm sorry about this now.) 2. Johny should have left early, and then he wouldn't have missed the plane. (= but he didn't leave early and so he did miss the plane). Would have + past participle 1: Part of the third conditional. For Example: If | had had enough money, I would have bought a car (but | didn’t have enough money, so I didn't buy a car). 2: we can also use would have + past participle to talk about something you wanted to do but didn't. This is very similar to the third conditional, but we don't need an ‘if clause’. For Example: | would have gone to the party, but I was really busy. [Skill Builder 02] Directions: Write C if the sentence is correct or else write the correct answer 1. Steve (might not be living/ might live) at home any more — I heard he was looking for a flat to rent, 2. Check the post. That letter (should have arrived/ should arrive) by now 3. Tazul didn’t do his homework, so the teacher became angry. Tazul (must have done/should have done) his homework. 4, Hamid got highest marks in exam. He must study well.5. 1 could speak Arabic fluently when I was a child and we lived in Morocco. But after we moved back to Canada, I had very little exposure to the language and forgot almost everything I knew as a child. Now, I can just say a few things in the language. 6.1 should have been paying more attention to my English teacher but I was daydreaming too much 7. L would be there for your birthday party but I was sick in bed with the flu.” Would rather/ Prefer to Right: Sadib would rather drink Coca-Cola than orange juice. Right: Abir prefers drinking Coca-Cola to drinking orange juice. Right: Kamal prefers Coca-Cola to orange juice. Right: I would rather go to class tomorrow than today. Right: I would rather have gone to class yesterday than today. Much rather We can use much with would rather to make the preference stronger. | would much rather make a phone call than send an email. ‘She would much rather they didn’t know about what had happened. Would rather that: when used two subjects Present Subjunctive: Right: We would rather that he travel in this train tomorrow. Present contrary to fact: Right: Alif would rather that his friend worked at the same office as he does. (His friend doesn’t work at the same office) Past contrary to fact: Right: Selim would rather that his friend had gone to class yesterday. (his friend didn’t go to class yesterday. Directions: Write C if the sentence is correct or else write the correct answer 1. Steve would rather that we hadn’t left yesterday. 2. Maria would rather that she take the class last week. 3. My friends and I would rather go to school than playground. 4. My friend and I prefer going to schoo! to playground. 5. My family members would rather that | stayed with them in the next vacation. Sentence Completion Practices: 1. A recent survey shows that, while ninety-four percent of companies conducting management training programs open them to women, women are only seventy-four percent of those programs. A. Protesting against B. participating in C. displeased by D. allowed in E. refused by2. It was a war the chief advisor and his more prudent counselors wished to iffthey could and were determined in any event to as long as possible. A. provoked, delay B. denounce, deny C. instigate, conceal D. curtail, promote E. avoid, postpone 3. technologies created the factory system of mass production and specialization that allowed the industrial revolution A. Innovative B. frenetic C. Nominal D. Meretricious E. Formed 4, Because no comprehensive exist regarding personal reading practices, we do not know, for example, the greatest number of books read in an individual tifetime. A. records B. instincts C. remedies D. proposals E, commercials, 5. To list Begum Rokeya’s achievements in a fragmentary way for it distracts our attention from the themes of her work. A. unproductive, disparate B. misleading, integrating C. pragmatic, comprehension D. logical, important E, inevitable, unsettling, Prepositions Prepositions of Time 1. For years, months, seasons, centuries and times of day, use the preposition in: | first met John in 1987. It’s always cold in January. 2. For days, dates and specific holiday days, use the preposition on. We go to school on Mondays, but not on Sunday. Christmas is on December 25". 3. Other prepositions of time could include: During, about, around, until and throughout The concert will be staged throughout the month of May. I leamed how to drive during the holidays. He usually arrives around 3pm. Prepositions of Place: Here are a few common prepositions and examples: On Used to express a surface of something: I put an egg on the kitchen table. ‘The paper is on my desk, Used to specify days and dates: ‘The garbage truck comes on Wednesdays. Twas born on the 14th day of June in 1988, Used to indicate a device or machine, such as a phone or computer: He is on the phone right now. She has been on the computer since this morning, Used to indicate a part of the body: The stick hit me on my shoulder. I wear a ring on my finger.At Used to point out specific time: Twill meet you at 12 p.m. ‘The bus will stop here at 5:45 p.m. Used to indicate a place: There were hundreds of people at the park We saw a baseball game at the stadium. Used to indicate an email address: Please email me at [email protected] Used to indicate an activity: He laughed at my acting Tam good at drawing a portrait. In Used for unspecific times during a day, month, season, and year: She always reads newspapers in the morning. In the summer, we have a rainy season for three weeks. Used to indicate a location or place: She looked me directly in the eyes. I am currently staying in a hotel. Used to express while doing something: In preparing for the final report, we revised the tone three times. Used to indicate a belief, opinion, interest, or feeling: I believe in the next life. We are not interested in gambling. Prepositions of Movement Other more specific prepositions of movement include: through, across, off, down and into. Across: refers to moving from one side to another. Rebecca is swimming across the lake. ‘Through: refers to moving directly inside something and out the other end, The train passes through the tunnel, Up, over, down, past and around: Indicate directions of movement He went up the hill, We will travel over rough terrain on our way to Grandma’s house. The horse runs around the track all morning. | walked past several hotels on my way to the petrol station. Onto Used to show movement into or on a particular place: I slipped as I stepped onto the platform.1, Verbs with prepositions i. Verb + to, Belong to: The house belongs to Md. Hamidur Rahman. Listen to The audience listened to the music in silence. Speak to Thaven’t spoken to anyone about thi Talk to Could I talk to you for a minute, Kamal? Apologize to: You must apologize to him for your mistake. ‘erb+at Laugh at Nobody laughs at my jokes. Look at : Look at me. Shout at He was angry, so he shouted at me to go away. Arrive at They arrived at their hotel at ten o’clock. Aim at Sam aimed at the target. Knock at He knocked at the door. Stare at Why are you staring at me? Stay at : Lalways stay at home on Sundays. Smile at: She smiles at everyone. Verb + for Apologize for : | must apologize for being so late. Apply for I'd like to apply for the job you advertised. Ask for We finished the meal and asked for the bill. Look for What are you looking for? Pay for = I'll pay for the food. Prepare for: George has to prepare for the examination. Wait for: How long have you been waiting for the bus? Search for: I've been searching for my keys for hours. iv. Verb + on Count on —_: You can count on me, Depend on __: It depends on the weather. Rely on You can’t rely on the post. It is always late. Concentrate on: Concentrate on the road when you are driving. y. Verb + into Bump into: I fell down because someone bumped into me. Crash into. : The car crashed into the tree. Drive into: The driver drove the car into the garage. vi, Verb + about Talk about: We are talking about money Care about: I don’t care about the cost. Complain about: They complained about the terrible weather. Dream about: I dreamed about you last night, Eva. Speak about: They were speaking about their holidays. Talk about: Lam going to talk about our new product. Think about: What are you thinking about? Write about; You should write a book about your life Page: 92, Incorrect insertion Fatema’s husband accompanied with her. (X (not) with) Ask for a teacher if you don’t know how to answer the question. (X for) No one will believe in what you said. (X in) They drank up all the juice. (X up) We didn’t enter into the room. (X into) Do you want to join with them? (X with) Amy went to the cinema on last Saturday. (X on) She went to there last night. (X to) Did you remove away the chair? (X away) Don’t discuss about my boss. (X about) 3. Different Prepositions — Different Uses i, Agree We agree with a person We agree to an opinion or idea We agree about a topic for discussion We agree on a decision but agree to a proposal ii, Anxious Anxious about means worried about Anxious for or anxious to indicates an eagerness to do something. Care Care about means develop interest for Care for means like Eager Eager for something, Eager to do something y. End At the end means at the point where something stops ‘Come to an end means finished In the end means finally or at last Without end means never reaching an end vi. Speak Speak to someone Speak for means act as a spokesman vii. Time Behind time means late In time means early enough but not late From time to time means occasionally Atall times means always In no time means very soon (On time means at the right time Page: 10Reading Comprehension Practice Floods are second only to fire as the most common of all natural disasters. They occur almost everywhere in the world, resulting in widespread damage and even death. Consequently, scientists have long tried to perfect their ability to predict floods. So far, the best that scientists can do is to recognize the potential for flooding in certain conditions, There are a number of conditions, from deep snow on the ground to human error, that cause flooding. When deep snow melts it creates a large amount of water. Although deep snow alone rarely causes floods, when it occurs together with heavy rain and sudden warmer weather it can lead to serious flooding. If there is a fast snow melt on top of frozen or very wet ground, flooding is more likely to occur than when the ground is not frozen. Frozen ground or ground that is very wet and already saturated with water cannot absorb the additional water created by the melting snow. Melting snow also contributes to high water levels in rivers and streams. Whenever rivers are already at their full capacity of water, heavy rains will result in the rivers overflowing and flooding the surrounding land. Rivers that are covered in ice can also lead to flooding. When ice begins to melt, the surface of the ice ‘cracks and breaks into large pieces. These pieces of ice move and float down the river. They can form a dam in the river, causing the water behind the dam to rise and flood the land upstream. If the dam breaks suddenly, then the large amount of water held behind the dam can flood the areas downstream too. Broken ice dams are not the only dam problems that can cause flooding. When a large human-made dam breaks or fails to hold the water collected behind it, the results can be devastating. Dams contain such huge amounts of water behind them that when sudden breaks occur, the destructive force of the water is like a great tidal wave. Unleashed dam waters can travel tens of kilometers, cover the ground in meters of mud and debris, and drown and crush everything and creature in their path, Although scientists cannot always predict exactly when floods will occur, they do know a great deal about when floods are likely, or probably, going to occur. Deep snow, ice-covered rivers, and weak dams are all strong conditions for potential flooding. Hopefully, this knowledge of why floods happen can help us reduce the damage they cause. Which of the following are included as causes for floods in the reading passage? A. droughts B. large lakes C. poorly built roads D. melting snow _E. River erosions A broken human-made dam is compared to what? A. a tsunami B.atidal wave C.abrokenicedam D. overflowing _E, None of these How far can dam water travel when it is unleashed from a broken dam? A. less than 10 kilometers B. tens of kilometers C. thousands of kilometers D. tens of thousands of kilometers downstream, E, less than 1 kilometers Page: 114. Why does saturated ground contribute to flooding problems? A. the ground cannot absorb more moisture B. the ground is too hard, so the water runs off C. the ground forms a kind of dam D. it remains frozen E. None of the above Mini Test on Lecture Time: 12 minutes Marks: 15 |. He has not only violated the law, but also he has escaped punishment. A. not only violated the law, but also he has escaped punishment B. violated not only the law, but also he has escaped punishment C. violated not only the law, but he escaped punishment D. not only violated the law, but also escaped punishment E, not only violated the law, but has escaped punishment 2. Recently there has been increased debate over if a budget surplus should go toward Lower taxes or increased spending on social programs. A. over if'a budget surplus should go toward lower taxes or increased spending B. about a budget surplus going toward lower taxes or increasing spending C. about if lower taxes should come from a budget surplus or spending increases D. concerning a budget surplus and it’s going toward lower taxes or increased spending E. over whether a budget surplus should go toward lowering taxes or increasing spending 3. Rebecca likes to (A) spend time with her son (B) by participating jn (C) his activities, like riding bikes, playing video games and she watches (D) his favorite movies. No error (F). 4. Neither Betsy or (A) Sofia could remember (B) how to get to the Indian gestaurant, so (C) they had to go home and Jook up (D) directions. No error (E). 5. Important things to remember (A) when adding (B) fractions include (C) creatinga common denominator and reduce (D). No error (E). 6. Some (A) encyclopedia deal with (B) specific fields, such as (C) music or philosophy, and provide information (D) only on subject. No error (E). 7. Dolphins lack (A) vocal chords but they have a large, gil-filled (B) organ called the “melon”, which with (C) they can (D) produce a variety of sounds. No error (E). 8. Opportunities are then created (A) for the disadvantaged (B) so that they are able to generate (C) more \come and ultimately improve their livelihoods (D). No error (E). Page: 129. Ifa baby bird stays alive (A) for two or three weeks after leaving (B) the nest, it has (C) fair chance of ‘becomes (D) an adult. No error (E), 10, Raised in a large and noisy family, it was only when I went away to college that I learned how refreshing solitude could be. A. it was only when I went away to college that I learned how refreshing solitude could be. B. when | went away to college I learned how refreshing solitude could be. C. going away to college | learned how refreshing solitude could be. D.L did not learn how refreshing solitude could be until I went away to college. E. I did not leam how refreshing solitude could be until I go away to college. 11, The university science library, as most libraries, prohibits students to borrow rare, expensive, or popular reference materials; such materials are designated for use in the library only. A. as most libraries, prohibits students to borrow B. like most libraries, prohibits students from borrowing, C. as most libraries, will prohibit a student from borrowing D. like most libraries, prohibits students to borrow E. like most libraries that prohibit a student from borrowing 12, On the verge of bankruptey less than five years ago, many observers consider Gulfstream one of the most remarkable turnarounds in recent corporate history. ‘A. many observers consider GulfStream B. Gulfstream is considered by many observers C. many observers regard Gulfstream to be D. Gulfstream, according to many observers, is to be considered E. itis considered by many observers that Gulfstream is 13. Neither Edward’s Market, which is located in the heart of the city, nor Prime Meats, which has several branches in the suburbs, carry grass-fed beef. A. carry B. are carrying C. have carried D. carries: E. do carry 14, Pigment’s personal branding sets (A) him apart as (B) an artist who has used (C) digital media to take (D) his career into his own hands. No error (B). 15, Once you have established (A) a fan base, no matter how (B) big or small jtLis just start (C) performing atlive events (D). No error (E). I es 4©@ © ©O © 171909 OOO [WOOO OO|/BDOOOO 5@ OOOO [sO OOOH /NDOOOO/UNODOOO 1©@ ©O OO [LOMO OO/5OOOOO Page: 13kill Builder Answer SBO1 ‘More Practice T-and thoroughly 2.D 3, 4D D 2. and lacked motivation: as exciting to us as fo the people 4. Correct isagreeable, and uninterested to make D 6 7D SB 02 should have done 3 I T. might not be living 5. Correct 6. Correct should have arrived must have studied would have been SBO03 T. Correct 2. Had taken 4. prefer going to school to going to playground 3. Correct 5. Correct Sentence Completion 1B 2E [pa Jes [52 Page: 14