SAS

Anatomy & Physiology - Laboratory
STUDENT ACTIVITY SHEET BS NURSING / FIRST YEAR

Session # 25
LESSON TITLE: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (Part 1) Materials:

Pen and notebook
LEARNING TARGETS:
Upon completion of this lesson, you can:

1. Describe the principal endocrine glands and locate
each in a model and in figures;
2. Identify histological features of some of the important
endocrine glands; Reference:
3. Define hormone and target tissue;
4. Describe the common characteristics of all hormones; VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019).
and, Seeley’s essentials of anatomy & physiology
5. State the location of each of the endocrine glands in (10th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill
the body. Education.
LESSON PREVIEW/ REVIEW

Unscramble the following words using the hints given in parenthesis and the letters that have been placed in the correct
boxes. Finish writing the correct spelling of the scrambled word in the corresponding box. This activity will test the
understanding of each student from the past session.
1. ATNEIR -The inner lining at the back of the eye.

R E T I N A
2. OQSAUUE HROUM - Clear watery fluid that circulates in the front part of the eye and keeps constant pressure within
the eye.
A Q U E O U S H U M O R
3. HEUSNTIAAC UTEB - Drains fluid from the inner ear into the throat.
E U S T A C H I A N T U B E
4. AMURERD -A membrane in the inner ear that vibrates.

E A R D R U M
5. GUTONE -A muscle in the mouth covered with pink mucosa and tiny buds. It helps in chewing food and sending it
down the throat.
T O N G U E
MAIN LESSON
You will study and read their book, if available, about this lesson.
Hormone Effects on Target Cells

● Hormones are chemical products released directly into the bloodstream by small amounts from glandular
endocrine cells that exert a biological action on a target cell.
● Target organs contain cells that express receptors that are hormone-specific and that respond to the particular
hormone by binding it and developing a biological intracellular response.
● The ultimate goal for those hormone-derived cellular responses is the maintenance of body homeostasis by
controlling or regulating specific physiological processes, including growth, metabolism, and reproduction.
This document and the information thereon is the property of PHINMA

Education (Department of Nursing) 1 of 4
The endocrine system
● Hormones are released by endocrine cells directly into the bloodstream and carried to target cells
following their release.
● Target cells can be located at distant points from endocrine glands.
□ The endocrine system is primarily composed of several glands that produce chemical messengers, called
hormones, that can alter cell metabolism to maintain body homeostasis.
□ These glands are known as endocrine glands and they are composed of secretory endocrine cells derived from
epithelial cells supported by a connective tissue framework.
□ These ductless glands have an extensive blood supply, releasing hormones directly into the bloodstream to be
transported to various organs and tissues throughout the body
The major glands of the endocrine system include:

● the pituitary
● the thyroid
● the parathyroid, and
● the adrenal glands.
Other glands are also included within the endocrine system, since they contain endocrine cells that secrete hormones.
These include:
● the pancreas
● kidneys
● liver and
● the gonads, among others.
Classes of Chemical Messengers

1. Autocrine – Secreted by cells in a local area; influences the activity of the same cell from which it was secreted
(e.g. prostaglandins)
2. Paracrine – Produced by a wide variety of tissues and secreted into extracellular fluid; has a localized effect on
other tissues (e.g. somatostatin, histamine)
3. Endocrine – Secreted into the blood by specialized cells; travels some distance to target tissues; results in
coordinated regulation of cell function (e.g. hormones)
Hormones travel throughout the body, either in the bloodstream or in the interstitial fluid, looking for target cells.
Once hormones find a target cell, they bind with specific protein receptors inside or on the surface of the cell and
specifically change the cell's activities.
The different signaling pathways that hormones can follow are often divided into three categories according to the site of
action relative to the site of secretion: endocrine, paracrine, or autocrine signaling.
Difference between hormones and neurotransmitters

● Although hormones and neurotransmitters are similar chemical compounds, they can be differentiated by their
point and mechanism of release, their target localization, and the timing of their response.
● A hormone is produced by endocrine glands and released into the bloodstream, potentially affecting several body
organs, while neurotransmitters are released by neurons at synapses and produce a response fairly local in
comparison.
● Hormones may affect any cell of the body containing a specific receptor, but take longer time than
neurotransmitters to produce a response, given the longer distances they have to travel to reach their targets.
Hormones
● Steroid Hormone
● Lipid-soluble
● Formed from cholesterol (ex. Cortisol)
● Protein hormones
● Water-soluble
● Consists of amino acid chains (ex. Parathyroid hormone)
● Biogenic amine
● Water-soluble (except thyroid hormone)
● Derived from modified amino acid (ex. Norepinephrine

● In order to regulate the myriad of functions required for normal bodily function, the glands and organs that
comprise the endocrine system create many types of hormones, each with a specific function.
● Hormones are chemical substances produced in the body which have a specific regulatory effect on the activity of
certain cells or certain organs.
● All circulating hormones are synthesized by endocrine cells from either cholesterol (steroid hormones) or amino
acids (protein hormones or biogenic amines).
● Depending on their chemical structure, hormones can be lipid- or water-soluble, and bind to either membrane or
cytosolic receptors, respectively, on their target cells
Homeostasis
● Homeostasis is the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body's internal environment.
● Through the constant interaction of the body's many regulatory processes, a dynamic process ensures the
implementation of needed adjustments within a narrow range that is compatible with optimal cell physiology to
maintain life.
● The organ systems that are most important in maintaining the homeostatic balance in the body are the nervous
and the endocrine systems.
Role of hormones in homeostasis

● The disruption of homeostasis through internal or external stimuli may be corrected through endocrine
intervention by the release of hormones.
● Negative feedback is the primary homeostatic mechanism that keeps a variable close to a particular value or set
point, ideal for normal body functioning.
● By this mechanism, the endocrine system responds by releasing hormones that reverse the direction of change,
tending to keep things constant, and thus allowing the maintenance of homeostasis (just like a thermostat works
to maintain room temperature constant).
CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING

You will answer and rationalize this by yourself. This will be recorded as your quiz. One (1) point will be given to the
correct answer and another one (1) point for the correct ratio. Superimpositions or erasures in your answer/ratio is not
allowed.
Answer the following questions by choosing the correct answer from the options provided. Afterwards, describe the
structural and functional characteristics of your chosen answers.
For items 1 & 2:
1. Which image shows

Pancreas? ANSWER: A
DESCRIPTION: Pancreas is an extended, tapered organ found beyond the stomach in the upper left abdomen. It brings out insulin and
other enzymes and hormones necessary for breaking down foods. Pancreas are composed of two functions; endocrine and exocrine
function. The endocrine releases pancreatic juice directly into the bloodstream while the exocrine function releases juice into ducts.

2. Which image shows Ovary?
ANSWER: B
DESCRIPTION: Almond-like shaped ovoid structure that has about 3.5 cm in length and 2 cm wide located on either side of the uterus.
The ovaries produce egg cells called the ova, and hormones needed for the process of fertilization. It also have endocrine function which
release estrogen and progesterone.
For items 3 & 4:
3. Which image shows Pineal

gland? ANSWER: A
DESCRIPTION: Pineal Gland is a very small organ pine cone-shaped gland located near the center of the brain. It produces and
regulates hormones including melatonin which is released into the blood and possibly also in to the brain fluid.
4. Which image shows Pituitary

gland? ANSWER: B
DESCRIPTION: It is a pea-size oval structure that lies from the underside of the brain by the pituitary stalk. Its main function is to
secrete hormones into the bloodstream. These hormones can affect other glands and organs especially the thyroid.
For items 5 & 6:

5. Which image shows Thymus
gland? ANSWER: A
DESCRIPTION: The thymus gland is a pink, lobulated lymphoid organ that can be found in the thoracic cavity and neck. It is made up
of two lobes which consist of a central medulla and outer cortex, surrounded by capsule. It allows the white blood cells to recognize the
foreign cells and modify them from the body cells.
6. Which image shows Thyroid

gland? ANSWER: B
DESCRIPTION: Is a butterfly-shaped gland that is located on the front of the neck and lines below our Adam’s apple. It generates
hormones that is needed for the regulation of the body’s metabolic rate, muscle and digestive function, brain development, and even bone
maintenance.
RATIONALIZATION ACTIVITY
The instructor will now provide you the rationalization to these questions. You can now ask questions and debate among
yourselves. Write the correct answer and correct/additional ratio in the space provided.
1. ANSWER:
DESCRIPTION:
2. ANSWER:
DESCRIPTION:
3. ANSWER:
DESCRIPTION:
4. ANSWER:
DESCRIPTION:
5. ANSWER:
DESCRIPTION:
6. ANSWER:
DESCRIPTION:
LESSON WRAP-UP
You will now mark (encircle) the session you have finished today in the tracker below. This is simply a visual to help you
track how much work you have accomplished and how much work there is left to do.
You are done with the session! Let’s track your progress.
AL Activity: CAT: MUDDIEST POINT

This technique will help the students determine which key points were missed.
In today’s session, what was least clear to

you?
None.


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Anatomy & Physiology - Laboratory

STUDENT ACTIVITY SHEET BS NURSING / FIRST YEAR

LESSON TITLE: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (Part 1) Materials:

Upon completion of this lesson, you can:

LESSON PREVIEW/ REVIEW

1. ATNEIR -The inner lining at the back of the eye.

4. AMURERD -A membrane in the inner ear that vibrates.

Hormone Effects on Target Cells

This document and the information thereon is the property of PHINMA

The major glands of the endocrine system include:

Classes of Chemical Messengers

Difference between hormones and neurotransmitters

This document and the information thereon is the property of PHINMA

Role of hormones in homeostasis

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING

For items 1 & 2:

1. Which image shows

This document and the information thereon is the property of PHINMA

For items 3 & 4:

3. Which image shows Pineal

4. Which image shows Pituitary

For items 5 & 6:

This document and the information thereon is the property of PHINMA

6. Which image shows Thyroid

AL Activity: CAT: MUDDIEST POINT

In today’s session, what was least clear to

This document and the information thereon is the property of PHINMA

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