SLOW LEARNER’S MATERIAL

HIGHER SECONDARY FIRST YEAR

2022-2023

2022 - 2023

BOTANY & BIO BOTANY

SCHOOL EDUCATION – VILLUPURAM

I. Choose the correct answer:
1. An Intact Infective Virus Particle Which Is Non-Replicating Outside A host cell
Virion
2. Who Proposed Five Kingdom Classification
R.h.Whittaker
3. Which Bacteria Produce ‘’Earthy Odour’’ To Soil After Rain
Streptomyces
4. Duodenal And Gastric Ulcers Are Caused By
Helicobacter Pylori
5. I Nanometer =
10-9 meter
6. In Which Year Did Frederick Griffith Explain Genetic Modification in Bacteria
1928
7. Father Of Indian Mycology
E.J.Bulter
8. Gram Staining Of Bacteria Was First Developed By
Christian Gram
9. Who Obtained Virus In Crystallised form from Infected tobacco Juice
W.M.Stanley
110 Dolipore Septum is a Characteristic Feature Of
..
Basidiomycetes

II. Two mark questions:

1. Define “Bacteriophage”
❖ Viruses infecting bacteria are called Bacteriophages.
2. What is Fimbriae Or Pili?
❖ Pili or fimbriae are hair like appendages.
❖ It found on surface of cell wall of gram-negative bacteria
3. Draw Diagram And Label The Parts Of Structure of Mycoplasma.
 4. Differentiate Homoiomerous And Heteromerous Lichens.
❖ Homoiomerous - Algal cells evenly distributed in the thallus.
❖ Heteromerous - a distinct layer of algae and fungi present.

5. What is Archaebacteria?
❖ Archaebacteria are primitive prokaryotes.
❖ They are adapted to thrive in extreme environments.
❖ Example: Methanobacterium

6. What is Sterigma? (L.V)

❖ The basidiospores are borne on stalk like structures called sterigmata.

7. Difine Pileus (L.V)
❖ The upper convex surface of basidiocarp is called pileus.
❖ which is white or cream in colour.

8. Draw diagram and label the parts of Agaricus Basidiocarp. (L.V)

III. Three Marks questions

1. Write the distinguishing features of monera.

❖ They are Prokaryotic .

❖ Mostly Unicellular, rarely multicellur.
❖ Motile or non-motile.
❖ Example:Archaebacteria,

2. Draw diagram and label the parts of ultrastructure of a bacterial cell.

 3. What is Deuteromycetes or imperfecti fungi?
❖ The fungi belonging to this group lack sexual reproduction and are called imperfect
fungi.

4. Write the significance of Mycorrhizae.

❖ Helps to derive nutrition in Monotropa, a saprophytic angiosperm.
❖ Improves the availability of minerals and water to the plants.
❖ Provides drought resistance to the plants.
❖ Protects roots of higher plants from the attack of plant pathogens.

5. Why do farmers plant leguminous crops in crop rotation / mixed cropping?

❖ The leguminous plants have root nodules in their roots.
❖ They have nitrogen fixing bacteria like Rhizobium inside.
❖ It fix atmospheric nitrogen and increase soil fertility.

6. What is Paraphysis? (L.V)

❖ The basidium is interspersed with sterile hyphae called paraphysis.

7. Draw diagram and label the parts of V.S of Agaricus gill (L.V)

8. What is hymenium? (L.V)

❖ On both the sides of the gills a fertile layer called hymenium is present.
IV. Five marks questions.
1. Write the living and non – living characteristics features of viruses.
Living Characters of viruses:
❖ Presence of nucleic acid and protein.
❖ Capable of mutation .
❖ Ability to multiply within living cells.
❖ Able to infect and cause diseases in living beings.
❖ Show irritability.
❖ Host –specific.

Non-living Characters of viruses:

❖ Can be crystallized.
❖ Absence of metabolism.
❖ Inactive outside the host.
❖ Do not show functional autonomy.
❖ Energy producing enzyme system is absent.
2. Explain the Merits and Demerits of Five kingdom classification.

Merits
❖ The classification is based on the complexity of cell structure and organization of
thallus.
❖ It is based on the mode of nutrition .
❖ Separation of fungi from plants .
❖ It shows the phylogeny of the organisms.
Demerits
❖ The Kingdom Monera and protista accommodate both autotrophic and heterotrophic
organisms.
❖ cell wall lacking and cell wall bearing organisms thus making these two groups more
heterogeneous.
❖ Viruses were not included in the system.

3. Write steps involved in Gram Staining in Bacteria.

 4. Explain the Acaricus life cycle (L.V)

* LV

I. Choose the correct answer:

1. Father of Indian Phycology
M.O. Parthasarathy
2. Which one is Amphibians of Plant Kingdom?
Bryophytes
3. Xylem is Star shaped in
Actinostele
4. Vascular bundles are closed in
Monocot
5. Vessels are found in Gymnosperm like
Gnetum
6. ________ Classified the gymnosperms into 3 classes and 31 families
Sporne
7. The Oldest Recorded algae is
Grypania
8. The amber is produced by
Pinites succinifera
9. Agar Agar obtained from
Gelidiella
 10 Father of Indian Bryology
.
Shiv Ram Kashyap

II. Two mark questions

1. Name the three classes of Bryophytes?
❖ Hepaticopsida
❖ Anthocerotopsida
❖ Bryopsida
2. What is Plectostele? Give example
3. What method of reproduction occur in the following organism.
a) Yeast - Budding b) Spirogyra - Fragmentation

4. What is Amber?
❖ Amber is a plant secretion which is an efficient preservative that doesn’t get
degraded and hence can preserve remains of extinct life forms.
❖ The amber is produced by Pinites succinifera, a Gymnosperm.
5. Do you agree with the statement “Bryophyted need water for fertilization. Justify
your answer.
❖ Yes. I agreed.
❖ The antheridia produces biflagellate antherozoids which swims in thin film of
water and reach the archegonium and fuse with the egg to form diploid zygote.
❖ So Water is essential for fertilization.

6. What is Nucule? (L.V)

❖ The male sex organ of Chara is called antheridium or globule.
7. What is Gemmae (L.V)
❖ The dorsal surface of Marchantia shows crescent shaped structures called gemma
cups.
❖ which contain vegetative reproductive structures called gemmae.
9. What is Resurrection plants give example (L.V)
❖ In few Selaginella species during dry season the entire plant body gets curled and
become fresh, green when moisture is available.
❖ Due to this they are called Resurrection plants. Example S. lepidophylla
III. Three Marks questions
1. What is Eustele?
❖ The stele is split into distinct collateral vascular bundles around the pith. Example:
Dicot stem.
2. Do you think shape of chloroplast is unique for algae. Justify your answer?
❖ Yes. I agreed.
⮚ cup shaped - Chlamydomonas,
⮚ discoid - Chara,
⮚ girdle shaped, -Ulothrix,
⮚ reticulate - Oedogonium,
⮚ spiral - Spirogyra,
⮚ stellate – Zygnema,
⮚ plate like - Mougeoutia.
2. Define “Peat”.
❖ Dead thalli of Sphagnum gets accumulated and compressed, hardened to form peat.
3. Write types of wood found in Gymnosperm.
❖ Manoxylic - Porous, soft, more parenchyma with wide medullary ray eg.Cycas
❖ Pycnoxylic - compact with narrow medullary ray-eg.Pinus).
 4. Mention two characters shared by gymnosperms and angiosperms.
❖ Presence of well organised plant body which is differentiated into roots, stem and
leaves.
❖ Presence of cambium in gymnosperms as in dicotyledons.
❖ Both plant groups produce seeds.Pollen tube helps in the transfer of male nucleus in
both.
❖ Presence of eustele.

6. What are elaters? (L.V)

❖ Elaters are found in capsule of Marchantia Which helps in the dispersal of spores.
7. What is Globule? (L.V)
❖ The female sex organ of Chara is called Oogonium or nucule

8. Differentiate nodal and intermodal cells of chara? (L.V)

Nodal cells Internodal cells
The nodal cells are uninucleate. The intermodal cells are multi nucleate.
They have few ellipsoidal They have numerous discoidal chloroplasts.
chloroplasts.
IV. Five marks questions
1. Differentiate Gymnosperm and Angiosperms.

2. Explain stele types with diagram.

❖ Protostele:In protostele phloem surrounds xylem. The type includes Haplostele,
Actinostele, Plectostele, and Mixed protostele.
(i) Haplostele: Xylem surrounded by phloem is known as haplostele. Example:
Selaginella.
(ii) (ii) Actinostele: Star shaped xylem core is surrounded by phloem is known as
actinostele. Example: Lycopodium serratum.
(iii) (iii) Plectostele: Xylem plates alternates with phloem plates. Example:
Lycopodium clavatum.
(iv) (iv) Mixed prototostele: Xylem groups uniformly scattered in the phloem.
Example: Lycopodium cernuum.
❖ Siphonostele:In siphonostele xylem is surrounded by phloem with pith at the centre. It
includes Ectophloic siphonostele, Amphiphloic siphonostele, Solenostele, Eustele,
Atactostele and Polycylic stele.
(i) Ectophloic siphonostele: The phloem is restricted only on the external side of the
xylem. Pith is in centre. Example: Osmunda.
(ii) Amphiphloic siphonostele: The phloem is present on both the sides of xylem. The
pith is in the centre. Example: Marsilea.
❖ Solenostele: The stele is perforated at a place or places corresponding the origin of the
leaf trace.
(a) Ectophloic solenostele – Pith is in the centre and the xylem is
surrounded by phloem Example Osmunda.
(b) Amphiphloic solenostele – Pith is in the centre and the phloem is present on both
sides of the xylem. Example: Adiantum pedatum.
❖ Dictyostele – The stele is separated into several vascular strands and each one
is called meristele. Example: Adiantum capillus-veneris.
❖ Eustele: The stele is split into distinct collateral vascular bundles around the
pith. Example: Dicot stem.
❖ Atactostele: The stele is split into distinct collateral vascular bundles and are
scattered in the ground tissue. Example: Monocot stem.
❖ Polycyclicstele: The vascular tissues are present in the form of two or more
concentric cylinders. Example: Pteridium.
3. List out the Economical importance of Gymnosperm.

5. Explain the internal Structure of cycas rachis (L.V)

❖ The outermost layer is epidermis and is covered by thick cuticle.

❖ The hypodermis is made up of two layers of sclerenchyma on the adaxial side and
many layered on the abaxial side.
❖ The ground tissue is parenchymatous.
❖ The peculiar feature of the rachis is the arrangement of vascular bundle i.e., in an
inverted Omega shape (Ω)pattern
❖ . Each vascular bundle is covered by a single layered sclerenchymatous bundle sheath.
❖ Vascular bundles are collateral, endarch and open.
❖ A diploxylic condition is present in the vascular bundles.(presence of both centripetal
and centrifugal xylem).
 5. Explain the Sporophyte of Marchantia.

❖ Sporophyte is differentiated into foot, seta and capsule. The foot is bulbous and is
embedded in the gametophyte.
❖ It derives nutrition from the gametophyte and transfers to the sporophyte.
❖ Seta is short and connects foot and capsule.
❖ The capsule consists of single layered jacket layer and encloses numerous haploid
spores and elaters.
❖ The capsule is covered by protective covering called calyptra. On maturation the
capsule dehisces and spores are released.
❖ Elaters helps in the dispersal of spores.

Chapter – 3 Vegetative Morphology

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1. ----------- tissue present in Vanda

Ans : a) Velamen
2. Bladderwort is also called as ---------------
Ans : a) Utricularia
3. Stem is changed into fleshy green structure is called as ----------
Ans : d) Phylloclade
4. In Legume, leaf base becomes broad, thick and swollen is -----------
Ans : d) Pulvinus
5. Chrysanthemum is an example for ----------
Ans : c) Sucker
6. Root buttress are seen in ---------------
Ans : a) Bombax
7. Annual plans are also called as -------------
Ans : a) Ephemerals

8. The potato eyes arise from --------------

Ans : a) Axillary bud
9. Cauline buds are example for ------------
Ans : a) Agave
10. Prop root is seen in -----------
Ans : a) Banyan

TWO MARKS QNS

1. Draw and label the parts of regions of root.

2. How root climbers differ from stem climbers?

 Root Climbers: Plants climbing with the help of adventitious roots.
 Stem Climbers: Stem climbers may coil around the support.
3. Define: Venation
 The arrangement of veins and veinlets on the leaf blade or lamina is called venation.
4. What is Geophytes?
 Perennial herbs having a bulb, corm, rhizome or tuber as the underground stem are
termed as geophytes.
5. What is Culm?
 Erect stems with distinct nodes and usually hollow internodes clasped by leaf sheaths.

THREE MARKS QNS

1. Write about breathing root?

 Some mangrove plants like Avicennia, Rhizophora, Bruguiera develop special kinds of
roots (Negatively geotropic) for respiration.
 Soil becomes saturated with water and aeration is very poor.
 They have a large number of breathing pores or pneumatophores for exchange of gases.
2. List out the types of secondary functions of stem?
 Food storage- Example: Solanum tuberosum, Colocasia and Zingiber officinale
 Perennation / reproduction – Example: Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa
 Photosynthesis – Example: Opuntia, Ruscus, Casuarina, Euphorbia, Caralluma.
 Protection – Example: Citrus, Duranta, Bougainvillea, Acacia, Fluggea, Carissa.
3. Compare sympodial branching with monopodial branching.
S.NO Sympodial Branching Monopodial Branching
1. The terminal bud caese to grow after a The terminal bud grows uninterrupted.
period of growth.
2. Growth is taken care by lateral The bud produces several lateral branches.
meristem or buds.
3. Ex: Cycas Ex: Polyalthia

4. Define leaf mosaic.

 In leaf mosaic leaves tend to fit in with one another.
 Leaves secure the maximum amount of sunlight with minimum amount of overlapping.
  The lower leaves have longer petioles and successive upper leaves possess decreasing
length petioles.
5. Write about Trailers(stragglers)?
 It is a weak stem that spreads over the surface of the ground without rooting at nodes.
 Prostrate (Procumbent): A stem that grows flat on the ground. Ex: Indigofera
 Decumbent: A stem that grows flat but becomes erect during reproductive stage.
Ex: Tridax.
 Diffuse: A trailing stem with spreading branches. Example: Boerhavia diffusa.

FIVE MARKS QNS

1. Write about the adventitious root modification for storage?
1. Tuberous root
These roots are swollen without any definite shape. Ex: Ipomoea batatas.
2. Fasciculated root
These roots are in cluster from the base of the stem Example: Dahlia.
3. Nodulose root
In this type of roots swelling occurs only near the tips. Ex: Maranta (arrow root).
4. Moniliform or Beaded root
These roots swell at frequent intervals giving them a beaded appearance. Ex: Vitis.
5. Annulated root
These roots have a series of ring- like swelling on their surface at regular intervals.
Ex: Ipecac.
2. Explain phlyllopaxy.
The mode of arrangement of leaves on the stem is known as phyllotaxy.
(1) Alternate (2) Opposite (3) Ternate (4) Whorled.

1. Alternate phyllotaxy
In this type there is only one leaf per node.
a) Alternate spiral: In which the leaves are arranged alternatively in a spiral manner.
Example: Hibiscus.
b) Alternate distichous or Bifarious: In which the leaves are organized alternatively in two
rows on either side of the stem.
Example: Monoon longifolium (polyalthia longifolia).

2. Opposite phyllotaxy
Two leaves opposite to each other.
i. Opposite superposed: The pair of leaves arranged in succession are in the same direction.
Example: Psidium.
ii. Opposite decussate: Leaves is placed at right angles to the next upper or lower pair of
leaves. Example: Calotropis.
3. Ternate phyllotaxy
In this type there are three leaves attached at each node.
Example: Nerium
4. Whorled phyllotaxy
In this type more than three leaves are present in a whorl at each node forming a circle or whorl.
Example: Allamanda.
3. Write about the subaerial stem modifications.
 Sub aerial stem found in plants with weak stem in which branches lie horizontally on the
ground.
1. Runner
 This is a slender, prostrate branch creeping on the ground and rooting at the nodes. Ex:
Centella.
2. Stolon
  Stem is a slender, originating from the base of the stem.
 First grows obliquely above the ground, produces a loop and bends down towards the
ground.
 When touches the ground it produces roots and becomes an independent plantlet.
Ex: Mentha piperita (peppermint).
3. Sucker
 Sucker develops from a underground stem and grows obliquely upwards and gives rise to a
separate plantlet or new plant. Example: Chrysanthemum.
4. Offset
 Offset is similar to runner but found in aquatic plants especially in rosette leaved forms.
 A short thick lateral branch arises from the lower axil and grows horizontally leafless for a
short distance, then it produces a bunch of rosette leaves and root at nodes.
 Ex: Eichhornia (water hyacinth).

Chapter – 4 Reproductive Morphology

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1. More than one locule ovaries are called-----------------

b) plurilocular
2. Sterile stamen’s are called -----------
b) Staminodes
3. A dry indehiscent, one seeded fruit in which the pericarp develops into thin winged structure---
a) Samara
4. ------- is a ‘Raceme of cymes’.
d) Thyrsus
5. The flower shows two mirror images when cut in any plane ------------
c) Actinomorphic
6. A multiple fruit which develops from hypanthodium inflorescence----------.
a) Syconus
7. The intermodal elongation between the corolla and androecium----------
c) Androphore
8. Filament is attached to the anther at midpoint--------------------
c) Versatile
9. Pollen grains are fused together as a single mass----------------
b) Pollinium
10.Arrangement of sepals and petals in the flower bud is said to be--------------
a) Aestivation
TWO MARKS QNS

1. What you know about catkin inflorescence?

 Pendulous spikes with a long and drooping axis bearing small unisexual or bisexual
flowers. It is also called ament.
 Example: Acalypha hispida.
2. Differentiate Apocarpous and Syncarpous
S.No Apocarpous Syncarpous

1 A pistil contains two or more A pistil contains two or more

distinct carpels. carpels which are connate.
Example: Annona. Example: Citrus, tomato.
3. Draw the floral diagram of Hibiscus rosa sinensis.

4. Find out the floral formula for a bisexual flower with bract, regular, pentamerous distinct
calyx and corolla, superior ovary without bracteole?

5. What is Perfect or bisexual(monoclinous) ?

 When a flower contains both androecium and gynoecium is called perfect flower.
THREE MARKS QNS
1. Write short note on ovary position?
 The position or attachment of ovary relative to the other floral parts. It may be classified
into
 Superior ovary: It is the ovary with the sepals, petals and stamens attached at the base of
the ovary.
 Inferior ovary: It is the ovary with the sepals, petals and stamens attached at the apex of
the ovary.
 Half-inferior ovary: It is the ovary with the sepals, petals and stamens or hypanthium
attached near the middle of the ovary.
2. Write about connation of stamens?
 Connation: Refers to the fusion of stamens among themselves.
 Adelphy: Filaments connate into one or more bundles but anthers are free. It may be the
following types. 1. Monadelphous,2. Diadelphous, 3. Polyadelphous.
 Syngenesious: Anthers connate, filaments free. Example: Asteraceae.
 Synandrous: Filaments and anthers are completely fused. Example: Coccinea.
3. Differentiate between racemose and cymose.
Racemose Cymose
Main axis of unlimited growth Main axis of limited growth
Flowers arranged in an acropetal succession Flowers arranged in a basipetal succession
Opening of flowers is centripetal Opening of flowers is centrifugal
Usually the oldest flower at the base of the Usually the oldest flower at the top of the
inflorescence axis. inflorescence axis

4. Differentiate between aggregate fruit with multiple fruit.

Aggregate Fruit Multiple Fruit
Aggregate fruits develop from a single flower A Multiple or composite fruit develops from
having an apocarpous pistil. the whole inflorescence along
with its peduncle
Each of the free carpel is develops into a Flowers fused together by succulent
simple fruitlet. perianth
A collection of simple fruitlets makes an Whole inflorescence forms a compact
aggregate fruit. structure is called Multiple fruit.
Example: Example:
Polyalthia Jack fruit

5. List out the functions of seeds?

 The seed encloses and protects the embryo for next generation.
 It contains food for the development of embryo.
 It is a means for the dispersal of new individuals of the species.
 Seeds of various plants are used as food, both for animals and men.

FIVE MARKS QNS

1. Explain the different types of fleshy fruit with suitable example.
Fleshy Fruit
 The fruits are derived from single pistile
 The pericarp is fleshy, succulent and differentiated into epicarp, mesocarp and
endocarp
 It is subdivided into the following types.
a) Berry:
 Fruit develops from bicarpellary or multicarpellary, syncarpous ovary.
 Example: Tomato, Date Palm, Grapes, Brinjal.
b) Drupe:
 Fruit develops from monocarpellary, superior ovary.
 Example: Mango, Coconut.
c) Pepo:
 Fruit develops from tricarpellary inferior ovary.
 Example: Cucumber, Watermelon, Bottle gourd, Pumpkin.
d) Hesperidium:
 Fruit develops from multicarpellary, multilocular, syncarpous, superior ovary.
 Example: Orange, Lemon.
e) Pome:
 It develops from multicarpellary, syncarpous, inferior ovary.
 Example: Apple, Pear.
f) Balausta:
 A fleshy indehiscent fruit developing from multicarpellary, multilocular inferior ovary
whose pericarp is tough and leathery. Seeds are attached irregularly with testa being the
edible portion. Example: Pomegranate
2. Describe types of special inflorescence.
Cyathium
 Cyathium inflorescence consists of small unisexual flowers enclosed by a common
involucre which mimics a single flower.
 Male flowers are organised in a scorpioid manner.
 Female flower is solitary and centrally located on a long pedicel. Male flower is
represented only by stamens and female flower is represented only by pistil.
 Cyathium may be actinomorphic (Example: Euphorbia) or zygomorphic (Example:
Pedilanthus.). Nectar is present in involucre.
Hypanthodium
 Receptacle is a hollow, globose structure consisting unisexual flowers present on the
inner wall of the receptacle.
 Receptacle is closed except a small opening called ostiole which is covered by a series of
bracts.
 Male flowers are present nearer to the ostiole, female and neutral flowers are found in a
mixed manner from middle below. Example: Ficus sp.
 Coenanthium:
 Circular disc like fleshy open receptacle that bears pistillate flowers at the center and
staminate flowers at the periphery. Example: Dorstenia
3. Explain the different types of placentation with example.
Axile Placentation:
 The placentae arises from the column in a co mpound ovary with septa. Ex: Hibiscus,
tomato, lemon

Basal Placentation:
 It is the placenta at the abse of the ovary.
 Ex. Sunflower(Asteraceae) Marigold.

Marginal Placentation:
 It is with the placentae along the margin of a unicarpellate ovary. Ex. Fabaceae.

Superficial Placentation:
 Ovules arise from the surface of the septa. Ex. Nymphaeceae.

Parietal Placentation:
 It is the placentae on the ovary walls or upon intruding partitions of a unilocular,
compound ovary. Ex. Mustard, Agremone, Cucumber.
Free-central Placentation:
 It is with the placentae along the column in a compound ovary without septa.
 Ex. Caryophyllaceae, Dianthus, Primrose

Chapter – 5 Taxonomy and Systematic Botany

I. Choose the correct answer:
1. Phylogenetic classification is the most favoured classification because it reflects
Evolutionary relationships
2. The taxonomy which involves the similarities and dissimilarities among the immune
system of different taxa is termed as Serotaxonomy

3. Which of the following is a flowering plant with nodules containing filamentous nitrogen
fixing micro - organisms? Casuarina equisetifolia
4. Flowers are zygomorphic in Ceropegia
5. Keel is the characteristic feature of flower of Indigofera
6. Vexillary aestivation is characteristic of the family Fabaceae
7. Cymose inflorescence is present in Solanum
8. Which one of the following statements is correct?
a. Corolla tube hairy forming is a corona b. Apostemanous is fussion of anther and
corolla
c. Anthers sagittate in fabaceae d. Pollinium formed in Gynoecium
9. Which one of the following is medicinal plant Atropa belladonna
10. Bird of paradise is Strelizia reginae
II. Two mark questions
1. What is the roll of national gardens in conserving biodiversity – discuss
1. National gardens are supply the taxonomical material for botanical research.
2. National gardens is used for self-instruction or demonstration purposes.
3. Act as a conservation centre for diversity, rare and endangered species.
4. It is used in study of plant anatomy, embroyology, bio chemistry, cell biology, and etc.
5. Botanical garden gives information about method of propagation.
2. Distinguish between Taxonomy and Systematics
s.no Taxonomy Systematics
1. Discipline of classifying organisms into taxa. Broad field of biology that studies the
diversification of species
2. Classification + Nomenclature = Taxonomy Taxonomy + Phylogeny = Systematics
 3. Write the Taxonomic Hierarchy
Kingdom
Phylum
Subphylum
Class
Sub class
Order
Sub order
Family
Sub family
Tribe
Genus
Sub genus
Series
Species

4. Define : Species
high level of similarities among the organisms is called Species
5. What is binomial nomenclature Give an example
Scientific name of a species consists of two words
The first one is called genus name and second one is specific epithet.
Example: Mangifera indica.
6. Where will you place the plants which contain two cotyledons with cup shaped
thalamus?
Class Dicotyledonae
Sub class Polypetalae
Series Calyciflorae
7. Define: Genus
consists of multiple species which have similar characters is called genus.
III. Three Marks questions
1. What is author citation give an example?
This refers to valid name of the taxa accompanied by the author’s name who published the
name validly Example: Solanum nigrum L.
2. Write a note on Royal Botanical Garden?
Royal Botanic garden Kew- England is a non- departmental public body in the United
Kingdom. It is the largest botanical garden in the world, established in 1760, but officially
opened in the year 1841.
3. What are the aims of chemotaxonomy?
To develop taxonomic characters which may improve existing system of plant
classification.
To improve present day knowledge of phylogeny of plants.
4. What are the significance of DNA barcoding?
DNA barcoding greatly helps in identification and classification of organism
It aids in mapping the extent of biodiversity.
5. Write the binomials of foodyielding plants of family Fabaceae
Lablab purpureus ( field bean)
Sesbania grandiflora (agathi)
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba ( cluster bean)
IV. Five marks questions
1. Write the principles of International Code of Nomenclature?
ICN Principles
 Botanical nomenclature is independent of zoological and bacteriological nomenclature.
  Application of names of taxonomic group is determined by means of nomenclatural types.
 Nomenclature of a taxonomic group is based on priority of publication.
 Each taxonomic group with a particular circumscription, position and rank can bear only
one correct name.
 Scientific names of taxonomic groups are treated as Latin regardless of their derivation.
 The rules of nomenclature are retroactive unless expressly limited.

2. What are the uses of Herbarium?

 Herbarium provides resource material for systematic research and studies.
 It is a place for orderly arrangement of voucher specimens.
 Voucher specimen serves as a reference for comparing doubtful newly collected fresh
specimens.
 Voucher specimens play a role in studies like floristic diversity, environmental assessment,
ecological mechanisms and survey of unexplored areas.
 Herbarium provides opportunity for documenting biodiversity and studies related to the
field of ecology and conservation biology.

3. Explain the floral characters of Datura metal with technical terms.

Flower: Flowers are bracteate, ebracteolate, pedicellate, complete,
heterochlamydeous, actinomorphic, bisexual and hypogynous.
Calyx: Sepals 5, green synsepalous showing valvate aestivation. Calyx is mostly
persistent.
Corolla: petals 5, greenish white, sympetalous, showing twisted aestivation.
Androecium: Stamens 5, free from one another, epipetalous
Gynoecium: Ovary bicarpellary, syncarpous superior ovary. Carpels are obliquely placed
and ovules on swollen axile placentation.
Fruit: Spinescent capsule opening by four apical valves with persistent calyx.

4. Give the Economic importance of Musaceae family

Food plant Musa paradisiaca Cooked and eaten as vegetable
Musa chinensis Edible bananas which are sweetand rich in starch.
Medicinal plant Musa paradisiaca Considered to be an antidote for cobra bite.
Fibre yielding plant Musa textilis Fibre is woven and made into abaca cloth also used for
twine and bagging
Ornamental plant Ravanala madagascariensis and Strelitzia reginae grown as
ornamental plants in gardens

Chapter – 6 Cell: The unit of life

I. Choose the correct answer:

1. The two subunits of ribosomes remain united at critical ion level of
Magnesium
2 .Sequences of which of the following is used to know the phylogeny.
rRNA
3. Many cells function properly and divide mitotically even though they do not have.
Cytoskeleton

4.Keeping in view the fluid mosaic model for the structure of cell membrane, which one of
the following statements is correct with respect to the movement of lipids and proteins
from one lipid monolayer to the other.
While lipids can rarely flip-flop proteins cannot
 5.Match the columns and identify the correct option:

Column-I Column-II
A Thylakoids I Disc-shaped sacs in Golgi apparatus
B Cristae Ii Condensed structure of DNA
C Cisternae Iii Flat membranous sacs in stroma
D Chromatin Iv Infoldings in mitochondria
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(1) (iii) (iv) (ii) (i)
(2) (iv) (iii) (i) (ii)
(3) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
(4) (iii) (i) (iv) (ii)

6.Who invented electron microscope?

Knoll and Ruska

7.Omnis-cellula-e-cellula was given by
Virchow
8.Genes present in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells are found in
mitochondria and inherited via egg cytoplasm

9.In mitochondria the enzyme cytochrome oxidase is present in

inner mitochondrial membrane

10.Which organelle is present in higher number in secretory cell

Dictyosomes

II. Two mark questions

1. Bring out the significance of Transmission Electron Microscope.
 Studying detailed structrue of viruses, mycoplasma, cellular organelles.

2. State the protoplasm theory.

 Protoplasm is a complex colloidal system which was suggested by Fisher in 1894
and Hardy in 1899. It is primarily made of water and various other solutes of
biological importance such as glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, minerals,
vitamins, hormones and enzymes.

3.Define Magnification

 The optical increase in size of an image is called magnification.

4.State Modern cell Theory.

 All organisms are made up of cells.

 New cells are formed by the division of pre-existing cells.
 Cells contains genetic material, which is passed on from parents to daughter cells.
  All metabolic reactions take place inside the cells.

5.What is Solation and Gelation?

 The protoplasm exists either in semisolid (jelly-like) state called ‘gel᾿ due to
suspended particles and various chemical bonds or may be liquid state called
‘sol᾿.

III. Three Marks questions

1.Write a note on Middle Lamella?
 It is the outermost layer made up of calcium and magnesium pectate, deposited at the time
of cytokinesis.
 It is a thin amorphous layer which cements two adjacent cells.
 It is optically inactive (isotropic).

2.What are the function of cell wall?

 Offers definite shape and rigidity to the cell.
 Serves as barrier for several molecules to enter the cells.
 Provides protection to the internal protoplasm against mechanical injury.
 Prevents the bursting of cells by maintaining the osmotic pressure.

3.Why the mitochondria is considered as semi-autonomous organelle?

 They multiply by fission and replicates by strand displacement model. Because of the
presence of DNAs it is semi- autonomous organelle. Unique characteristic of mitochondria
is that they are inherited from female parent only

4.What are the functions of chloroplast?

 Photosynthesis
• Light reactions takes place in granum,
• Dark reactions take place in stroma,
• Chloroplast is involved in photo- respiration.

5.Classify the chromosomes based on the position of centromere?

• Metacentric
• Submetacentric
• Acrocentric
• Telocentric

IV. Five marks questions

 1. Explain special types of chromosomes
1.Polytene chromosomes
2.Lampbrush chromosomes

1.Polytene chromosomes
 Polytene chromosomes observed in the salivary glands of Drosophila (fruit fly) by E.G.
Balbiani in 1881.
 There is a distinct alternating dark bands and light inter-bands.
 The polytene chromosome has extremely large puff called Balbiani rings which is seen in
 Chironomous larvae. It is also known as chromosomal puff.
 As this chromosome occurs in the salivary gland it is known as salivary gland
chromosomes.

2.Lampbrush chromosomes
 Lampbrush chromosomes occur at the diplotene stage of first meiotic prophase in oocytes
of
an animal Salamandar and in giant nucleus of the unicellular alga Acetabularia.
 It was first observed by Flemming in 1882.
 The highly condensed chromosome forms the chromosomal axis, from which lateral loops
of
DNA extend as a result of intense RNA synthesis.

2. Describe the function of Nucleus.

 Controlling all cellular activities
 Storing the genetic or hereditary information.
 Coding the information from DNA for the production of enzymes and proteins.
 DNA duplication and transcription takes place in the nucleus.
 In nucleolus ribosomal biogenesis takes place.
 3.Draw the ultra structure of plant cell.

Chapter – 7 Cell Cycle

I. ONE MARK

1. The correct sequence in cell cycle is

c) G1-S-G2-M
2. If mitotic division is restricted in G1 phase of the cell cycle then the condition is known as
d) G0 Phase
3. In meiosis crossing over is initiated at
b) Pachytene
4. Eukaryotic cell divides every _______ hours
b) 24 hours
5. Centromere is required for
d) Movement of chromosome towards pole
6. The location at which crossing over occurs are known as
c) Chiasmata
7. During cell cycle DNA replication takes place in __________
a) S Phase
8. Synthesis of RNA and Protein takes place in which phase of the cell cycle?
c) G1 Phase
9. The telophase stage of mitosis is _________
a) The last stage of Karyokinesis b) More or less opposite of prophase
stage.
c) The stage where spindle fibres are disappeared. d) All the above
10. Colchicine prevents the mitosis of the cells at which of the following stage.
b) Metaphase

II. TWO MARKS

1. Define cell cycle.
  A series of events leading to the formation of new cell is known as cell cycle.
2. What is synapsis?
 Pairing of homologous chromosomes takes place and it is known as synapsis.
3. What is bivalent?
 The complex formed by the homologous chromosomes are called as bivalent
(tetrads).
4. What is meant by C-Value?
 C-Value is the amount in picograms of DNA contained within a haploid nucleus.
III. THREE MARKS
1. What is crossing over?
 Changing of segments between non-sister chromatids of Homologous pair of
chromosome.
2. What is chiasmate?
 The points of attachment where ‘X’ shaped structures occur at the sites of crossing
over is called Chiasmata.
3. Give an account of Go Phase
 The cell remains metabolically active without proliferation.
 Cells cease growth with reduced rate of RNA and protein synthesis.
 Mature neuron and skeletal muscle cell remain permanently in G0
4. Write the significance of Meiosis
 This maintains constant number of chromosomes.
 Crossing over takes place and exchange of genetic material leads to variations
among species.
 Meiosis leads to genetic variability and Adaptation of organisms to environmental
stress.
IV. FIVE MARKS
1. Write the significance of mitosis.
 Daughter cells are genetically identical to parent cells.
 Damaged cells must be replaced by identical new cells by mitosis.
 Asexual reproduction results in identical to the parent.
Eg : Yeast and Amoeba
 The production of large numbers of offsprings in a short period of time, is possible
only by mitosis.
 Regeneration in Arms of star fish.
2. Differentiate between Mitosis and Meiosis.

Mitosis Meiosis
 One division  Two divisions
 Number of chromosome remain same  Number of chromosomes is halved
 Homologous chromosome do not pair  Homologous chromosome pairup to
up form bivalent
 Chiasmata do not form and crossing  Chiasmata form and crossingover
over occurs
never occurs
 Two daughter cells are formed  Four daughter cells are formed

3. Write about Pachytene and Diplotene of Prophase I.

1. Pachytene
 At this stage bivalent chromosomes are clearly visible.
 Synapsis is completed and recombination nodules appear at a site.
 Crossing over takes place between non-sister chromatids of homologous
chromosome.
 2. Diplotene
 Synaptonemal complex disassembled and dissolves.
 ‘X’ shaped structures occur at the sites of crossing over is called Chiasmata.
 Chiasmata are chromatin structures at where recombination has been taken place.
 They are specialised chromosomal structures that hold the homologous
chromosomes together.

Chapter – 8 Biomolecules

I. One Marks:-
1. Alkaloid “Morphine” obtained from the plant is
a) Opium
2. _____________ used as an anticoagulant
c) Heparin
3. Water makes up ________ percentage of human cell.
b) 70
4. Which of the following is not a properties of water?

d) Formed Glycosidic bond.

5. _____________ is the abundant protein in the whole biosphere
a) RUBISCO
6. Nucleotide means.
b) It is a combination of nucleoside and phosphoric acid.
7. A diameter of DNA helical
b) 20Ao
8. Which type of RNA comprises about 15 % of total RNA
b) tRNA
9. Which RNA are highly conserved and employed for phylogenetic studies.
c) rRNA
10. Reason for the more the hair curls.
a) The more distance between the Sulphur atoms.
II. 2 Marks:-
1. Define Holo enzyme
 Active enzyme with its non-protein component.
2. What are the types of RNA?
 mRNA (messenger RNA)
 tRNA (transfer RNA)
 rRNA (ribosomal RNA
3. What is meant by Zwitterion?
 It is also called as dipolar ion
 molecule with two or more functional groups of which atleast one has a
positive and other has a negative charge
 the net charge of the entire molecule is Zero.
4. State that law of Erwin Chargaff base pair rules.
 A purine pairs with pyrimidine and Vice Versa.
 Adeninie (A) always pairs with Thymine (T) by double bond.
 Guanine (G) always pair with cytosine (C) by triple bond.

5. What is Activation energy?

  Energy is required to raise molecules to the transition state and this minimum
energy needed is called the activation energy.

III. 3 Marks:-
1. Write the properties of water.
 Adhesion and Cohesion property
 High latent heat of vaporization.
 High melting and boiling point
 Universal solvent
 Specific heat capacity.

2. Differentiate between Nucleoside and Nucleotide.

No Nucleoside Nucleotide
1 combination of Nitrogenous base combination of nucleotide and phosphoric
and sugar acid
2. Eg: Adenosine – Adenine + Ribose Eg: Adenylic acid = Adenosine +
Phosphoric acid

3. Draw the types of RNA

4. Mention the types of Enzymes

 Oxidoreductase  Isomerase
 Transferase  Lyase
 Hydrolases  Ligase

5. Differentiate between Plectonemic coiling with paranemic coiling.

No. Plectonemic coiling Paranemic coiling
1. The two strands of DNA wrapped around each The two strands simply lie
other in a helix along side one another
2. Making it impossible to simply move them apart Making them easier to pull
without breaking the entire structure apart.
IV. 5 Marks:-
1. Write the properties of Enzyme.
 All are globular proteins
 Act as catalysts and effective even in small quantity.
 Remain unchanged at the end of the reaction.
 Highly specific
 They have an active site where the reaction takes place.

2. Write the characteristic features of DNA.

 One strand runs in 5’-3’ direction, other strand runs in 3’-5’ direction.
  Both strands are antiparallel
 The 5’ end has the phosphate group and 3’ end has the OH group.
 The narrow angle between the sugars generates a minor groove and the large
angle on the other edge generates major groove.
 Each base is 0.34 nm apart and a complete turn of the helix comprises 3.4nm.
 DNA helical structure has a diameter of 20 A0 and a pitch of about 34 A0.
 Based on the helix and the distance between each turns, the DNA is of three
forms-A DNA, B DNA and Z DNA.
3. Explain the structure and functions of different types of RNA.
1. mRNA (messenger RNA):
 It is single stranded.
 It is unstable and comprises 5% of total RNA.
 Prokaryotic mRNA (Polycistronic) carry coding sequences for many
polypeptides.
 Eukaryotic mRNA (Monocistronic) contains information for only one
polypeptide.
2. tRNA (transfer RNA):
 Translates the code from mRNA and transfers amino acids to the
ribosome to build proteins.
 It is highly folded into an elaborate 3D structure.
 It comprises about 15% of total RNA.
 It is also called as soluble RNA.
3. rRNA (ribosomal RNA):
 It is made up of two subunits of ribosomes.
 It constitutes 80% of the total RNA.
 It is a polymer with varied length from 120-3000 nucleotides.
 Genes for rRNA are highly conserved and employed for phylogenetic
studies.

Chapter – 9 Tissue and Tissue system

I. Choose the correct answer:

1. ‘Histogen’ theory is proposed by
Hanstein
2. The histogen part which gives rise to ‘root cap’ is
Calyptrogen
3. Which of the following is an example for surface fibres
Cotton
4. The chief water conducting element in ‘gymnosperms and pteridophytes’are
Tracheids
5. In gymnosperm,the part which is analogous to the campanion cells of angiosperm is…
Albuminous cells
6. Dumb-bell shaped guard cells and silica filled epidermal cells are the characteristics
features of …..
Grasses and sedges
7. The vascular bundle of the family ‘Cucurbitaceae’are
Bicollateral
8. Tetrarch xylem condition is seen in .
Dicot root
9. Skull shaped vascular bundles are found in
Monocot stem
 10. The bundle sheath of Monocot leaves are also known as Kranz sheath

II. Two mark questions:

1.Write any four types of parenchyma cells.

 Chlorenchyma
 Storage Parenchyma
 Arenchyma
 Stellate Parenchyma

2.What are called Brachysclerides?

Isodiametric cell with hard cell wall. Eg. pulp of Pyrus.

3.What is mean by Passage cells?

Thin - walled endodermis cells without Casparianstrips whichare located opposite to the
protoxylem called Passage cell.
4.Draw and label the open vascular bundle.

5.What are Isobilateral leaves?

In dicot leaf two differentiated mesophyll tissuesare present.
III. Three mark questions:

1. Write any three features of meristematic tissues.

 Isodiametric, Oval and polygonal
 Prominent nucleus
 Cell wall is thin, elastic and made up of cellulose.Most actively dividing cell.

2. Differentiate tracheid and fibres.

Sl.no. Tracheids Fibres
1. One of the type of Xylem One of the type of
tissue Sclerenchymatous cell
2. It’s lumen is broader Narrow
3. Imperforated cell with bordered Simple pits
pits

3. What do you know about the vascular bundles of Monocot stem? Write it shortly
 Sclerenchymatous bundle sheath.
 Conjoint, collateral, endarch and closed.
 It is small and numerous at periphery and large in size towards the centre.
 4. Distinguish any three anatomical features of dicot root and monocot root

Sl.no. Dicot root Monocot root

1. Tetrach xylem Polyarch xylem
2. Limited number of xylem and phloem stripes More in number
3. Parenchymatousconjective tissues Sclerenchymatous
4. Secondary growth occurs Absent
5. Write the economic importance of fibres in our daily life.
 Textile fibres: abaca, cotton- fabrics; netting – jute Ramie
 Brush fibres: Brooms
 Rough weaving fibres: baskets, mats.
 Filling fibres: bombax and silk cotton
IV. Five mark:
1. List out the functions of epidermal tissue system.
 Presence of cuticle and prickles are helped to check excessive loss of water.
 Protect underlying tissues.
 Stomata is involved 8n transpiration and gaseous exchange.
 Trichomes are helped to disperse seeds and fruits.
 Glandular hairs repel herbivorous animals.
2. Distinguish the anatomy of monocot stem and dicot stem.
Sl.no. Dicot stem Monocot stem
1. Collenchymatous hypodermis Sclerenchymatous hypodermis
2. Ground tissues are differentiated cortex, Not differentiated, but continuous mass
endodermis, etc.. of parenchymatous.
3. Presence of starch sheath Absent
4. Vascular bundles are collateral and opened Collateral and closed
5. Bundles are arranged as a ring Scattered in the ground tissues

3. Draw and label the anatomy of dicot leaf.

Chapter – 10 Secondary Growth

 V. Choose the correct answer:
1) B) Monocot
2) A) Temperate plants
3) D) Angiosperms
4) A)Guava
5) B) Phellem
6) B)Annual rings
7) C) Pseudo annual rings
8) B) Phellogen
9) A) Secondary xylem
10) B) Quinine
II.Two mark questions:
1. Tissues responsible for the secondary growth of plants.
 Vascular cambium
 Cork cambium
2. Wood:
 The secondary xylem formed by a cambium is called wood.
3. Tyloses:
 Many balloon-like parenchymatous ingrowth blocks the xylem vessels called
tyloses.
E.g. Heartwood (or) dicot.
4. Xylotomy:
 The study of wood by preparing the sections of wood.
5. Lenticels:
 It is a raised opening or pore on the epidermis or bark of the stem and roots.
III. Three mark questions:
1. Differentiate pinus and morus wood.
Pinus wood (Non-porous) Morus wood(Porous)
Common in Gymnosperms Common in Angiosperms
Non-porous wood (or)Soft wood Porous wood
Formed by Tracheid’s Formed by vessels
2. Significance of studying annual rings.
 Age of wood can be calculated.
 The quality of timber can be ensured.
 Helps in forensic investigations.
 Radio – carbon dating can be verified.
3. Intrafascicular cambium and interfascicular cambium.
Intrafascicular cambium Interfascicular cambium
Present between the xylem and phloem Present between the vascular bundle
Develops from procambium Develops from medullary rays
A part of primary meristem A part of secondary meristem

4. In which season the vessels of angiosperms are larger in size, why?

 Plants well adopted to grow in spring season.
 Due to increased activity of cambium more number of vessels are produced.
 These thin walled vessels are known as spring wood or early wood.
 5. Methods of preservation of woods.(LV)
Removal of moisture from wood.
 Air preservation: Woods are kept in sunlight to remove moisture naturally and
slowly.
 Kiln preservation: Moisture can be removed by using steam – heater chamber
artificially and completely.
I. Five mark:
1. Differentiate between Sapwood (alburnum) and Heartwood (duramen).
Sapwood (Alburnum) Heartwood (Duramen)
Living part of the part Dead part of the wood
Present in outer side of wood Present in the center part of wood
Pale coloured Dark coloured
Very soft in nature Hard in nature
Tyloses are absent Tyloses are present
2.Distinguish the secondary growth of dicot stem and dicot root.
Secondarygrowth of dicot stem Secondarygrowth of dicot root
Cambial ring is circular in nature Initially wavy later become circular
Cambial ring is partially primary and Cambial ring is completely
partially secondary secondary
Periderm originates from cortical cells Periderm originates from pericycle
More amount cork is produced Less amount of cork is produced
Lenticels are prominent Lenticels are not very prominent
3. When you go to a timber mart to collect timber for your construction of a new house, how
will you select good timber? (LV)
 More concentrated heartwood with good colour is to be considered.
 Wood with many annual rings.
 Ensure whether the wood is completely dried.
 Wood is characterized by colour,grain,texture and figure.
 We must check the wood has been gone through the seasoning.

Chapter – 11 Transport in Plants

I. CHOOSE AND WRITE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1. In plants Ascent of sap is due to
a) Diffusion b) Capillary force
c) Transpiration pull theory & Cohesion d) Root pressure
2. Which of the two factors is responsible for Water potential?
1. density 2. Pressure 3. temperature 4. Gravitational force
a) 1 & 2 b) 2 & 3 c) 3 & 4 d) 1 & 4
3. The word DPD is given by
a) Cramer b) Munch c) Dixon d) Mayer
4. Root pressure is totally absent in Gymnosperms because
a) Absence of tracheids b) absence of companoin cells
c) Tallest plants d) because of short plants
5. The hormone which stimulate closure of stomata
a) PMA b) ABA c) DSA d) All the above
6. Find out the incorrect pair
a) Protein – lecithin theory – Bennet & Clarck
b) Cytochrome Pump theory – Lundegaedh
c) Carrier concept – Van den Honert
d) Electro – Osmotic theory – Mason & Mascal

7. Which of the following is not a stagnant area?

a) Roots b) Tubers c) Germinating seedsd) Fruits
8. Solute potential is called
a) Water potential b) Pressure potential
c) osmotic potential d) matric potential

9. The Osmotic potential of a cell is -20 BAR, the pressure potential of a cell is +6 BAR. Find out
the Water potential.
a) -14 BAR b) +14 BAR c) -20BAR d) +20 BAR

10. Which of the following represent Antiport

a) b) c) d)

II. TWO MARK QUESTIONS:

11. What is transpiration? Mention their types. (P.NO BB-216, B-246 )
 The loss of excess of water in the form of vapour from various aerial parts of the
plant is called transpiration.
Types of Transpiration
1. Stomatal transpiration
2. Lenticular transpiration
3. Cuticular transpiration

12. Differentiate Symport and Uniport. (P.NO BB-206-, B-236 )

Uniport Symport
Movement of single type of molecule across Movement of two types of molecules across
membrane in one direction. the membrane in the same direction.

13. What is Osmosis? Write the need for reverse osmosis. (P.NO BB-219, B-241)
 Movement of water or solvent molecules through a semi permeable membrane from the
place of its higher water potential) to the place of its lower water potential).

 Reverse osmosis need: It is used for purification of drinking water and desalination of sea
water.
14. Differentiate Apoplast and Symplast. (P.NO BB-211, B-241 )
Apoplast Symplast.
The apoplast includes cell walls, extra In transmembrane pathway water
cellular spaces and the interior of dead cells sequentially enters a cell on one side and
exits from the cell on the other side
Water moves non-living part of the plant Water crosses at least two membranes for
without crossing any membrane. each cell.
15. Write the name of the diagram and label the given diagram. (P.NO BB-220, B-250)

A-Guard cell
B-Epithem
C-Tracheid

16. Define root pressure. (P.NO BB-214, B-244)

 A pressure developing in the tracheary elements of the xylem as a result of
metabolic activities of the root”

17. List out the non-photosynthetic parts of a plant that need a supply of sucrose?
1.Root 2.Stem 3.Flower 4.Fruit

18. Differentiate tugor pressure and wall pressure

Turgor pressure Wall pressure
The pressure exerted by the cell membrane The counter-pressure exerted by the cell wall
towards cell wall is Turgor pressure. towards cell membrane is wall pressure

III. THREE MARK QUESTIONS:

19. Who stated the term transpiration is necessary evil? Why it is so called?(P.NO BB-221, B 251
)
 Moreover plants withstand against scorching sunlight due to transpiration. Hence
the transpiration is a “necessary evil” as stated by Curtis.

20. What are the components of water potential? (P.NO BB-208, B-238 )
 Water potential (Ψ) is controlled by the following parameters.
1. Solute concentration or Solute potential (ΨS)
2. Pressure potential (ΨP)
 Water Potential = Solute potential + Pressure potential
ΨW = ΨS + ΨP

21 Differentiate Porin and Aquaporin. (P.NO BB-206, B-236 )

Porin Aquaporin
Porin is a large transporter protein It regulates the massive amount of water
transport across the membrane
It found in the outer membrane of plastids, It is a water channel protein embedded in the
mitochondria and bacteria which facilitates plasma membrane.
smaller molecules to pass through the
membrane.

22. If the concentration of salt in the soil is too high and the plants may wilt een if the field is
thoroughly irrigated. Explain. (book back)
i) Under extreme saline condition, plants are unable to absorb water form the soil.
 ii) The osmotic pressure of pure water is always zero.
iii) It increases with the increases of solute concentration.
iv) Hence, if the concentration of salt in the soil is too high, the plants will wilt even if the
field is thoroughly irrigated.

23. Define imbibitions. Write its importance. (P.NO BB-207, B-237 )

 Colloidal systems such as gum, starch, proteins, cellulose, agar, gelatin when placed in
water, will absorb a large volume of water and swell up. These substances are called
imbibants and the phenomenon is imbibition.
importance
i) During germination of seeds, imbibition bursting of the seed coat.
ii) It helps in the absorption of water by roots at the initial level.

24. Draw and label the structure of stomata. (P.NO BB-217, B-247 )

25. What is Guttation? Give example. (P.NO BB-220, B-250 )

 When plants absorb water in such a condition root pressure is developed due to excess
water within the plant. Thus excess water exudates as liquid from the edges of the leaves
and is called guttation.
 Example: Grasses,

IV. FIVE MARK QUESTIONS:

26. Differentiate Active absorption with Passive absorption. (P.NO BB-223, B-243 )
Active absorption Passive absorption
1 Active absorption takes place by the The pressure for absorption is not
activity of root and root hairs developed in roots and hence roots play
passive role
2 Transpiration has no effect on active Absorption regulated by transpiration
absorption
3 The root hairs have high DPD as The absorption occurs due to tension
compared to soil solution and therefore created in xylem sap by transpiration pull,
water is taken by tension thus water is sucked in by the tension
4 Respiratory energy needed Respiratory energy not required
5 It involves symplastic movement of Both symplast and apoplast movement of
water water involved

27. Explain potato Osmoscope experiment. (P.NO BB-209, B-239 )

Definition :
  Movement of water or solvent molecules through a semi permeable membrane from the
place of its higher water potential) to the place of
its lower water potential)

1. Take a peeled potato tuber and make a cavity inside with the help of a knife.
2. Fill the cavity with concentrated sugar solution and mark the initial level.
3. Place this setup in a beaker of pure water.
4. After 10 minutes observe the sugar solution level ,
5. Increased sugar level. It shows osmosis

28. Explain mechanism of stomatal movement by starch sugar inter conversion theory. (P.NO BB-
218, B-248 )

Lloyd (1908) – Turgidity of guard cell depends on interconversion of starch sugar

DAY TIME: Sugar found in guard cells

↓

Pressure increases
↓
Stomata open

NIGHT TIME: Starch found in guard cell

↓
Pressure decreases
↓
Stomata closes

Sayre (1920) – Stomatal movement depends on change in PH of guard cell

DAY TIME: Utilization of CO2 by photosynthesis in guard cells
↓
PH increases
↓
Turgor pressure increses
↓
Stomata open

NIGHT TIME: Accumulation of CO2

↓
conversion of sugar to starch
↓

PH decreases and Turgor pressure decreses

↓
stomata closes
Hanes (1940) Discovery of enzyme phosphorylase in guard cells
DAY TIME: Starch ---------------- sugar
↓
PH increases
↓
Endosmosis takes place
↓
somata Open
NIGHT TIME: The vice versa takes place in night time
Steward (1964) slightly modified starch – sugar inter conversion theory
Glucose I Phosphate (Osmotically inactive)
↓ removal of phosphate
Glucose (Osmotically active)
↓
Increases the concentration of glucose in guard cell
↓
Stomata open

Chapter – 12 Mineral Nutrition

I. Choose the correct answer:
1. --------- is a unclassified mineral
d. Silicon
2. ------- is a actively mobile mineral
d. Nitrogen
3. Brown heart disease of Beet root is due to deficiency of ------------
d. Boron
4. The term hydroponics was coined by
b.Von Sachs
5. Cuscuta is a------------- plant
b. Total stem parasite
6. -------- is a partial root parasite plant
d. Santalum album
7. Which is not a parasite
c .Monotropa
8. Whiptail disease of cauliflower is due to deficiency of---------
b. Molybdenum
9. -------- disease is due to deficiency of copper
c. Exanthema
10 ----------is called Indian pipe.
c. monotropa

II. Two mark questions

1. Differentiate Macro nutrients and Micro nutrients.
Macro nutrients Micro nutrients

Excess than 10 mmole Kg-1 Less than 10 mmole Kg-1 in

in tissue concentration or 0.1 tissue concentration or equal
 to 10 mg per gram of dry or less than 0.1 mg per gram of dry weight.
weight.

Example: C, H, O, N, P, K, Ca, Example: Fe, Mn, Cu, Mo, Zn,

Mg and S

2. What is Calmodulin?
 Calmodulin is a Ca2+ Modulating protein in Eukaryotic cells.
 It is a heat stable protein involved in fine Metabolic regulations.

3. What is Aeroponics?
 This technique was developed by Soifer Hillel and David Durger.
 It is a system where Roots are suspended in air and nutrients are sprayed over the roots by a
motor driven rotor.

4. What is Denitrification?
 Nitrates in the soil are converted back into atmospheric nitrogen by a process called
Denitrification.
 Eg : Pseudomonas, Thiobacillus and Bacillus Subtilis.
5. Give example of immobile minerals.
 Calcium, Sulphur, Iron, Boron and Copper shows deficiency symptoms first that
appear On young leaves due to the immobile nature of minerals.

III. Three Marks questions

1. What are unclassified minerals? Give one example?
 Required for some plants in trace amounts and have some specific functions.
 Example: Sodium, Cobalt, Silicon and Selenium

2. What is hydroponics?
 Von Sachs developed a method of growing plants in nutrient solution.
 In hydroponics roots are immersed in the solution containing nutrients and air is supplied
with help of tube.

3. Mention the symptoms of aluminium toxicity?

 Aluminium toxicity causes precipitation Of nucleic acid, inhibition of ATPase,
 Inhibition of cell division and binding of Plasma membrane with Calmodulin.

4. What are NPK fertilizers?

 It consists of nitrogen, Phosphate with Potassium in different Proportions.
 The number labelled on the Bags as 15:15:15.

5. What is total parasite? Give one example?

Total stem parasite:
 The leafless stem twine around the host and produce haustoria.
 Example: Cuscuta(Dodder)
Total root parasite:
 They do not have stem axis and grow in the roots of host plants produce haustoria.
 Example: Rafflesia, Orobanche and Balanophora.

IV. Five marks questions

1. Write the role of nitrogenase enzyme in nitrogen fixation?
 Nitrogen fixation is the first step in nitrogen cycle, during which gaseous nitrogen form the
atmosphere is fixed.
 Nitrogen fixation process requires Nitrogenase enzyme complex, Minerals (Mo, Fe and S),

anaerobic condition, ATP, electron and glucose 6 phosphate as H+ donor. Nitrogenase

enzyme is active only in anaerobic condition.

 To create this anaerobic condition a pigment known as leghaemoglobin is synthesized in

the nodules which acts as oxygen scavenger and removes the oxygen.

2. Explain the stages of root nodule formation?

 Legume plants secretes phenolicswhich attracts Rhizobium.
 Rhizobium reaches the rhizosphere and enters into the root hair, infects the root hair and
leads to curling of root hairs.
 Infection thread grows inwards and separates the infected tissue from normal tissue.
 A membrane bound bacterium is formed inside the nodule and is called bacteroid.
 Cytokinin from bacteria and auxinfrom host plant promotes cell division and leads to
nodule formation.

3. Explain the insectivorous mode of nutrition in angiosperm?

 Plants which are growing in nitrogen deficient areas develop insectivorous habit to resolve
nitrogen deficiency.

a. Nepenthes (Pitcher plant):

 Pitcher is a modified leaf and contains digestive enzymes.

 Rim of the pitcher is provided with nectar glands and acts as an attractive lid.
 When insect is trapped, proteolytic enzymes will digest the insect.

b. Drosera (Sundew):

 It consists of long club shaped tentacles which secrete sticky digestive fluid which looks
like a sundew.

c. Utricularia (Bladder wort):

 Submerged plant in which leaf is modified into a bladder to collect insect in water.

d. Dionaea (Venus fly trap):

 Leaf of this plant modified into a colourful trap. Two folds of lamina consist of sensitive
trigger hairs and when insects touch the hairs it will close.

Chapter – 13 Photosynthesis
One mark questions

1.Photosynthesis take place in----------

Ans : Chloroplast

2. The essential component for the formation of chlorophyll is____

Ans : Mg

3.During cyclic electron transport, which one of the following is produced --------

Ans : ATP only

4.Dark reaction is also known as___

Ans : Calvin cycle

5.Which of the following is a 5 C compound__

Ans :RuBP

6.In C 4 plants is optimum temperature____

And : 30° to 45•C

7.Which of the following is not a C 4 plant__

Ans : Wheat

8.The photosynthetically Active Radiation is between wave length____

Ans : 400 to 700 nm

9.Name the experiments involved in proving that O 2 is evolved during photosynthesis___

Ans :Testtube funnel

10.Thecrassulacea is family plants like___

Ans :Bryophyllum

Two mark question :

11. Write the overall equation of photosynthesis.

12. what is Quantasomes ?

  The inner surface of lamellar membrane consists of sphericalstructures.

13.What is Oxidativephosphorylation ?

 The phosphorylation taking place during respiration.

14.Define photorespiration.

 The photosynthetic cells due to absence of CO2 and increase of O2

15.Distinguish between light reaction and dark reaction.

Light reaction : Dark reactions :

1 These reaction require the presence of sunlight These reaction do not require sunlight
During this photolysis of water take place During this reduction of CO2 to
2
carbohydrate takes place
3 ATB and NADPH + H + are formed ATP and NADPH + H + are utilized

Three mark question :

16.Write any three properties of light.

*Light is a transverse electromagnetic wave

* light move at a speed of 3×10 8 ms-1

* Wavelength is the distance between successive creast of the wave.

17.what is photolysis of water ?

* Pigment system II is activeit receive sunlight and the water molecule split into OH – ions H +
ions

* It is catalysed by presence of MN ++ and Cl-

18. Draw and labelled in sectional view of chloroplast.

19.Whatis Emersons Enhancement effect?

  The enhanced photosynthetic yield and recovered red drop this enhancement of
photosynthetic yield is referred to as Emersons enhancement effect.

20.Write any three difference between photorespiration and dark respiration.

Photorespiration : Dark respiration :

It takes place in photosynthetic green cells It takes place in all living cell
1
It takes place only in the presence of light It takes place all the time
2
It involves chloroplast, peroxisome and It involves only mitochondria
3
mitochondria

Five mark question:

21. Write the significance of photosynthesis.

* Food for all living organism on earth either directly or indirectly

* The liberates oxygen in the atmosphere and balance the oxygen level

* The balances the oxygen and carbon cycle in nature

* Fuels such as coal,petroleum and other fossile fuels are from preserved

* Plants provides fodder,fibre,firewood,timber,useful medicinal products

22.write the difference between cyclic photophosphorylation and non cyclic photophosphorylation

Cyclic photophosphorylation Non cyclic photophosphorylation

PS I only involved PS I and PS II involved
1
Reaction centre is P700 Reaction centre is P680
2
Electrons released are cycled back Electrons released are not cycled back
3
Photolysis of water does not take place Photolysis of water takes place
4
Only ATP synthesized ATP and NADPH + H + are synthesized
5

23.Write the difference between C 3 and C 4 plants

 C3 plants C4 plants
CO2 fixation takes place in mesophyll CO2 fixation takes place mesophyll and
1 cells only bundle sheath

First product is 3C – PGA First product is 4C – OAA

2
Normal chloroplast Dimorphic chloroplast
3
Optimum temperature 20 ℃ to 25 ℃ Optimum temperature 30 ℃ to 45℃
4

Example : Paddy, Wheat, Potato Example : Sugarcane, Maize, Sorghum,

5
Amaranthus

Chapter – 14 Respiration

I ONE MARK :-
1. The energy released during respiration is ATP
2. The number of ATP molecules produced during Oxidation of one molecule of
glucose on aerobic respiration in plants are 36
3. The enzymes which are required for glycolysis are present in Cytoplasm
4. The compound which links glycolysis and Krebs cycle is Acetyle CoA
5. A water molecule is removed by the enzyme in glycolysis is Enolase
6. The electron Transport Carriers in Mitochondria are Oxysomes (F1 particles)
7. Respiratory Quatient (RQ) of Glucose is 1 (ONE)
8. Which is called “Power house of the Cell”? Mitochondria
9. Example for Anaerobic Respiration is Yeast
10. The enzymes necessary for TCA cycle (Kreb Cycle) found in
Mitochondrial Matrix

II TWO MARKS QUESTIONS:-

1. Write the overall equation of Respiration.
C6H12O6+6O2 6CO2+6H2O + Energy
2. What is fermentation?
 Some organisms can respire in the absence of Oxygen is called fermentation.
3. What are the four major Steps involved in Respiration?
 Glycolysis
 Pyruvate oxidation
 Krebs cycle
 Electron Transport Chain
4. What is Enolation?
 In Glycolysis, 2 – Phospho glycerate dehydrated into phospho enol pyruvate. A
water molecule is removed by enzyme enolase in called Enolation.

5. Define Respiratory Quotient.

Volume of CO2 Liberated
 RQ =
Volume of O2 Consumed

III THREE MARKS QUESTIONS :-

1. Draw and label the Structure of Mitochondria.

2. What is Glycolysis?
 Glycolysis is a linear series of reactions in which 6- Carbon glucose is Split into
Two molecules of 3- Carbon pyruvic Acid.
3. Write any three Industrial uses of alcoholic Fermentation.
i. it is used for preparing bread, Cakes, Biscuits.
ii. it is used for preparing Wine and Alcoholic Drinks.
iii. In Producing Vinegar and in tanning, curing of leather.

4. What is Compensation Point?

 The Point at which CO2 released in Respiration is exactly Compensated by CO2
fixed in Photosynthesis.

5. What are Characteristics of Anaerobic Respiration?

i. Less efficient
ii. Limited Number of ATP generated
iii. Production of CO2 and it is used for Carbon fixation in Photosynthesis.

IV FIVE MARK QUESTIONS:-

1. Differentiate between Aerobic Respiration and Anaerobic Respiration.

Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration

1. It occurs in all living cells of higher It occurs in Yeast and some Bacteria.
Organisms.
2. It requires Oxygen. Oxygen is not required.
3. The end Products are CO2 and H2O. The end Products are Alcohol and CO2.
4. Produces 36 ATP from one ghueose Produces 2 ATP Only.
molecule.
5. It occurs in Cytoplasm and If occurs only in Cytoplasm.
Mitochondria.
2. Compare alcoholic fermentation with Lactic Acid fermentation.
 Alcoholic Fermentation Lactic and Fermentation
1. It Produces Alcohol and releases Produces Lactic Acid and does not release
CO2 from pyruvic Acid. CO2.
2. It takes Place in Two Steps. It Takes Place in Single Step.
3. It uses two enzymes. It uses one enzyme.
4. It forms acetaldehyde as It does not form any intermediate
intermediate Compound. compound.
5. It commonly occurs in Yeast. Occurs in Bacteria, Fungi.

3. Write the significance of Pentose Phosphate Pathway.

i. Generation of NADPH and Pentose Sugars.
ii. Coenzyme NADPH generation is used for reductive Biosynthesis.
iii. Used in the Synthesis of DNA, RNA, ATP, NAD+, FAD and CoenzymeA.
iv. Erythrose is used for synthesis of anthocyanin, lignin and other aromatic
compounds.
v. It plays a role on Fixation of CO2 in Photosynthesis through RUBP.

Chapter – 15 Plant Growth and Development

ONE MARK QUESTIONS

1. ---------------- prevents abscission.

d. auxin

2. --------------- helps in the closure of stomata.

c. abscisic acid
3.------------- is called as stress hormone.

d.abscissic acid

4. ----------- is a gaseous phytohormone.

a. ethylene

5. -----------is an example for short day plant.

b. rice

6. --------is used to eradicate weeds .

c.both a and b

7. ---------- is responsible for Bakanae disease .

d . gibbereilin

8. Zeatin in maize is a ------------- plant hormone.

 d. cytokinin

9. Plantbreeding can be accelerated by -------

a.vernalization

10. Abscission is induced by the -------- hormone/ hormones.

c. both a and b

BOTANY

11. ------------- is an example for seismonastic movement.

a. Mimosa pudica

12. -------- is an example for autonomic movement of variation.

b. Desmodium gyrans

TWO MARK QUESTIONS

1. What is photoperiodism?
*The physiological changes in the flowering
*due to the length of light and darkness
2. What is vernalisation?
*Flowering is induced in biennials and perennials
*by lowering the temperature
3. Define bolting?
*Sudden elongation in the stem followed by flowering due to gibberellin
4. What is Richmond lang effect?
*cytokinin
*delays the aging process
5. What are plant growth regulators?
*Organic substances
*synthesised in minute quantities for physiological process
6. Write the formulae for the measurement of growth.
Distance travelled by the indicator*radius of the pulley
Actual growth in plants = ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Length of the pointer
BOTANY
7. What is senescence?
*Progressive loss of organisation and function in plants

8. What is seismonastic movement?

*Response to shaking
*Eg Mimosa pudica

9. What is phototropism?
 *Tropic movement

*response to light

THREE MARK QUESTIONS

1. Write the stages in growth rate.

1.Lag phase 2. Log phase 3. Declaration phase 4. Maturation phase

2. Give the diagrammatic comparison of absolute and relative growth.

3. What is apical dominance?

*Suppression of apical bud

*by the lateral bud due to Auxin

4. Write about the day neutral plants.

Plants can flower in all possible photoperiods

5. Write the difference between phytaspases and caspaces.

*Proteolytic enzyme involving P C D in plants ---phytapases
*proteolytic enzyme involving P C D in animals----capases

6. What is P C D?
Senescence of an individual cell
BOTANY
1. What is Allelopathy?
*The biochemical substance produced by an organism
*influences the other organism

2. What are vital movements?

*Movements exhibited by the living cells
* related to the irritability of the protoplasm

FIVE MARK QUESTIONS

1. Write the physiological activities of Gibberrlins.
 Causes cell division and cell elongation
 Promotes the elongation of stem
 Elongation of stem followed by flowering called bolting
 Breaks dormancy in potato
 Formation of seedless fruit
Stimulates seed germination

2. Write the physiological effects of Auxins.

 Promotes cell elongation in atem
 Suppression of growth in lateral bud by the apical bud due to auxin
 To eradicate weeds eg 2,4,D 2,4,5 T
 Break dormancy in seeds
 Prevents abscission
3. Write the charateristics of phytohormones.
 Produced in tips of root stem and leaves
 Required in traces
 Organic in nature
 No specialised cells for secretion
 Influence the physiological activities

4. How will you measure the growth of the plants.

 By an Arc auxanometer
 Consists of a small pulley attached a long pointer sliding over a graduated arc .
 Tie a thread in one end to stem tip and another to weight passes through pulley
 As the stem tip increases in the length the pulley moves and slide over the arc .

Distance travelled by the pointer X Radius of the pulley

Actual growth of the plant = ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Length of the pointer