Op amp Feedback Arangement

 Positive feedback System :

 Positive feedback control of the op-amp is achieved

by applying a small part of the output voltage signal at
Vout back to the non-inverting ( + ) input terminal
via the feedback resistor, RF.
 If the input voltage Vin is positive, the op-amp
1
amplifies this positive signal and the output becomes
  more positive. Some of this output voltage is returned back
to the input by the feedback network.
 Thus the input voltage becomes more positive, causing an even
larger output voltage and so on. Eventually the output becomes
saturated at its positive supply rail.
 Likewise, if the input voltage Vin is negative, the reverse happens
and the op-amp saturates at its negative supply rail.
 Then we can see that positive feedback does not allow the circuit
to function as an amplifier as the output voltage quickly saturates
to one supply rail or the other, because with positive feedback
loops “more leads to more” and “less leads to less”.

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 Then if the loop gain is positive for any system the transfer function
will be:
 Av = G / (1 – GH). Note that if GH = 1 the system gain Av =
infinity and the circuit will start to self-oscillate, after which no
input signal is needed to maintain oscillations, which is useful if you
want to make an oscillator.
 Although often considered undesirable, this behaviour is used in
electronics to obtain a very fast switching response to a condition or
signal. One example of the use of positive feedback is hysteresis in
which a logic device or system maintains a given state until some
input crosses a preset threshold. This type of behaviour is called “bi-
stability” and is often associated with logic gates and digital
switching devices such as multivibrators.
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 We have seen that positive or regenerative feedback increases the

gain and the possibility of instability in a system which may lead to
self-oscillation and as such, positive feedback is widely used in
oscillatory circuits such as Oscillators and Timing circuits.
 Negative Feedback System
 Negative feedback control of the amplifier is achieved by applying
a small part of the output voltage signal at Vout back to the
inverting ( – ) input terminal via the feedback resistor, Rf.
 If the input voltage Vin is positive, the op-amp amplifies this
positive signal. Since it is connected to the inverting input of the
amplifier, the output becomes more negative. Some of this output
voltage is returned back to the input by the feedback network of
4 Rf.
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 Thus the input voltage is reduced by the negative feedback signal,

causing an even smaller output voltage and so on. Eventually the
output will settle down and become stabilised at a value
determined by the gain ratio of (Rf ÷ Rin).
 Likewise, if the input voltage Vin is negative, the reverse happens
and the op-amps output becomes positive (inverted) which adds
to the negative input signal.
 Then it can be seen that negative feedback allows the circuit to
function as an amplifier, so long as the output is within the
saturation limits.
 So it can be seen that the output voltage is stabilised and
controlled by the feedback.

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 Then if the loop gain is positive for any system the transfer function
will be: Av = G / (1 + GH).
 Negative Feedback Example 1
 An operational amplifier with an open-loop voltage gain, AVOL of
320,000 without feedback is to be used as a non-inverting
amplifier. Calculate the values of the feedback resistances, R1 and
R2 required to stabilise the circuit with a closed loop gain of 20.
 SLN
 The generalised closed-loop feedback equation :

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 By rearranging the feedback formula we get a feedback fraction,

β of:

 Then substituting the values of: A = 320,000 and G = 20, into

the above equation we get the value of β as:

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 Then the values of: A = 320,000 and G = 20, into the above
equation we get:

 Since in this case the open-loop gain of the op-amp is very

high ( A = 320,000 ), the feedback fraction, β will be
roughly equal to the reciprocal of the closed-loop gain 1/G
only as the value of 1/A will be incredibly small. Then β
(the feedback fraction) is equal to 1/20 = 0.05.

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 As the resistors, R1 and R2 form a simple series-voltage

potential divider network across the non-inverting amplifier,
the closed-loop voltage gain of the circuit will be determined
by the ratios of these resistances:


 If it is assumed resistor R2 value to be 1kΩ, then the value of

resistor R1 will be:

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 Then for the non-inverting amplifier circuit about to have a

closed-loop gain of 20, the values of the negative feedback
resistors required will be in this case, R1 = 19kΩ and
R2 = 1kΩ, giving us a non-inverting amplifier circuit of:
 Non-inverting Op-amp Circuit

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 Schmitt Trigger or Regenerative Comparator Circuit
A standard comparator circuit can normally be converted into
a Schmitt trigger at the electronic design stage by introducing
positive feedback by the addition of an additional electronic
component. In the circuit below this is provided by the
addition of a resistor R3.

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 In electronics, a Schmitt trigger is a comparator circuit with
hysteresis implemented by applying positive feedback to the non
inverting input of a comparator or differential amplifier. It is a
circuit that converts an analog input signal to a digital output
signal.
 The circuit is named a "trigger" because the output retains its
value until the input changes sufficiently to trigger a change. In
the non-inverting configuration, when the input is higher than a
chosen threshold, the output is high.
 When the input is below a different (lower) chosen threshold the
output is low, and when the input is between the two levels the
output retains its value.

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 This dual threshold action is called hysteresis and implies that

the Schmitt trigger possesses memory and can act as a
bistable multivibrator (latch or flip-flop).

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 A Schmitt Trigger is basically a Bistable Circuit .The output
states are controlled by the input signal. Hence, it can be used
as a level detecting circuit. The following circuit shows a simple
design of Transistor based Schmitt Trigger.
 The effect of the new resistor, R3 is to give the circuit
different switching thresholds dependent upon the output
state of the comparator or operational amplifier.
 When the output of the comparator is high, this voltage is
fed back to the non-inverting input of the operational
amplifier of comparator.
 As a result the switching threshold becomes higher. When
the output is switched in the opposite sense, the switching
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threshold is lowered. This gives the circuit what is termed
hysteresis.
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 changeover, making the switching even faster. This capacitor
known as a speed up capacitor may be anywhere between 10
and 100 pF dependent upon the circuit.
 Schmitt trigger applications
 A Schmitt trigger is used in various applications where a
level needs to be sensed. Even if only a small amount of
hysteresis is used, it reduces the multiple transitions that can
occur around the point of switching.
 As such the Schmitt trigger applications include many
different areas of electronics circuit design.
 digital to analogue conversion: The Schmitt trigger is
effectively a one bit analogue to digital converter. When the
16 signal reaches a given level it switches from one state to the
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 This can then be used to drive other digital circuits.
 Level detection: The Schmitt trigger circuit is able to
provide level detection. When undertaking this application,
it is necessary that the hysteresis voltage is taken into
account during the electronic circuit design so that the
circuit switches on the required voltage.
 Line reception: When running a data line that may have
picked up noise into a logic gate it is necessary to ensure that
a logic output level is only changed as the data changed and
not as a result of spurious noise that may have been picked
up. Using a Schmitt trigger broadly enables the peak to peak
noise to reach the level of the hysteresis before spurious
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triggering may occur.
 Op Amp as a buffer amplifier(Voltage
follower)

 A buffer amplifier is an amplifier with a gain of 1.

 Even though a gain of 1 doesn’t give any voltage
amplification, a buffer is extremely useful because it
prevents one stage input impedance from loading
the prior stage output impedance. This would cause
undesirable loss of signal transfer. Thus, a voltage
gain of 1 means that if the input voltage goes up by
ΔV , then the output voltage is also designed to go
up by the same ΔV

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  .

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 The voltage-follower is a special case of the non inverting

amplifier in which 100% negative feedback is
obtained by connecting the output directly to the
inverting (−) terminal

 Therefore:
 Voltage gain =1+ Rf / Rin
 =1+0/Rin
.
20  = 1
 Slew rate
 Slew rate is defined as the maximum rate of output
voltage change per unit time. It is denoted by the
letter S(i.e V/μs). The slew rate helps in identifying
the amplitude and maximum input frequency suitable
to an operational amplifier (OP amp) such that the
output is not significantly distorted.
 The slew rate should be as high as possible to ensure
the maximum undistorted output voltage swing.
 Slew rate changes with the change in voltage gain.
Therefore, it is generally specified at unity (+1) gain
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condition.
 Measuring Slew Rate

 The slew rate is measured by applying a step signal

to the input stage of the op-amp and measuring the
rate of change that occurs at the output from 10%
to 90% of the output signal’s amplitude. Generally,
the applied step signal is large and it is about 1 V.

 The slew rate can be measured by using an

oscilloscope and a function generator.
 The circuit used for slew rate measurement is
22 shown in the figure below.
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 The input and slew limited output voltage
waveforms.

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 The Slew rate of the op-amp can limit the performance
of a circuit and it can distort the output waveform if its
limit is exceeded.


 END

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