Lecture Faradays Law
Lecture Faradays Law
Electromagnetics:
Electromagnetic Field Theory
Faraday’s Law
Outline
• Faraday’s Experiment
• Two Ways to Calculate Induced EMF
• Faraday’s Law in Integral Form
• Faraday’s Law in Differential Form
Slide 2
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Faraday’s Experiment
Observations:
1. The more (or stronger) the magnetic flux 𝜓,
the higher the voltage reading 𝑉 .
Vemf B ds
S
2. The more turns of the loop 𝑁, the higher
the voltage reading 𝑉 .
Vemf N N # turns
3. The faster the time rate of change of the
magnetic flux, the higher the voltage
reading.
d
Vemf
dt
Slide 3
Calculate Induced Voltage (1 of 2)
Method 1: By experiment.
Faraday performed an experiment illustrated previously and determined that
d
Vemf N
dt
The total magnetic flux 𝜓 accounting for the number of turns 𝑁 is
N B ds Flux linkage is a property of a two‐terminal device. It is not equivalent to flux. Flux can exist
without the loop. Further, if the loops do not have the same orientation, they will not “link” to
S the magnetic flux the same.
magnetic flux Flux and flux linkage are not the same thing, but often used synonymously because most devices
N magnetic flux linkage are designed so that each loop links the same to the magnetic field and the math reduces to them
being nearly equivalent.
Combing the above equations leads an expression for 𝑉 in terms of just the magnetic flux density 𝐵.
d d B
Vemf N N B ds ds
dt dt t S S
t
Slide 4
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1/14/2021
Calculate Induced Voltage (2 of 2)
Method 2: Use Kirchoff’s voltage law
The voltage across the terminals of the resistor can be calculated using Kirchoff’s voltage law. For
electromagnetics, Kirchoff’s voltage law becomes a line integral. Assuming the resistor is very small
compared to the loop, this is
Vemf E d
L
Slide 5
Faraday’s Law in Integral Form
Both methods calculate the same voltage so they can be set equal.
Method 2 Method 1
B
Vemf E d ds
L S
t
Slide 6
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1/14/2021
Apply Stoke’s Theorem
Stoke’s theorem allows a closed‐contour line integral to be written as a surface integral.
A d A
ds Stoke’s theorem
L S
Applying this to Faraday’s law in integral form gives
B
Vemf d
L
E ds
S
t
B
Vemf
E ds ds
t
S S
Slide 7
Faraday’s Law in Differential Form
If the line 𝐿 and surface 𝑆 describe the same space, the argument of both integrals must be
equal. Setting these arguments equal gives Faraday’s law in differential form.
B
Vemf
E ds ds
t
S S
B
E
t
Slide 8