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Single phase bridge inverter

1. OBJECTIVES
To study of Single phase bridge inverter using PWM technique.
2. THEORETICAL REVIEW
Power Electronics is the technology associated with efficient conversion, control and
conditioning of electric power by static means from its available input form into the desired
electrical output form. Power electronic converters can be found wherever there is a need to modify
the electrical energy form (i.e., modify its voltage, current or frequency). Therefore, their power
ranges from some mill watts (as in a mobile phone) to hundreds of mega watts (e.g.in a HVDC
transmission system).With “classical” electronics, electrical currents and voltage are used to carry
information, whereas with power electronics, they carry power. Therefore the main metric of power
electronics becomes the efficiency.

An inverter is a circuit which converts a DC power into an AC power at desired output

voltage and frequency. The AC output voltage could be fixed or variable voltage and frequency. This
conversion can be achieved either by controlled turn on and turnoff devices (e.g. BJT,  MOSFET, IGBT,
and MCT etc.) or by forced commutated thyristors, depending on application. The output voltage
waveform of an ideal inverter should be sinusoidal. The voltage waveforms of practical inverter are
however, non-sinusoidal and contain certain harmonics. Square wave or quasi-square wave voltage
maybe acceptable for low and medium power application and for high power application low
distorted, sinusoidal waveform are required. The output frequency of an inverter is determined by
the rate at which the semiconductor devices are switched on and off by the inverter control circuitry
and consequently, an adjustable frequency AC output is readily provided. The harmonics content of
output voltage can be minimized or reduced significantly by switching technique of variable high
speed power semiconductor devices.

The DC power input to the inverter maybe battery, fuel cell, solar cell or other DC source. But
in most industrial applications, it is fed by a rectifier. This configuration of AC to DC converter and DC
to AC inverter is called a DC link at network frequency is rectified and then filtered in the DC link
before being inverter to AC at adjustable frequency. Rectification is achieved by standard diode or
thyristors converter circuits and inversion is achieved by the circuit techniques.

Power Circuit

The power circuit of Single Phase Unipolar inverter consists of four

bidirectional MOSFET/IGBT arranged in bridge form. The circuit diagram of the power circuit is
shown in figure 1
 Figure 1 Power circuit
The circuit diagram consists of four distinct mosfets such that they are connected as the
bridge circuit. The input to the circuit is the 12v DC supply from the rectifier unit. The
MOSFETS/IGBTs are triggered accordingly such that the AC output voltage is obtained at the output.
The operation of the circuit is as follows.
First the MOSFET S1 and S4 are turned on by triggering the gate of the MOSFET. During this
time the input supply is 12V DC and at the output the 12V AC is applied to the primary of step up
transformer. The current starts from the supply positive, S1, S2, transformer primary 12V and to the
negative of the supply. The conduction path for the first cycle of operation is shown in figure 2.

Figure 2: Current conduction when S1 and S4 is ON

During the next phase or the cycle the MOSFET  S2 and S3 are turned on by giving trigger
pulse to the gate of the MOSFETs. During this period the input voltage is applied at the output but in
the negative direction. The current conduction starts from the supply, S2, S3, load and to the
negative of the supply. The current conduction is showed in the figure 3.
 

Figure 3: Current conduction during when S2 and S3 is ON

As the two cycles continue the positive and the negative voltage is applied at the load and the
current direction changes in the two cycles. As the current direction changes the alternative voltage
is obtained at the load thus converting Dc voltage to AC voltage.

PWM CONTROL AND GATE FIRING DRIVER.

The gate firing circuit consist of PWM generator and MOSFET gate current driver.
The PWM signal generated by monolithic IC SG3524. The circuit generates the PWM frequency
controlled Pulses at pin no. 11 & 14. The frequency of the gate control signal is varied from 30Hz to
700Hz by frequency control potentiometer.
The two pulses of same period but opposite in phase of 180 degrees to each other are available on
the TP1 & TP2. The pulses can be traced on the CRO two channel.
Then the pulses are amplified and enough to drive the gate of the MOSFET or IGBT. The gate driving
circuit uses a monolithic MOSFET gate driver IR2110 switch to provide enough gate current to the
IGBT.
The PWM Monolythic IC provides the stable Gate signal by closed loop control signal , uses a
feedback signal from output to input of the PWM generator.
This makes the stability of the output voltage irrespective of the input changes or load conditions.
This circuit provides 8 control signals G1, S1, G2, S2, G3, S3, G4, S4.
The test point are shown on the front panel to observe the waveforms at individuals. G1 , G2, G3, G4
With respect of S1, S2, S3, S4 . These gate controls signal drives the 4 MOSFET and IGBT connected in
full bridge configurations.

Full bridge PWM inverter circuit

This circuit uses a 12V high current commutated power supply with Thermal resettable circuit
breaker 10A. and a Full bridge circuit with 4 MOSFET connected in H bridge configurations. The
individual MOSFET are controlled by the gate control signal provided separately from PWM
generator and driver circuit. The MOSFET named as Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4 in our trainer kit. The Q1 and Q3
drain are connected to the DC voltage +ve terminal. Q2 & Q4 source are grounded with Negative
Terminal of DC voltage. Q1 Source is connected with Q2 drain. Same way Q3 source terminal is
connected with Q4 drain terminal. Junction of Q1, Q2 is connected to Primary of step up
transformer and its other end connected to the Junction of Q3, Q4.
The DC power source provides the sufficient current while switching to drive the primary of the
transformer.
Circuit operation is explained in the theory part with the help of figures. During the first cycle the Q1
& Q4 made to conduct, and Q2 & Q3 made in cutoff. Then the current flows from DC +ve terminal to
Q1, then into the primary of the transformer, there-after into Q4 and goes to GND. In second cycle
The Q1 & Q4 made in cutoff , and Q2 & Q3 in the conducting state , makes the current flow path
from Q2 to primary of the transformer with opposite polarity than former thereafter into Q3 and
GND. This periodical changes in current into the primary of the transformer induces the emf in the
Secondary of the transformer. Since the transformer is step up transformer, the emf voltage in
secondary step up i.e upto 230V.
This drives the LAMP load directly. The output can be observed on the CRO with attenuation probe
10X divide by setting.
Thus the trainer illustrates the operation of PWM H bridge inverter (full bridge).

3. FORMULAE

Time period (T)= Ton +Toff

DUTY CYCLE= Ton/T

4. COMPONENTS
MOSFET INVERTER trainer kit
CRO
CRO probe
Connecting Cable
Lamp Load

5. CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS

Theoretical Diagrams

SINGLE PHASE BRIDGE INVERTER TRAINER USING PWM TECHNIQUE PRODUCT CODE:
A L -E088
+ -
220V A C
MA INS STEP DOWN +12V ~ A
D D
ISOLATED TRANSFORMER CIRCUIT
220V:12V B REAK ER Q1 Q3

G S Q1 Q3 G
S
+ G1 STEP UP G3
DIODE TRANSFORMER
B RIDGE D
ON 3510 S1 S3
10000uF, 10K,10W D
- 25V 2.2uF,400V
Q2 Q4
100K ,10W
G S G
G2 S
G4
LA MP LOAD
FUSE GND
CIRCUIT
S2 S4
DC POWER SUPPLY B REAK ER
S1
NOTE: USE DIVIDE BY 10 PROB E OF CRO TP3 OB SERVE
TP4
+15V TO OB SERVE WAVEFORM A CROSS TP3 A ND TP4 WAVEFORM
Q2 Q4
G1
S1 S1
TP1 S1
IGBT/MOSFET ON OFF
R4 G2
DRIVER S2 G1
VFB PWM
PULSE G3 LA MP LOA D
GENERATOR TP2 S3 S2
IGBT/MOSFET
R20 DRIVER G4 G2
FREQUENCY CONTROL S4

FREQUENCY S3
CONTROL (R20)
G3

S4

G4
6. Precautions
1. Ensure the switch is in OFF position while doing circuit connection.
2. Ensure release switch in OFF position whenever power is switched ON.
3. The CRO observation in the CRO take very carefully.

7.MANUAL DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

- STUDY of PWM Signal & DRIVING CIRCUIT

1 Connect the CRO at TP1 & TP2 with respect to GND.

2.Connect the trainer to mains supply through the power cord.
3. Switch on the trainer.
4. Observe the waveforms at CRO, note down the period of on time and off time.
Record in the below table.
Calculate the frequency of the signal from Total time periods.
Observe and record the waveforms at the gate driving outputs at points

G1----with respect to S1
G2----with respect to S2
G3----with respect to S3
G4----with respect to S4

Repeat the procedure for the various frequencies.

Records and traces the waveforms for practical records.

Study of the Single phase inverter in full bridge configurations.

1. Connect the all gate controls signal with respect to their source signal to the marked
indicated in the front panel.
2. Refer the circuit diagram /connection diagram for details connection layout.
3. Connect a series ammeter to note down the load current .
4. Connect the lamp in the lamp holder 10-25W.
5. Connect the AC voltmeter at TP3 & TP4.
6. Switch on the trainer.
7. Switch on the lamp load.
8. Lamp glows, note down the load current readings in ammeter & AC output voltage
readings in voltmeter, record these in the observation table.
9. Vary the frequency of the PWM generator with frequency control potentiometer and
look at the effect of load current and Output voltage and frequency in the
observation table.
10. Also vary the duty cycle of PWM signal by PWM control knob & records the
variations of output voltage and Ton & Toff periods & records in the observation
table.
11. If load current exceeds beyond the limits in hazards conditions the circuit breaker
tripped & save the circuit from damage. If it tripped off, reset it after 1 Minutes.
12. Reset it for lowering the load current If still persists.
13. Observe the various waveforms at output voltage.
 14. Keep in mind use 10x ATTENUATION probe for connecting the CRO. A High output
voltage can damage the CRO be careful. To avoid shock be very care-full In
operation.
15. Trace the drain waveforms at each MOSFETS for better study.

8. WORKSHEETS

WITH FREQUENCY CONTROL POTENTIOMETER VARIABLE

Sno. Time period (T)= Ton +Toff Input current Output voltage
Frequency =1/T
On time (Ton) Off time (Toff)

WITH PWM CONTROL POTENTIOMETER VARIABLE

Sno. Time period (T)= Ton +Toff Input current Output voltage
DUTY CYCLE= Ton/T
On time (Ton) Off time (Toff)

9. RESULT: