Lecture Energy in Electrostatic Fields
Lecture Energy in Electrostatic Fields
Lecture Energy in Electrostatic Fields
Electromagnetics:
Electromagnetic Field Theory
Energy in Electrostatic Fields
Outline
• Energy in terms of potential
• Energy in terms of the field
• Power and energy in conductors
Slide 2
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Energy in Terms
of Potential
Slide 3
Recall Potential Difference
Recall the relation between potential
difference, work, and charge.
B W
VAB VB VA
d Q
A
E Therefore, the work it takes to move
charge Q from A to B is
W QVAB
Slide 4
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Energy in an Ensemble of Charges
Q1
Q2
Q3
An ensemble of charges contains energy because the charges are putting a force on each
other and so they have the potential to do work.
The energy contained in the ensemble will be determined by calculating how much energy
it took to assemble it.
Slide 5
Point Charge #1
Q1
P1
W1 0
Slide 6
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Point Charge #2
Q1
Q2
P2
W2 Q2V21
Slide 7
Point Charge #3
Q1
Q2
Q3
P3
W3 Q3V31 Q3V32
Slide 8
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Total Work So Far
Q1
Q2
Q3
The total work placing all three charges is
W W1 W2 W3
0 Q2V21 Q3 V31 V32
Slide 9
Assembly in Reverse Order
Q1
Q2
Q3
If the charges were placed in reverse order,
W W3 W2 W1
0 Q2V23 Q1 V12 V13
Slide 10
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Add Both Approaches
W 0 Q2V21 Q3 V31 V32 Equation obtained by placing
Q1, then Q2, and then Q3.
Final Expression
2W QV
1 1 Q2V2 Q3V3
1 1 1
W Q1V1 Q2V2 Q3V3 Solve for W.
2 2 2
It is straightforward to generalize this for any number of charges.
1 N
W QV i i joules
2 i 1
Slide 12
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Energy in Charge Distributions
Point Charge Line Charge Sheet Charge Volume Charge
Q
s v
Slide 13
Energy in Terms
of the Field
Slide 14
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Derivation (1 of 5)
The energy in a volume charge is
1
W
2 Vdv
v
v
Recall from Maxwell’s equations that 𝜌 ∇ · 𝐷.
1
W
2 D Vdv
v
Recall the product rule for divergence ∇ · 𝑓𝐴⃗ 𝑓 ∇ · 𝐴⃗ 𝐴⃗ · ∇𝑓
VD V D D V
D V VD D V
Slide 15
Derivation (2 of 5)
Apply the product rule for our equation for work.
1
W
2 D Vdv
v
1
2
VD D V dv
v
1
VD dv 1
2 v
2
v
D V dv
Slide 16
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Derivation (3 of 5)
Recall the divergence theorem
F ds F dv
S V
Apply this to the equation for work.
1
VD dv 1
W
2
v
2
v
D V dv
1
2 S
VD ds
1 1
W
2 S
VD ds
2 D V dv
v
Slide 17
Derivation (4 of 5)
Look more closely at the surface integral.
1 1
W
2 S
VD
ds
2 D V dv
v
1
V ds r 2 1 1 2 1
r
1 Overall r
D 2
r
r r2 r
Any surface S can be chosen.
As the surface is enlarged out to infinity, the surface integral becomes negligible relative to
the volume integral.
1 1
W
2 S
VD ds
2 D V dv
v
Slide 18
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Derivation (5 of 5)
The equation for work is now
1
W
2 v
D V dv
Associate the negative sign with ∇𝑉.
1
W
2 v
D V dv
This is the electric field intensity 𝐸.
1
This is the general equation for energy stored in the electrostatic field.
W D E dv
2 It is valid for anisotropic and inhomogeneous media.
v
Slide 19
Electrostatic Energy in LHI Media
The more common expression for energy in the electrostatic field is for the
special case of linear, homogeneous, and isotropic (LHI) media.
In isotropic media there is 𝐷 𝜀𝐸.
1
W
2 D E dv
v
1
2 E E dv
v
1 2
W
2
v
E dv Simpler equation that is only valid in LHI media.
Slide 20
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Electrostatic Energy Density
Total energy has been being calculated by integrating.
1 1 2
W
v
D E dv
2
W
v
E dv
2
These expressions must be
energy density w.
Instead, think of calculating total energy by integrating the energy density w.
1
2 D E General case
W
wdv
v
w
1 E 2 LHI media
2
Slide 21
Power & Energy
in Conductors
Slide 22
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Joule’s Law
Joule’s law calculates the power dissipated by a conducting medium.
P E J dv This is equivalent to P = VI in circuit theory.
v
From this, the power density 𝑝 in a conductor is extracted.
pd E J
Applying Ohm’s law for electromagnetics 𝐽⃗ 𝜎𝐸 gives
pd E J 2
E E P E dv Most common form for power
dissipated in a conductor.
2 v
E
Slide 23
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