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Lecture Faradays Law

This document outlines Faraday's law of induction. It discusses Faraday's original experiment showing that a changing magnetic flux induces an electromotive force (EMF) in a loop. It then presents two methods for calculating the induced EMF: using Faraday's experimental results, and using Kirchhoff's voltage law. Faraday's law is derived in both integral and differential forms by setting the results of these two calculation methods equal using Stokes' theorem.

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Bill White
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
65 views4 pages

Lecture Faradays Law

This document outlines Faraday's law of induction. It discusses Faraday's original experiment showing that a changing magnetic flux induces an electromotive force (EMF) in a loop. It then presents two methods for calculating the induced EMF: using Faraday's experimental results, and using Kirchhoff's voltage law. Faraday's law is derived in both integral and differential forms by setting the results of these two calculation methods equal using Stokes' theorem.

Uploaded by

Bill White
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1/14/2021

Electromagnetics:
Electromagnetic Field Theory

Faraday’s Law

Outline

• Faraday’s Experiment
• Two Ways to Calculate Induced EMF
• Faraday’s Law in Integral Form
• Faraday’s Law in Differential Form

Slide 2

1
1/14/2021

Faraday’s Experiment
Observations:
1. The more (or stronger) the magnetic flux 𝜓, 
the higher the voltage reading 𝑉 .
 
Vemf      B  ds
S
2. The more turns of the loop 𝑁, the higher 
the voltage reading 𝑉 .

Vemf  N N  # turns

3. The faster the time rate of change of the 
magnetic flux, the higher the voltage 
reading.
d
Vemf 
dt

Slide 3

Calculate Induced Voltage (1 of 2)
Method 1:  By experiment.
Faraday performed an experiment illustrated previously and determined that
d
Vemf   N
dt
The total magnetic flux 𝜓 accounting for the number of turns 𝑁 is
 
N   B  ds Flux linkage is a property of a two‐terminal device.  It is not equivalent to flux.  Flux can exist 
without the loop.  Further, if the loops do not have the same orientation, they will not “link” to 
S the magnetic flux the same.
  magnetic flux Flux and flux linkage are not the same thing, but often used synonymously because most devices 
N  magnetic flux linkage are designed so that each loop links the same to the magnetic field and the math reduces to them 
being nearly equivalent.

Combing the above equations leads an expression for 𝑉 in terms of just the magnetic flux density 𝐵.

d d     B  
Vemf  N    N     B  ds       ds
dt dt t S S 
t 
Slide 4

2
1/14/2021

Calculate Induced Voltage (2 of 2)
Method 2:  Use Kirchoff’s voltage law
The voltage across the terminals of the resistor can be calculated using Kirchoff’s voltage law.  For 
electromagnetics, Kirchoff’s voltage law becomes a line integral.  Assuming the resistor is very small 
compared to the loop, this is

 
Vemf   E  d 
L

Slide 5

Faraday’s Law in Integral Form
Both methods calculate the same voltage so they can be set equal.

Method 2 Method 1


   B  
Vemf   E  d        ds
L S 
t 

Slide 6

3
1/14/2021

Apply Stoke’s Theorem
Stoke’s theorem allows a closed‐contour line integral to be written as a surface integral.
  
 A  d      A  
ds  Stoke’s theorem
L S

Applying this to Faraday’s law in integral form gives

   B  
Vemf    d 
L
E       ds
S 
t 


   B  
Vemf    
  E  ds       ds
t 
S S 
Slide 7

Faraday’s Law in Differential Form
If the line 𝐿 and surface 𝑆 describe the same space, the argument of both integrals must be 
equal.  Setting these arguments equal gives Faraday’s law in differential form.

   B  
Vemf    
  E  ds       ds
t 
S S 


 B
 E  
t
Slide 8

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