UNIT-3

Sampling Distributions and Testing of

Hypothesis
Define Population
Hypothesis
Population is the collection of objects. population may be finite or infinite
according to number of objects and population size is denoted by ‘N’
Example1: The number of students in ECE-1 class room is finite population.
Example2:The number of stars in the sky is an infinite population.
Define Sample
Sample is the subset of population and sample size is denoted by ‘n’
Define Statistic
The collection of numerical facts is called Statistic usually referred as sample
mean and sample variance
Sampling distribution:
The probability distribution of statistic is called sampling distribution
Usually referred as is the Mean of sampling distribution of mean
is the Variance of sampling distribution of mean
is the Standard deviation of sampling distribution of mean
Define Sample mean and Sample variance
If represents a random sample of size ‘n’ then
the sample mean is defined by the statistic

If represents a random sample of size ‘n’ then

the sample variance is defined by the statistic
Note: Where is the sum of squares of deviation from

sample mean to sample size

Define parameters
The mean,median,mode ,standard deviation, variance measures of the
population are called parameters
Note: The number of items in a sample is called sample size it is
denoted by ‘n’
Samples are classified in two ways.
i) Large sample ii) Small sample
Large sample: If the size of the sample , the sample is said to be
large sample
Small sample: If the size of the sample , ,the sample is said to be
small sample (or) exact sample
If each element of a population may be selected more than once it is
called sampling with replacement where as if the element cannot be
selected more than once, it is called sampling with out replacement.
Note: If N is the size of the population and n is the sample size ,then
(i) The number of samples with replacement
(ii) The number of samples with out replacement
Standard error of mean:
The standard deviation of sampling distribution of statistic is called
standard error of mean
 Standard error of mean

Where is the standard deviation of population

n is the sample size
Correction factor:
The correction factor
Where N is the population size and n is the sample size
Problems:
1.The variance of a population is 2 the size of the sample collect from
population is 169 what is the standard error of mean?
Sol: Given n=169
Standard error of mean
 Standard error of mean

2. What is the value of correction factor if n=5 N=200

Sol: Give n=5 N=200
Correction factor

3. A population consists of five numbers 2,3,6,8 and 11. Consider all

possible samples of size two which can be drawn with replacement
from this population .Find (i) The mean of the population (ii) The
standard deviation of the population (iii) The mean of the sampling
distribution of means and (iv) The standard deviation of the
sampling distributions of means
Sol: Population = N=5
(i) The mean of the population

(ii) The standard deviation of the population

(iii) The mean of the sampling distribution of means

Sampling with replacement (infinite population)
Here N=Population size=5 n=sample size=2
The total number of samples with replacement is
Listing all possible samples of size 2 from population 2,3,6,8,11 with
replacement we get 25 samples

Now compute mean for each of these 25 samples

The sample means are
The mean of the sampling distribution of means is the mean of these
25 means

(iv) The standard deviation of the sampling distributions of means (an

infinite population ) i.e., The standard error of mean
4. A population consists of five numbers 3,6,9,15 and 27. Consider all
possible samples of size 3 which can be drawn with out replacement
from this population .Find (i) The mean of the population (ii) The
standard deviation of the population (iii) The mean of the sampling
distribution of means and (iv) The standard deviation of the sampling
distributions of means
Sol: Population = N=5
(i) The mean of the population

(ii) The standard deviation of the population

(iii) The mean of the sampling distribution of means
Sampling without replacement (finite population)
Here N=Population size=5 n=sample size=3
The total number of samples with out replacement is
Listing all possible samples of size 3 from population 3,6,9,15,27 with
out replacement we get 10 samples

Now compute mean for each of these 10 samples

The sample means are
The mean of the sampling distribution of means is the mean of
these 10 means
(iv) The standard deviation of the sampling distributions of means
(finite population )
i.e., The standard error of mean
Central limit theorem:
Statement: If is the mean of random sample of size taken from
population with mean & variance

follows a normal distribution

Here is the sample mean is the population mean

is the standard deviation of the population is sample size
Problems:
1.A random sample of size 100 is taken from an infinite population having the
mean 76 & variance 256 What is the probability that sample mean will be
between 75 and 78.

Sol: Given n=100 =76 =256 =

 From table

2. A normal population has a mean of 0.1 and standard deviation of 2.1 .Find
the probability that mean of sample of size 900 will be negative.

Sol: Given n=900 =0.1 =2.1

 From table

Testing of Hypothesis:
Estimation and Testing of Hypothesis
In sampling theory ,we are primarily concerned with two types of
problems which are given below
1.Estimation 2.Testing of Hypothesis
Estimation: Statistician use sample statistics to estimate population
parameter
Example: Sample mean are used to estimate population mean
An estimation can be done into two ways
1. Point estimation 2.Interval estimation
Define Point estimation
Ans: A point estimate of a population parameter is a single value of a statistic
Example: Sample mean is a point estimation of population mean
Define Interval estimation
Ans: An interval estimate is defined by 2 numbers between which a population
parameter is said to lie
Example: is an interval estimate of the population mean
It indicates that the population mean is greater than ‘a ‘ but less than ‘b’
Confidence Intervals:
Statistician use a confidence interval to express the precision and uncertainty
associated with a particular sampling method
A confidence interval consist of 3 parts (i) Confidence level (ii) Statistic (iii) A
margin error ( Max error of estimate)
Confidence level: It is the probability part of a confidence interval
Maximum error of estimate: In a confidence interval ,the range of values
above and below the sample statistic is called the maximum error of estimate
Maximum error of estimate
Critical Region and Level of Significance
The sample statistic lies in a certain region or interval ,then that region is called
critical region
Level of significance(L.O.S):
The total area of region rejection expressed as percentage is called level of
significance and it is denoted by
Critical values or Significant values:
The value of the test statistic z for which the critical region and acceptance region
are separated is called the critical value or the significant value of z and denoted
by ,when is the level of significance
What is testing of Hypothesis?
A statistical hypothesis is an assumption about a population parameter .this
assumption may or may not be true
There are two types of statistical hypothesis
1.Null Hypothesis 2.Alternative Hypothesis
Define Null hypothesis
Sol: A statistical hypothesis that states that there is no difference between a
parameter and a specific value .and it is denoted by
Define Alternative hypothesis
Sol: A statistical hypothesis that states that there is difference between a
parameter and a specific value .and it is denoted by
OR
Any hypothesis which is complementary to Null hypothesis is called an
Alternative hypothesis. and it is denoted by

Note: will always have sign (and possibly less than or greater than symbol
depending on the Alternative hypothesis)
The Null and Alternative hypothesis are stated together the following are
typically hypothesis for means, where k is a specified number
Right-tail test

Left -tail test

Two-tail test
Example: State for each case .A researcher thinks that
if expectant mothers use vitamins the birth weight of the babies will
increase .The average birth weight of the population is 8.6 pounds.
Sol: Population parameter is
Specific value

Note: A procedure for deciding whether to accept or reject a Null

hypothesis and hence reject or accept a Alternative hypothesis is
called Testing of hypothesis.
Decision errors: Two types of errors can result from a testing of
hypothesis
1.Type-I error 2. Type-II error
Define Type-I error
Sol: The error committed in rejecting a Null hypothesis ,when it is
true, is called Type-I error and hence Type-I error is also known as
producer’s risk.
The probability of committing Type-I error is denoted by

Define Type-I error

Sol: The error committed in accepting ,when it is false, is called Type-II
error and hence Type-II error is also known as consumer’s risk.
The probability of committing Type-II error is denoted by
Define one tailed test and Two tailed tests
Sol: One tailed test: The Null hypothesis should be rejected when the test value
is in the critical region in one side
Left tailed test: when the critical region is on the left side of the distribution of
the test value.
Right tailed test: when the critical region is on the right side of the distribution
of the test value.
Two tailed test: The Null hypothesis should be rejected when the test value is in
either of two critical regions on either side of the distribution of the test value.

Left tailed test Right tailed test Two tailed test

Write the procedure for Testing of Hypothesis
Sol: Step1: Null hypothesis is defined
Step2: Alternative hypothesis is also defined after a carefully study of the
problem and also the nature of the test (whether one-tailed or two-tailed ) is
decided.
Step3: L.O.S ‘ ‘ is fixed or taken from the problem if specified is noted

Step4: The test-statistic is computed

Step5: Comparison is made between and

If , is accepted i.e., it is concluded that the difference between t
and E(t) is not significant. At L.O.S

On other hand ,If , is accepted i.e., it is concluded that the

difference between t and E(t) is significant. At L.O.S
Maximum error of estimate for Large sample
Maximum error of estimate for Large sample is denoted by E is

defined as (E)= Here is standard deviation of population

and n is sample size
Interval estimation for Large sample

The limits for confidence are

Problems:
1.What is the maximum error one can expect to make with probability 0.90
when using the mean of a random sample of size n=64 to estimate the mean of
population with

Sol: Given n=64

From table

Maximum error of estimate (E) =

2. A random sample of size 100 has a standard deviation of 5.What can you
say about the maximum error with 95% confidence.

Sol: Given n=100

From table

3.Assuming that ,how large a random sample be taken to assert

with probability 0.95 that the sample mean will not doffer from the true
mean by more than 3.0

Sol: Given maximum error E=3.0 n=?

 From table

4.A random sample of size 81 was taken whose variance is 20.25 and mean
is 32 ,construct 98% confidence interval.

Sol: Given n=81

From table

The limits for confidence are

5. The mean and standard deviation of a population are 11,795 and 14,054
respectively .What can one assert with 95% confidence about the maximum
error if And also construct 95% confidence interval
for the true mean.

Sol: Given n=50

The limits for confidence are

Method1: Test of Significance difference between Sample mean and

population mean for large sample
Procedure: Step1: Null hypothesis is defined

Step2: Alternative hypothesis is also defined

Step3: is fixed 5% or 1% or taken from the problem From table we get

Step4: The test-statistic is computed

Step5: Comparison is made between and

If , is accepted On other hand , if , is accepted

Problems:
1. A sample of 400 items are is taken from a population whose standard
deviation is 10.The mean of the sample is 40 .Test whether the sample has come
from a population with mean 38 .Also calculate 95% confidence interval for the
true mean.
Sol: Given data

Population mean is

Step1 :

Step2:

Step3: Two tailed test is to be used

From table we get

Step4: The test-statistic

Step5: Comparison is made between

, is accepted

The limits for confidence are

2. An ambulance service claims that it takes on the average less than 10

minutes to reach its destination emergency calls sample of 36 calls has a mean
of 11 minutes and the variance of 16 minutes .Test the claim at 0.05 L.O.S
Sol: Given data

Population mean is

Step1:

Step2 :

Step3: one tailed test is to be used (Left-tailed test)

From table

Step4: The test-statistic

Step5: Comparison is made between
, is accepted

3. A sample of 64 students have a mean weight of 70 kgs .Can this be regarded as

a sample from a population with mean weight 56 kgs and standard deviation 25
kgs.
Sol: Given data

Population mean is is not given taken 5% or 1%

Step1:

Step2:
Step3: Two tailed test is to be used

From table

Step4: The test-statistic

Step5: Comparison is made between

, is accepted
Method 2 : Test of significance difference between two means for large
samples

Procedure:
Step1: Null hypothesis is defined

Step2: Alternative hypothesis is defined

Step3: is fixed 5% or 1% or taken from the problem From table we get

Step4: The test-statistic

 Step5: Comparison is made between

If On other hand

Note:

Problems:
1. In a random sample of size 500,the mean is found to be 20.In another
independent sample of size 400,the mean is 15.Could the samples have been
drawn from the same population with Standard deviation 4?
Sol: Given data
Step1:

Step2:

Step3: Two tailed test is to be used is not given

Step4: The test statistic

2. A simple sample of heights of 6400 English men has a mean of 170 cm and a
S.D. of 6.4 cm ,while a simple sample of heights of 1600 Americans has a mean of
172 cm and a S.D. of 6.3 cm .Do the data indicate that American are, on the
average ,taller than the Englishmen?
Sol: Given data

Step1:

Step2:

Step3: One tailed test is to be used (Left tailed test)

Step4: The test statistic

Step5:

3. Test the significance of the difference between the means of the samples
,drawn from two normal populations with the same S.D. from the following data.

Sol: Given data

Step1:

Step2:

Step3: Two tailed test is to be used

Step4: The test statistic

Step5:
Exercise:
1.Find the value of the finite population correction factor for n=10 and N=100
2.How many different samples of size two can be chosen ,from a finite
population of size 25.
3.A population consists of the four numbers 1,5,6,8. Consider all possible
samples of size two that can be drawn with out replacement from this
population .Find (i) The mean of the population (ii) The standard deviation of
the population (iii) The mean of the sampling distribution of means and (iv)
The standard deviation of the sampling distributions of means
4.Samples of size 2 are taken from the population 3,6,9,15,27 with replacement
.Find i) The mean of the population (ii) The standard deviation of the
population (iii) The mean of the sampling distribution of means and (iv) The
standard deviation of the sampling distributions of means
5.A random sample of size 64 is taken from a normal population with
and What is the probability that the mean of the sample will (a) exceed
52.9 (b) fall between 50.5 and 52.3 ( c) less than 50.6