Design of Doubly-Reinforced Beams

Lecture 2.c.2 by Engr. Jerry B. Maratas and Engr. Ricardo Fornis

Example 1: Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams

Design a rectangular beam for service MD=441.6 kN.m and service live load moment
ML=540 kN.m if fc’=27.6 MPa and fy=414 MPa. The maximum permissible beam dimensions
are as shown in Fig 5.5.

Note:
fc ' = 27.6MPa 4, 000 psi
fy = 414MPa 60, 000 psi
1) Calculate the design moment
M u = 1.2(441.6) + 1.6(540)
M u = 1394 kN.m

2.a) Balance steel ratio 2.b) Minimum steel ratio

0.85 fc ' 1  600  0.25 fc ' 1.4
b =    min = bigger of or
fy  fy + 600  fy fy
0.85 ( 27.6 )( 0.85 )  600  0.25 27.6 1.4
b =    min = −3
=3.1724x10 or = 3.3816 x10−3
414  414 + 600  414 414
b = 0.0285  min = 3.3816 x10−3
Recommended value of rho
maximum, ρMAX for tension-
controlled design

Note:
fc ' = 27.6MPa 4, 000 psi
fy = 414MPa 60, 000 psi
Maximum rho,  max  ρ b = 0.0285
From the Table Use  = 0.0175  0.0181
As1 =  bd = ( 0.0175 )( 375 )( 700 ) = 4593.75mm 2

3a) Moment Capacity if Singly-Reinforced

 a
Mu1 =  M n1 =  As1 f y  d − 
 2
   f y 
Mu1 =  bd f y 1 − 
2

  1.7 fc ' 
 ( 0.0175 )( 414 ) 
Mu1 = ( 0.90 )( 0.0175 )( 375 )( 700 ) ( 414 ) 1 −
2

 1.7 ( 27.6 ) 
Mu1 = 1013134674 N .mm 1013 kN .m  1394 kN .m
Design as Doubly reinforced
 4a) Depth of Stress block as
b 0.85fc’
singly reinforced
a/2
c
a Cc Cc = 0.85 fc ' ab = As1 fy
As1 fy  fyd
d=700 a= =
d-a/2 0.85 fc ' b 0.85 fc '
As
a=
( 0.0175 )( 414 )( 700 )
T=As1fy 0.85 ( 27.6 )
Beam’s
section Stress Diagram a = 216.176 mm
a 216.176
c= = = 254.325 mm
1 0.85
4) The beam designed as doubly reinforced
With the values of a and c as follows
b=375 𝜖𝑐 = 0.003 a = 216.176mm
d’=75 𝜖𝑠′ = fs′/Es
a 216.176
c As’ c c= = = 254.325
1 0.85
d=700
Check if compression steel yields
As 4b) From the Strain Diagram
fs '
𝜖𝑠 = fy/Es
ES 0.003
Beam’s Strain Diagram =
section c−d ' c
600 ( c − d ')
fs ' =
c
600 ( 274.8 − 75 )
fs ' = = 436.24MPa  414 MPa
274.8
Compression steel yields: Use fs ' = fy = 414 MPa
 4c) Check if tension steel yields
b=375 𝜖𝑐 = 0.003
From the strain diagram of steel at tension side
d’=75 𝜖𝑠′ = fs′/Es

c As’ c
0.003 ( d − c )
d=700 t =
c
As The value of c = 254.325
𝜖𝑠 = fy/Es
Beam’s Strain Diagram 0.003 ( 700 − 254.325 )
section t = = 0.00526
254.325
 t = 0.00526  0.005 (Tension controlled)

Therefore use  =0.90

 b 0.85fc’
d' Cs 5) Resisting Moment
a
c As’ Cc  a
Mn = As1 fy  d −  + As2 fy ( d − d ')
d-d’  2
d=700
Mu =  Mn
As
Mu  a
= As1 fy  d −  + As2 fy ( d − d ')
Beam’s
T=As1fy + As2fy   2
section Stress Diagram

Calculating As 2
1394 x106  216.176 
= ( 4593.75 )( 414 )  700 −  + As2 ( 414 )( 700 − 75 )
0.90  2 
As2 = 1635.49 mm 2
6a) Determination of compression steel bars
6b) Determination of Tension steel bars
6a) Compression Bar area = 1635.49mm 2

6b) Tension bar area, As = As1 + As2


Try 25-mm  bar; Ab = ( 25)
2
= 490.87 mm 2
4 As = 4593.75 + 1635.49 = 6229.24 mm 2
1635.49 
Nc = = 3.33 say 4 pcs of 25 mm  bars Try 32 − mm  bar ; Ab = ( 32 )
2
= 804.25mm 2
490.87 4

Try 28-mm  bar; Ab = ( 28) 6229.24
2
= 615.75 mm 2 Nc = = 7.74 say 8 pcs of 32 mm  bars
4 804.25
Nc =
1635.49
= 2.65 say 3 pcs of 28 mm  bars 
Try 36 − mm  bar ; Ab = ( 36 ) = 1017.87mm 2
2
615.75
4

Try 32-mm  bar; Ab = ( 32 )
2
= 804.25 mm 2 6229.24
4 Nc = = 6.12 say 7 pcs of 36 mm  bars
1017.87
1635.49
Nc = = 2.03 say 2 pcs of 32 mm  bars Use 8 − 32 mm  bars
804.25
Use 2-32 mm  for compression bars
3-28 mm
dia
Another example
A beam is limited to the dimensions b=375 mm, d=500 mm, d’=100mm. It will
support a service dead load moment MD= 230 kN.m and service live load
moment ML =300 kN.m. The value of fc’=27.6 MPa and fy=414 MPa. Design the
beam.
b
d' 1) Factored Moment (Design Moment)
As’ Mu = 1.2M D + 1.6M L
d Mu = 1.2 ( 230 ) + 1.6 ( 300 ) = 756 kN.m

As
2) Steel ratio determination

a) Balanced Steel ratio b) Minimum steel ratio

0.85 fc ' 1  600  0.25 fc ' 1.4

b =    min = bigger of or
fy  fy + 600  fy fy
0.85 ( 27.6 )( 0.85 )  600  0.25 27.6 1.4
b =    min = −3
=3.1724x10 or = 3.3816 x10−3
414  414 + 600  414 414
b = 0.0285  min = 3.3816 x10−3
Recommended value of rho
maximum, ρMAX for tension-
controlled design

Note:
fc ' = 27.6MPa 4, 000 psi
fy = 414MPa 60, 000 psi
Maximum rho,  max  ρ b = 0.0285
From the Table Use  = 0.0181
As =  bd = ( 0.0181)( 375 )( 500 ) = 3393.75 mm 2
3a) Moment Capacity if Singly-Reinforced
b=375  a
d’=100
Mu =  M n =  As f y  d − 
 2
As’
 1   f y 
d=500 Mu =  bd f y 1 − 
2

 2  0.85 fc ' 
Assume  = 0.9
As
 1  0.0181( 414 )  
Mu = ( 0.90 )( 0.0181)( 375 )( 500 ) 414 1 − 
2
  
 2  0.85 ( 27.6 )  
Mu = 531280682 N.mm 531.28 kN.m  756 kN.m
Design as doubly reinforced
 Depth of stress block (Singly reinforced situation)

375 0.85fc’ 4a) Depth of Stress block

100 Cs Cc = 0.85 fc ' ab = Asfy
a Cc
c As’ Asfy  fyd
a= =
d=500 d-d’ 0.85 fc ' b 0.85 fc '

As
d-a/2
a=
( 0.0181)( 414 )( 500 )
0.85 ( 27.6 )
T=As1fy + As2fy a = 159.7 mm
Beam’s
section Stress
Diagram a 159.7
c= = = 187.9 mm
1 0.85
 4b) From the Strain Diagram
As calculated fs ' 0.003
a = 159.7 mm
= ( c − d ')
ES c
a 159.7 600 ( c − d ')
c= = = 187.9 mm fs ' =
1 0.85 c
600 (187.9 − 100 )
fs ' = = 280.68MPa  414MPa
b=375 187.9
𝜖𝑐 = 0.003
d’=100 𝜖𝑠′ = fs′/Es Compression steel does not yield: Use fs ' = 280.68MPa

c As’ c 4c) Strain of steel at tension side

0.003 ( d − c )
d=500
t =
d-c c
As
0.003 ( 500 − 187.9 )
𝜖𝑡 = fst/Es t = = 0.00498
Beam’s Strain Diagram 187.9
section  t = 0.00498  0.005 (Transition condition)
Calculation of Strength reduction factor
4d) Strength reduction factor, 
For  t = 0.00498  0.005 (Transition condition)
  t −  ty 
 = 0.65 + 0.25 
 0.005 −  ty 
 
fy 414
where  ty = = = 0.00207
Es 200000
 0.00498 − 0.00207 
 = 0.65 + 0.25   = 0.898
 0.005 − 0.00207 
 0.85fc’ 5) Resisting Moment
b
100 Cs  a
a Mn = As1 fy  d −  + As ' fs ' ( d − d ')
c As’ Cc  2
d=500 d-d’ use As1 = 3393.75 mm 2
(The computedAs as singly reinforced)
As
Mu =  Mn
T=As1fy + As2fy Mu  a
Beam’s = As1 fy  d −  + As ' fs ' ( d − d ')
section Stress Diagram   2

Calculating As 2
756 x106  159.7 
= ( 3393.75 )( 414 )  500 −  + As ' ( 280.68 )( 500 − 100 )
0.898  2 
As ' = 2240.58 mm 2
 b 0.85fc’
100 Cs Calculating As 2 fromcalculatedAs '
a
c As’ Cc As ' = 2240.58 mm 2 as computed
d=500 d-d’ As2 fy = As ' fs '
As ' fs ' 2240.58 ( 280.68 )
As As2 = =
fy 414
T=As1fy + As2fy As2 = 1519.04mm 2
Beam’s
section Stress Diagram

Required steel Areas

Compression Reinforcement: As'=2240.58mm 2

Tension Steel Reinforcement: AsT = As1 + As2

AsT = 3393.75 + 1519.04 = 3544.79 mm 2
 Number of steel bars

6a) Compression Bar area=2240.58mm 2 6b) TensionbaraArea, As = 3544.79mm 2

 
Try 25-mm  bar; Ab = ( 25) = 490.87 mm2 Try 32 − mm  bar; Ab = ( 32 ) = 804.25mm2
2 2

4 4
2240.58 3544.79
Nc = = 4.56 say 5 pcs of 25 mm  bars Nc = = 4.4 say 5 pcs of 32 mm  bars
490.87 804.25
 
Try 28-mm  bar; Ab = ( 28) Try 36 − mm  bar; Ab = ( 36 )
2
= 615.75 mm
2
2
= 1017.87mm 2
4 4
2240.58 3544.79
Nc = = 3.64 say 4 pcs of 28 mm  bars Nc = = 3.48 say 4 pcs of 36 mm  bars
615.75 1017.87
Use 4-28 mm  for compression bars Use 4 − 36 mm  bars
Sizes of
stirrups for
calculation of
concrete
cover
 Compute clear spacing of bars
375
The spacing of the bottom bars will be computed
100
4-28-mm
and if okay, then, there is no need to check the spacing
bars of the compression bars because the clear spacing there
500 h
would be wider.
4-36 mm
bars 375 − 2(50) − 4(36)
S= =43.6mm>25 mm, okay
z 4 −1
The value of z should be
z = clear cover +diameter of stirrups + (1/2 ) x diameter of bar
1
z = 40+10+   (36)=68mm ; Use z = 75 mm
2
h = 500 + 75 = 575 mm
Final Drawing
375
100
4-28-mm
bars
500 575

4-36 mm
bars

75

Dimensions are in mm
End