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Chapter 1 RESEARCH

1. Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and drawing conclusions from data. Descriptive statistics summarize data through measures like percentages, means, medians, modes, ranges, and standard deviations. Inferential statistics make generalizations about populations based on samples. 2. There are four levels of measurement in statistics: nominal (assigning names), ordinal (ranking order), interval (quantitative with differences determined), and ratio (quantitative with a true zero point). 3. Key terms include population (complete set of data), sample (subset selected from population), parameter (value from population), statistic (value from sample), variables (characteristics that vary), independent variables (changed by researcher), and

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108 views2 pages

Chapter 1 RESEARCH

1. Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and drawing conclusions from data. Descriptive statistics summarize data through measures like percentages, means, medians, modes, ranges, and standard deviations. Inferential statistics make generalizations about populations based on samples. 2. There are four levels of measurement in statistics: nominal (assigning names), ordinal (ranking order), interval (quantitative with differences determined), and ratio (quantitative with a true zero point). 3. Key terms include population (complete set of data), sample (subset selected from population), parameter (value from population), statistic (value from sample), variables (characteristics that vary), independent variables (changed by researcher), and

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JpAguirre
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IC 101 STATISTICAL METHODS

Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics

STATISTICS is a branch of science pertaining to the methods of collecting/obtaining,


organizing, presenting, analyzing, interpreting data, and then drawing conclusions based on
the gathered data.

NATURE OF STATISTICS

Descriptive Statistics summarize or describe a set of data.


Some of the most used statistical treatments used are percentages, measures of central
tendency (such as the mean, median and mode), measures of variation (such as range,
average deviation, standard deviation, variance, and coefficient of variation) and measures of
skewness and kurtosis.

Inferential Statistics deals with making generalizations, conclusions and make predictions
about a body of data where only part of it is examined. It is a set of methods used to make a
generalization, estimate, prediction, or decision.
A pair of one measure of central tendency and one measure of variation can be used to draw
a conclusion, commonly used pair are mean and standard deviation.

BASIC STATISTICAL TERMS

1. Population and Sample


Population is defined as the complete or entire collection of elements (person or things) to be
studied.
Sample refers to the representative part or finite number of elements chosen from the
population. It is a small group taken from the population.

2. Parameter and Statistic


Parameter is numerical value calculated from a population.
Statistic is a number that describes a set of observations in a sample.

3. Variables are characteristics or values that vary across individuals.

3.1. Qualitative and Quantitative


Qualitative Variables, also known as categorical variables, are used to represent character,
class, or kind but not in amount.
Quantitative Variables are variables that can be measured on a numeric or quantitative scale.
It can be classified as discrete or continuous.
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3.2. Discrete and Continuous
Discrete uses natural numbers or counting numbers. A quantitative variable is Continuous if
it uses decimals or fractions.

3.3. Independent and Dependent


Independent variables are variables that are manipulated or are changed by researchers and
whose effects are measured and compared. It predicts/forecasts the values of the
dependent variable in the model.
The dependent variables refer to that type of variable that measures the effect of the
independent variable(s) on the test units. We can also say that the dependent variables
are the types of variables that are completely dependent on the independent variable(s).

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

Levels of measurement are used to determine the statistical tool that can be used to describe
a data. There are four levels of measurement; these are Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio.

1. The first level is called the Nominal level. In this level, names are assigned to objects for
the purpose of identifying or belonging to a group or category. The data cannot be
arranged in an ordering system.

2. The second level is the Ordinal level. In this stage, the words or numbers are assigned to
objects to represent the rank or order between them. It implies ranking, order, or
inequalities.

3. Interval level is the third level of measurement. It refers to quantitative measurements used
to identify and rank but, in this scale, differences between two items can be determined
and operations such as multiplication and division are worthless. Interval scales do not
have a true zero point.

4. Lastly, fourth level of measurement is the Ratio level. It is similar to interval scale, but ratio
has a true zero point and operations such as multiplication and division are therefore
significant.

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