1. The document discusses the skeletal system, including different types of joints like synovial joints that have articular cartilage, a joint cavity, and a joint capsule allowing movement.
2. It also describes types of movement like flexion, extension, and rotation, as well as effects of aging like more brittle bones and less flexible joints.
3. Finally, the document lists several diseases associated with the skeletal system, such as tumors, arthritis, osteoporosis, and gout.
1. The document discusses the skeletal system, including different types of joints like synovial joints that have articular cartilage, a joint cavity, and a joint capsule allowing movement.
2. It also describes types of movement like flexion, extension, and rotation, as well as effects of aging like more brittle bones and less flexible joints.
3. Finally, the document lists several diseases associated with the skeletal system, such as tumors, arthritis, osteoporosis, and gout.
1. The document discusses the skeletal system, including different types of joints like synovial joints that have articular cartilage, a joint cavity, and a joint capsule allowing movement.
2. It also describes types of movement like flexion, extension, and rotation, as well as effects of aging like more brittle bones and less flexible joints.
3. Finally, the document lists several diseases associated with the skeletal system, such as tumors, arthritis, osteoporosis, and gout.
1. The document discusses the skeletal system, including different types of joints like synovial joints that have articular cartilage, a joint cavity, and a joint capsule allowing movement.
2. It also describes types of movement like flexion, extension, and rotation, as well as effects of aging like more brittle bones and less flexible joints.
3. Finally, the document lists several diseases associated with the skeletal system, such as tumors, arthritis, osteoporosis, and gout.
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Anatomy & Physiology - Laboratory
STUDENT ACTIVITY SHEET BS NURSING / FIRST YEAR
Session # 16
LESSON TITLE: SKELETAL SYSTEM (Part 3) Materials:
Pen and notebook LEARNING TARGETS:
Upon completion of this lesson, you can:
1. Describe the different types of joints; 2. List the different types of movement; Reference: 3. Identify effects of aging on the skeletal system and joint; and, VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s 4. Identify different diseases associated with skeletal essentials of anatomy & physiology (10th ed.). New systems. York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW To start this session, identify the other anatomical terminologies that can be associated with each item. Write your answers on the space provided. 1. Pertaining to the skull Cranial 2. Pertaining to a vertebra Vertebral 3. Pertaining to the thorax Thoracic 4. Pertaining to the low back Lumbar 5. Pertaining to the mandible Mandibular 6. Pertaining to the neck Cervical 7. Pertaining to the phalanges Phalangeal 8. Pertaining to the radius Radial 9. Pertaining to the femur Femoral 10. Pertaining to within the skull Intracranial 11. Pertaining to the patella Patellar 12. Pertaining to the scapula Humeroscapular 13. Pertaining to between vertebrae Intervertebral 14. Pertaining to the metatarsus Metatarsal 15. Pertaining to elbow Cubital
MAIN LESSON You will study and read their book, if available, about this lesson.
JOINT A joint is a place where bones come together.
1. Synarthrosis: non-movable joint
▪ e.g. Skull 2. Amphiarthrosis: slightly movable joint ▪ e.g. between vertebrae 3. Diarthrosis: freely movable joint ▪ e.g. Knee, Elbow, Wrist
Fibrous Joints Fibrous joints consist of bones united by fibrous connective tissue. They allow little or no movement.
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Education (Department of Nursing) 1 of 6 Sutures ● Fibrous joint between flat bones of skull ● In newborns, some parts of sutures are wide and are called fontanels (soft spots) → allow flexibility during birth process and growth of head after birth Syndesmosis ● Fibrous joint in which bones are separated by some distance and held together by ligaments ○ e.g. fibrous membrane connecting radius and ulna Gomphoses ● Pegs fitted into sockets, held in place by ligaments ○ e.g. joint between tooth and its socket
Cartilaginous Joints -consist of bones united by cartilage, and they exhibit slight movement. Example: ● cartilage at epiphyseal plates of growing long bones ● cartilage between ribs and sternum Cartilage can be reinforced by additional collagen fibers in cartilaginous joints where lots of stress is placed on the joint. It forms a type of cartilage: Fibrocartilage
Synovial Joints 1. Synovial joints consist of articular cartilage over the uniting bones, a joint cavity lined by a synovial membrane and containing synovial fluid, and a joint capsule. They are highly movable joints. 2. Synovial joints can be classified as plane, saddle, hinge, pivot, ball-and-socket, or ellipsoid.
Freely moveable joints
■ Contain fluid in a cavity surrounding ends of articulating bones Joints that unite bones of appendicular skeleton are mostly synovial joints ■ (Most in axial skeleton are not → less mobile than appendicular skeleton)
This document and the information thereon is the property of PHINMA
Education (Department of Nursing) 2 of 6 This document and the information thereon is the property of PHINMA Education (Department of Nursing) 3 of 6 Features of a synovial joint: ● Articular cartilage → covers articular surfaces of bones within synovial joints ● Provides smooth surface where bones meet ● Joint cavity → filled with fluid, enclosed by joint capsule ● Joint capsule → hold bones together, allows movement ● Synovial membrane → lines joint cavity everywhere, except over articular cartilage
✔ May extend as a pocket/sac known as a bursa between structures exposed to rubbing together ✔ May extend as a tendon sheath along some tendons associated w/ joints ✔ Synovial membrane produces synovial fluid (mixture of polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and cells)
Types of Movement The major types of movement are flexion/extension, abduction/ adduction, pronation/supination, eversion/inversion, rotation, circumduction, protraction/retraction, elevation/depression, excursion, and opposition/reposition.
Flexion: bending Extension: straightening Abduction: movement AWAY from the midline Adduction: movement TOWARD midline Pronation: rotation of forearm with palms down Supination: rotation of forearm with palms up Rotation: movement of structure about long axis
Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System and Joints
1. Bone matrix becomes more brittle and decreases in total amount during aging. 2. Joints lose articular cartilage and become less flexible with age. 3. Prevention measures include exercise and calcium and vitamin D supplement
Disease and Disorders: Skeletal System
CONDITION DESCRIPTION Tumors May be malignant or benign and cause a range of bone defects Gigantism Abnormally increased body size due to excessive growth at the epiphyseal plates Dwarfism Abnormally small body size due to improper growth at the epiphyseal plates Osteogenesis imperfecta Brittle bones that fracture easily due to insufficient or abnormal collagen Growth retardation due to nutritional deficiencies in minerals or vitamin D; results in bones Rickets that are soft, weak, and easily broken Bone inflammation often due to a bacterial infection that may lead to complete destruction Osteomyelitis of the bone Tuberculosis Typically, a lung bacterium that can also affect bone Osteomalacia Softening of adult bones due to calcium depletion; often caused by vitamin D deficiency Osteoporosis Reduction in overall quantity of bone tissue; see Systems Pathology Inflammation of a joint; causes include infectious agents, metabolic disorders, trauma, and Arthritis immune disorders Rheumatoid arthritis General connective tissue autoimmune disease Osteoarthritis Gradual degeneration of a joint with advancing age can be delayed with exercise Increased production and accumulation of uric acid crystals in tissues, including joint Gout capsules Bursitis Inflammation of a bursa Most bunions are deformations of the first metatarsal (the great toe); bursitis may accompa Bunion ny this deformity;irritated by tight shoes Joint replacement Replacement of painful joints with artificial joints
The most effective preventative measure against the effects of aging on the skeletal system is the combination of increasing physical activity and taking dietary calcium with vitamin D supplements.
This document and the information thereon is the property of PHINMA
Education (Department of Nursing) 4 of 6 CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING You will answer and rationalize this by yourself. This will be recorded as your quiz. One (1) point will be given to the correct answer and another one (1) point for the correct ratio. Superimpositions or erasures in your answer/ratio is not allowed.
Label the parts of this joint and identify its type.
ANSWERS: 1. Synovial Membrane [Synovial Joint]
2. Joint Cavity [Synovial Joint]
3. Joint Capsule [Synovial Joint]
4. Articular Cartilage [Synovial Joint]
Identify the following items. Wrong spelling is wrong. Write your answer in CAPITAL LETTERS only.
Bursitis 1. Inflammation of bursa
Tuberculosis 2. A lung bacterium that can also affect bones Gigantism 3. Abnormally increase body size due to excessive growth at epiphyseal plates Rickets 4. Growth retardation due to Vitamin D deficiency Bunion 5. Deformation of the first metatarsal Osteomyelitis 6. Inflammation of joints Dwarfism 7. Abnormally small body size due to improper growth at epiphyseal plates Gout 8. Increase production and accumulation of uric acid crystals in tissue Rheumatoid arthritis 9. General connective tissue autoimmune disease Osteoporosis 10. Reduction in overall quantity of bone tissue
RATIONALIZATION ACTIVITY The instructor will now provide you the rationalization to these questions. You can now ask questions and debate among yourselves. Write the correct answers beside the image and answer sheet presented in the CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING part. Make sure to use another pen color (preferably red ink) for easy distinction.
This document and the information thereon is the property of PHINMA
Education (Department of Nursing) 5 of 6 LESSON WRAP-UP
You will now mark (encircle) the session you have finished today in the tracker below. This is simply a visual to help you track how much work you have accomplished and how much work there is left to do.
You are done with the session! Let’s track your progress.
AL Activity: READING TASK
Read again the effects of aging in the skeletal system. After reading, answer the paragraph presented below. This strategy can identify the areas that you can easily recall and already familiar with and those thoughts that need to be studied again.
Underline the word of your choice that you think fits in the statement.
The bone matrix in an older (older, younger) bone is more brittle than in younger (older, younger) bone because decreased collagen production results in relatively more (more, few) mineral and less (many, less) collagen fibers. With aging, the amount of matrix also decreases (increases, decreases) because the rate matrix formation by the osteoblasts (osteoclasts, osteoblasts) becomes slower (slower, faster) than the rate of matrix breakdown of osteoclasts (osteoclasts, osteoblasts). Bone mass is at its highest around age 30 (40, 30) and generally men have denser (softer, denser) bones than women.
This document and the information thereon is the property of PHINMA
