BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

By
Narendrakumar Chauhan
Assistant Professor

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Faculty of Technology. Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad, Gujarat.
Website: https://ddu.ac.in/Technology-Departments4.php
TEACHING SCHEME

2
DETAILED SYLLABUS

3
DETAILED SYLLABUS

4
DETAILED SYLLABUS

5
TEXT / REFERENCE BOOKS

6
 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT PARAMETERS
➢VOLTAGE:
• The electrical force, or "pressure", that causes current to flow in a
circuit.
• Voltage is the force that pushes the electrons.
• It is measured in VOLTS (V ).

➢CURRENT:
• Current is the movement of electrical charge - the flow of electrons through the
electronic circuit.
• Current is defined to flow from positive to negative voltages.
• Current is measured in AMPERES (AMPS, A or I).
7

opposite in the direction of

electron
CAPACITOR

• Capacitance is the ability of something to store an electrical charge

• Charge is a property of matter that causes it to experience a force (attraction or

repulsion) when near other electrically charged matter. There are two types of
electric charges—positive and negative.

• Capacitance = Charge / Voltage [ C = q / V ]

• Capacitors are used in electrical circuits to store energy for later

release 8
INDUCTOR

• Inductance is the process by which a change in current creates voltage

• It is a property of a conductor whereby a voltage is “induced” in the conductor

itself and any nearby conductors

• Inductance = Voltage / Rate of Current Change

• An inductor stores energy in a magnetic field

• Like capacitors, inductors store energy for later release

9
RESISTOR
• Resistance is anything that causes an
opposition to the flow of current in a circuit.
• Resistance controls the amount of voltage and - Voltage +
current in a circuit. Current
• Everything in a circuit has a resistance (even wire).
Resistance
• A resistor is a element designed specifically to have a constant resistance.
• It is measured in OHMS (Ω).

Design and analysis of electronic circuits hinges on thorough

understanding of the relationships between voltage, current, and
resistance. 10
 COLOR CODING OF A RESISTOR
made by mixing pure graphite with
substances like resign and moulded
into cylinder at high temp. and press.
𝟎𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 ± 𝟏𝟎% 𝜴

carbon resistor

𝟐. 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 ± 𝟏𝟎% 𝜴 ? ? ?

11

B B R O Y's Great Britain Very Good Wife

green blue violet grey
black white gold,silver,no
red
brown orange yellow colour
 QUANTIFICATION: OHM’S LAW
• Expresses the relationship between current, voltage and resistance.
• It was named after the German physicist Georg Simon Ohm (1787-1854).
• This is one of the most fundamental concepts in electronics. Learn Ohm’s
Law. Learn it inside and out!

𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑇𝐴𝐺𝐸 (𝑉)
𝑅𝐸𝑆𝐼𝑆𝑇𝐴𝑁𝐶𝐸 (R) =
𝐶𝑈𝑅𝑅𝐸𝑁𝑇 (𝐼)

12
 ELECTRONIC SCHEMATICS

• Electronic circuits are drawn using schematics which use standard symbols for
each type of electronic component

Circuit Schematic
Voltage
(Volts) I

Load/Resistor
V R
(Ohms)

Current
Current (Amps) Battery symbol Resistor symbol

13
Q. If in this circuit we observe a current flow of 12 amps (12A) through the
resistive load of 1 Ohm (1W), what must the battery voltage be?

14
Q. If in this circuit we observe a current flow of 12 amps (12A) through the
resistive load of 1 Ohm (1W), what must the battery voltage be?

According to OHM’s Law:

𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑇𝐴𝐺𝐸 (𝑉)
𝑅𝐸𝑆𝐼𝑆𝑇𝐴𝑁𝐶𝐸 (R) =
𝐶𝑈𝑅𝑅𝐸𝑁𝑇 (𝐼)

V=IR
V = 12 (Amps) x 1 (Ohm)

V = 12 Volts (12V)
15
If we knew the battery was supplying 12 volts, how do we predict the
current through a resistive load of 1 Ohm?

According to OHM’s Law: I?

𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑇𝐴𝐺𝐸 (𝑉)
𝑅𝐸𝑆𝐼𝑆𝑇𝐴𝑁𝐶𝐸 (R) =
𝐶𝑈𝑅𝑅𝐸𝑁𝑇 (𝐼)

I =V/R

I = 12 (Volts)/ 1 (Ohm)

I = 12 Amps (12A)

16
If we knew a 10V battery was supplying 5A of current, what must the load
(resistance) be?

According to OHM’s Law:

𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑇𝐴𝐺𝐸 (𝑉) ?W
𝑅𝐸𝑆𝐼𝑆𝑇𝐴𝑁𝐶𝐸 (R) =
𝐶𝑈𝑅𝑅𝐸𝑁𝑇 (𝐼)

10V
R=V/I

R = 10 (Volts)/ 5 (Amps) : 5

R = 2 Ohm (2 W)

17
18
 SERIES CIRCUIT (KVL)

A series circuit is one with all the loads in a row.

Power Source
There is only ONE path for the electricity to
flow.
If this circuit was a string of light bulbs,
and one blew out (became an open Load 1 Load 2
circuit), the remaining bulbs would turn
off.
Total load (R) = Load 1 (R1) + Load 2 (R2)

Circuit components in series experience the same current. 19

 PARALLEL CIRCUIT (KCL)
Power Source

A parallel circuit is one that has two or more

paths for the electricity to flow – similar to a
fork in a river
Load 1
In other words, the loads are parallel to each
other.
If the loads in this circuit were light bulbs and
Load 1
one blew out, current would still flow to the
others.
Total load (1/R) = (1/R1) + (1/R2)
Circuit components in parallel experience the same voltage. 20
 EXERCISE

Parallel R
R1 R2 Series (R = R1 + R2) 1 1 1
= +
𝑅 𝑅1 𝑅2

100Ω 100Ω

100KΩ 10KΩ

4.7KΩ 10KΩ

330Ω 4.7KΩ
21
 KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL):
The algebraic sum of all the currents entering any node in a circuit equals zero.
Formulation 1:
Sum of currents entering node = sum of currents leaving node
Formulation 2:
Algebraic sum of currents entering node = 0
• Currents leaving are included with a minus sign.
Formulation 3:
Algebraic sum of currents leaving node = 0
• Currents entering are included with a minus sign.
22
 Currents entering the node:
i2
i3
i1 Currents leaving the node:

i4

23
 Currents entering the node:
-10 mA
i
5 mA
Currents leaving the node:

15 mA

24
 TERMINOLOGY: NODE AND BRANCH

Node: A point where two or more circuit elements are connected

i2
i3
Branch: A path that connects two nodes i1

i4

25
 KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):
The algebraic sum of all the voltages around any loop in a circuit equals zero.

Formulation 1:
Sum of voltage drops around loop = sum of voltage rises around loop

Formulation 2:
Algebraic sum of voltage drops around loop = 0
• Voltage rises are included with a minus sign.
Formulation 3:
Algebraic sum of voltage rises around loop = 0
• Voltage drops are included with a minus sign.
26
27
 PLEASE NOTE: WHAT THE ‘+’ AND ‘-’ NEXT TO A
DEVICE AND WHAT AN ‘ ‘ NEXT TO A WIRE MEAN

28
EXAMPLE (KVL)

29
EXAMPLE (KCL)

30
 EXAMPLE (KCL)

31

I don't Know application of KCL

32
33
EXAMPLE (KVL)

34
35
36
HOME WORK

Use KCL to obtain VA and VB

Use KVL to obtain Current

passing through RL

37
Basic Electrical Engineering

Prof. Shital Thakkar

Dept. of Electronics & Communication
Faculty of Technology, Dharmsinh Desai University
Nadiad-387001
 Voltages Sources and Current Sources

Two Types of Sources:

DC(Direct Current):— produced by solar cells and chemical cells
(batteries)
Current only flows in one direction.

AC(Alternating Current):—Current flows back and forth

(alternates)
Found in homes
Generators produce AC current
Both Voltage and Current Sources can be Ideal & Practical
1. An ideal voltage source is one which delivers energy to the
load at a constant terminal voltage, irrespective of the current drawn
by the load.
2. An ideal current source is one, which delivers energy with a constant
current to the load, irrespective of the terminal voltage across the
load.

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 1

Ideal DC Voltage Sources in Series
 DC voltage sources in series can be combined and replaced
with a single source.
Example : 1 Example : 2

OR

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 1

 Example 3

Or Or

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 4

 Example 4

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 5

 Ideal DC Voltage Sources in Parallel
• The voltage sources share common nodes, the only
time two or more DC voltage sources are allowed in
parallel is when they have exactly the same voltage,
and polarity.

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 6

 Example 5
Allowed

Not Allowed

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 7

 Practical Voltage Sources
• A Practical voltage source always possesses a very
small value of internal resistance Rint .
• The internal resistance of a voltage source is always
connected in series with it.

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 8

 Ideal DC Current Sources in Parallel
 DC current sources in parallel can be combined and replaced
with a single source.
Example 7

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 9

 Example 8 Example 9

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 10

Example 9

Or

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 11

 Ideal DC Current Sources in Series
Since components in series must have the same current flowing through
each component, the only time two or more DC currents sources are
allowed in series is when they have exactly the same magnitude current,
the current is flowing in the same direction.

Allowed Not Allowed

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 12

Batteries in Series and Parallel

In series—
The voltage is
increased.

In parallel—
No change in
voltage; these
batteries will last
longer!

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 14

 summary
Outline
- voltage sources in series are added
- only in case when magnitude and polarity are same in parallel
voltage sources then they can be replaced by a single source with
❑Introduction
the same magnitude and polarity
- current sources in parallel can be added
❑
- only in case when magnitude
Superposition theorem and direction are same in series
current sources then they can be replaced by a single source with
❑
the Thevenin’s
same magnitudetheorem
and direction
❑ Norton’s theorem
❑ Numerical Examples

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 15

Network Theorems : Superposition Theorem
• Superposition theorem is a circuit analysis theorem that is used
to solve the network where two or more sources are present
and connected.
• Superposition theorem states the following:
“If more than one source acts simultaneously in an electric
circuit, then the current through any one of the branches of
the circuit is the summation of currents which would flow
through the branch for each source, keeping all the other
sources dead.”

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 16

 Image : https://web.iitd.ac.in/~vivekv/ELL100/L8_VV.pdf

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 17

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 18
 Example 1
• Find the current flowing through 20 Ω using the
superposition theorem.

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 19

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 20
 Solution:
• Step 1: First, let us find the current flowing through a circuit by
considering only the 20 V voltage source. The current source can be open-
circuited, hence, the modified circuit diagram is shown in the following
figure.

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 21

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 22
• Step 3: Now let us find out the current flowing through the 20 Ω resistor
considering only the 4 A current source. We eliminate the 20 V voltage
source by short-circuiting it. The modified circuit, therefore, is given as
follows:

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 23

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 24
 Limitations of Superposition Theorem
• The theorem does not apply to non-linear circuits. (eg. Diodes and
Transistors).
• The requisite of linearity indicates that the Superposition Theorem is only
applicable to determine voltage and current, but not power. Power
dissipation is a nonlinear function that does not algebraically add to an
accurate total when only one source is considered at a time.
• The application of the superposition theorem requires two or more sources
in the circuit.
• In order to calculate load current or voltage for several choices of load
resistance, one needs to solve for every voltage and current source in the
network several times. With a simple circuit this is fairly easy, but in a large
circuit with many sources this method becomes a painful experience!
– Thevenin / Norton equivalent with Mesh/Node analysis is a better choice in
that case.

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 25

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 26
2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 27
 SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

• Superposition theorem is a circuit analysis theorem that is used to solve

the network where two or more sources are present and connected.

• Superposition theorem states the following:

“If more than one source acts simultaneously in an electric circuit, then
the current through any one of the branches of the circuit is the
summation of currents which would flow through the branch for each
source, keeping all the other sources dead.”

38
39
PROBLEM

Considering both the sources:

40
Considering only V1 = 12 Volts:

12

41
Considering only V2 = 5 Volts:

42
POWER ????

43
 LIMITATIONS
• The theorem does not apply to non-linear circuits. (e.g. Diodes and Transistors).
• The requisite of linearity indicates that the Superposition Theorem is only
applicable to determine voltage and current, but not power. Power dissipation is a
nonlinear function that does not algebraically add to an accurate total when only
one source is considered at a time.
• The application of the superposition theorem requires two or more sources in the
circuit.
• In order to calculate load current or voltage for several choices of load resistance,
one needs to solve for every voltage and current source in the network several
times. With a simple circuit this is fairly easy, but in a large circuit with many
sources this method becomes a painful experience!
• Thevenin / Norton equivalent with Mesh/Node analysis is a better choice in
that case.
44
 THEVENIN’S THEOREM

• Thevenin’s theorem simplifies the process of solving for the unknown

values of voltage and current in a network by reducing the network to
an equivalent series circuit connected to any pair of network terminals.

• Any network with two open terminals can be replaced by a single

voltage source (VTH) and a series resistance (RTH) connected to the
open terminals. A component can be removed to produce the open
terminals.

45
THEVENIN’S THEOREM

46
 THEVENIN’S THEOREM

VTH

1. Remove RL
2. Connect the DMM across that terminal to
measure Voltage = VTH

RTH
1. Remove RL
2. Make energy source equals zero
3. Connect the DMM across that terminal to measure equivalent resistance = RTH
47
 APPLICATION OF THEVENIN’S THEOREM

Application of Thevenin’s theorem. (a) Actual circuit with terminals A

and B across RL. (b) Disconnect RL to find that VAB is 24V. (c) Short-
circuit V to find that RAB is 2Ω.
48
 APPLICATION OF THEVENIN’S THEOREM

(d) Thevenin equivalent circuit. (e) Reconnect RL at terminals A and B

to find that VL is 12V.
49
PROBLEM

Verify Thevenin's theorem to get

current passing through the RL

50
SOLUTION

Applying KCL @A

Applying KCL @B

51
SOLUTION

Applying KCL @A

Applying KCL @B

52
SOLUTION
Applying Thevenin’s Theorem
RTH

VTH

53
 SOLUTION

VTH
1. Remove RL
2. Connect the DMM across that terminal to
measure Voltage = VTH

VTH

54
 SOLUTION

RTH
1. Remove RL
2. Make energy source equals zero
3. Connect the DMM across that terminal to measure
equivalent resistance = RTH

RTH
RTH

55
SOLUTION

RTH

56
Basic Electrical Engineering

Prof. Shital Thakkar

Dept. of Electronics & Communication
Faculty of Technology, Dharmsinh Desai University
Nadiad-387001
 Outline
❑Introduction
❑ Superposition theorem
❑ Thevenin’s theorem
❑ Norton’s theorem
❑ Numerical Examples

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 2

Network Theorems : Superposition Theorem
• Superposition theorem is a circuit analysis theorem that is used
to solve the network where two or more sources are present
and connected.
• Superposition theorem states the following:
“If more than one source acts simultaneously in an electric
circuit, then the current through any one of the branches of
the circuit is the summation of currents which would flow
through the branch for each source, keeping all the other
sources dead.”

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 3

 Image : https://web.iitd.ac.in/~vivekv/ELL100/L8_VV.pdf

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 4

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 5
 Example 1
• Find the current flowing through 20 Ω using the
superposition theorem.

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 6

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 7
 Solution:
• Step 1: First, let us find the current flowing through a circuit by
considering only the 20 V voltage source. The current source can be open-
circuited, hence, the modified circuit diagram is shown in the following
figure.

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 8

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 9
• Step 3: Now let us find out the current flowing through the 20 Ω resistor
considering only the 4 A current source. We eliminate the 20 V voltage
source by short-circuiting it. The modified circuit, therefore, is given as
follows:

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 10

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 11
 Limitations of Superposition Theorem
• The theorem does not apply to non-linear circuits. (eg. Diodes and
Transistors).
• The requisite of linearity indicates that the Superposition Theorem is only
applicable to determine voltage and current, but not power. Power
dissipation is a nonlinear function that does not algebraically add to an
accurate total when only one source is considered at a time.
• The application of the superposition theorem requires two or more sources
in the circuit.
• In order to calculate load current or voltage for several choices of load
resistance, one needs to solve for every voltage and current source in the
network several times. With a simple circuit this is fairly easy, but in a large
circuit with many sources this method becomes a painful experience!
– Thevenin / Norton equivalent with Mesh/Node analysis is a better choice in
that case.

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 12

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 13
2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 14
 Practice Lecture
• KVL
• KCL
• Superposition Theorem
• Thevenin’s Theorem
• Norton’s theorem

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 15

 Thevenin’s Theorem Summary
The basic procedure for solving a circuit
using Thevenin’s Theorem is as follows:
1. Remove the load resistor RL or component
concerned.
2. Find RS by shorting all voltage sources or by open
circuiting all the current sources.
3. Find VS by the usual circuit analysis methods.
4. Find the current flowing through the load resistor RL.

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 16

 Norton’s Theorem
• Norton’s theorem is an analytical method used to change a complex circuit
into a simple equivalent circuit consisting of a single resistance in parallel
with a current source
• Why are we using Norton’s Theorem?
•Simplifies the network in terms of currents instead of voltages.
•It reduces a network to a simple parallel circuit with a current
source and a resistor.

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 17

 Norton’s Theorem
• Statement: A linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by
an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source IN in
parallel with a resistor RN,
where
IN is the short-circuit current through the
terminals and
RN is the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals
when the independent sources are turned off.

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 18

Steps to determine Norton’s equivalent Resistance (RN)
and Current (IN):

• Calculate RN in the same way as RTh.

• Using source transformation, the Thevenin and Norton
resistances are equal i.e. RN = RTh.
• To find the Norton current IN, we determine the short-circuit
current flowing from terminal a to b.
• This short-circuit current is the Norton equivalent current IN
IN = isc

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 19

Close relationship between Norton’s and Thevenin’s
theorems:

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 20

 Example
Find Norton’s equivalent across load resistance RL

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 22

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 23
 Solution
• To find the Norton’s equivalent of the above circuit we firstly
have to remove the center 40Ω load resistor and short out the
terminals A and B to give us the following circuit.

When the terminals A and B are shorted together the two resistors are
connected in parallel across their two respective voltage sources and the
currents flowing through each resistor as well as the total short circuit current
can now be calculated as:

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 24

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 25
2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 26
2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 27
2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 28
 Norton’s Theorem Summary
The basic procedure for solving a circuit using Norton’s
Theorem is as follows:
1. Remove the load resistor RL or component concerned.
2. Find RN by shorting all voltage sources or by open circuit in all
the current sources.
3. Find IN by placing a shorting link on the output
terminals A and B.
4. Find the current flowing through the load resistor RL.

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 29

 Practice Example: Find IN and RN
Find the Norton equivalent circuit to the left of terminals A-B for the
network shown below.

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 30

 Solution

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 31

 Solution

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 32

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 33
 Example 2

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 34

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 35
2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 36
When a network is loaded by a resistance equal
in value to its Norton resistance, the Norton
current is In . The current through the load will
be
[A] In / 4
[B] In/2
[C] 2In
[D] None of these

ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.

Norton theorem is ______________ thevenin’s
theorem.
[A] same as
[B] converse as
[C] can not say
[D] none of these

ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.

 Source Transformation (1)
• An equivalent circuit is one whose v-i characteristics are
identical with the original circuit.
• It is the process of replacing a voltage source Vs in series
with a resistor R by a current source Is in parallel with a
resistor R, or vice versa.

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 1

 Example
Obtain an equivalent current source for the given voltage source:

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 1

Obtain an equivalent voltage source for the given current source:

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 1

Example :Current-to-Voltage Source Transformation

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 1

Voltage-to-Current Source Transformation

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 1

 Limitaions
Remarks:
• The arrow of the current source is directed
toward the positive terminal of the voltage
source.
• The source transformation is not possible when
R = 0 for voltage source and R = ∞ for current
source.

2/4/2022 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 1

Basic Electrical Engineering

Prof. Shital Thakkar

Dept. of Electronics & Communication
Faculty of Technology, Dharmsinh Desai University
Nadiad-387001
Delta-Star Transformation

2
3
4
5
6
7
(I) Delta - Star Transformation

8
Cont…

9
(II) Star - Delta Transformation

1
0
Cont…

1
1
Cont…

1
2
Cont…

1
3
Cont…

1
4
1
5
Cont…

1
6
Example:1 – Calculate RAC

1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
Example:2 – Calculate RDF

2
1
Example:3 – Calculate Total line Current (
V=10 Volt)

2
2
Cont…

2
3
Cont…

2
4
2
5
Example:4 – Calculate Total line Current

2
6
Cont…

2
7
Find the equivalent resistance between points A-B.

2
8
Solution

2
9
3
0
3
1
Example – Calculate Voltage (Vs)

3
2
Answer Vs = 6.2Volts

3
3
 TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF
RESISTANCE
When the temperature of a substance increases the molecules vibrate more rapidly,
impeding the movement of free electrons through the substance.

On increasing the temperature, there is no further increase in free electrons in a

conductor. Because of this, the resistance increases.

The resistance of pure metals (e.g. copper aluminium) increases with rise in
temperature and they have positive temperature co-efficient of resistance.

The change in resistance is fairly regular for normal range of temperatures.

A temperature rise in insulators and semiconductors creates many more free
electrons than excited in the cooler state. These offset the interference to the drift
movement caused by the increased molecular activity. So, resistance of such
materials decreases with rise in temperature.

12/13/2021 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 1

Temp. vs. Resistance Graph

12/13/2021 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 1

 COMPUTATION OF RESISTANCE AT
DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES

12/13/2021 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 1

Temperature Coefficient of Resistance

12/13/2021 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 1

Measurement of Temperature Coefficient using
Graphical Representation

12/13/2021 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 1

12/13/2021 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 1
Computations of α at different temperature

12/13/2021 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 1

12/13/2021 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 1
12/13/2021 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 1
 Example :

12/13/2021 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 1

12/13/2021 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 1
12/13/2021 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 1
12/13/2021 Basic Electrical Engineering- B.Tech. Sem. I 1
 TIME-DOMAIN ANALYSIS
OF
FIRST ORDER
RL & RC CIRCUITS

Transient:

Circuit

By changing the Voltage or any one of the element

Former value -------> New value

58
 TIME-DOMAIN ANALYSIS OF FIRST ORDER
RL & RC CIRCUITS

If circuit has energy element => Differential equation

Solution = Particular integral + Complementary function

Steady state response Relatively for short time

59
 MATHEMATICAL BACKGRAOUND
nth order differential equation:

60
 MATHEMATICAL BACKGRAOUND

Linear differential equation

Ordinary differential equation
Homogeneous differential equation

First Order Differential Equations:

61
 MATHEMATICAL BACKGRAOUND

First Order (n = 1) Differential Equations:

𝑑𝑖
𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑖 = 𝑣(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
Application of KVL / KCL to circuit having RL or RC result into First
Order Differential Equation 62
 SOLUTION

First Order (n = 1) Differential Equations:

𝑑𝑖
+ 𝑃𝑖 = 𝑄
𝑑𝑡
P = Constant
Q = Either a function of independent variable (t) or a Constant

63
 SOLUTION BY INTEGRATING FACTOR METHOD

𝑃𝑡
𝑑𝑖
d(xy) = xdy + ydx 𝑒 + 𝑒 𝑃𝑡 𝑃𝑖 = 𝑄𝑒 𝑃𝑡
𝑑𝑡
x=i and y = 𝑒 𝑃𝑡 𝑑(𝑖𝑒 𝑃𝑡 ) 𝑃𝑡
𝑑𝑖
=𝑒 + 𝑖𝑃𝑒 𝑃𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑(𝑖𝑒 𝑃𝑡 )
= 𝑄𝑒 𝑃𝑡
𝑑𝑡
Integrating:

𝒊 = 𝒆−𝑷𝒕 න 𝑸𝒆𝑷𝒕 𝒅𝒕 + 𝒌𝒆−𝑷𝒕 𝒊 = 𝒊𝒑 + 𝒊𝒄

64
Complementary Faction:

𝒊 = 𝒆−𝑷𝒕 න 𝑸𝒆𝑷𝒕 𝒅𝒕 + 𝒌𝒆−𝑷𝒕

𝒊 = 𝒊𝒑 + 𝒊𝒄

𝒌 can be obtained by the INITIAL CONDITION

65
 INITIAL CONDITION

• The instant at which the network equilibrium is altered by switching action

• Reckoned as time, t = 0

t = 0- t=0 t = 0+

i(0-) i(0+)

v(0-) v(0+)

66
INITIAL CONDITION IN THE ELEMENT

67
EXAMPLE

68
SOLUTION

69
SOLUTION

70
SOLUTION

71
SOLUTION

72
SOLUTION

73
Questions ?