Lecture Scattering From An Interface Oblique Incidence
Lecture Scattering From An Interface Oblique Incidence
Electromagnetics:
Electromagnetic Field Theory
Scattering From an Interface:
Oblique Incidence
1
Lecture Outline
• Geometry of a Plane Wave at Oblique Incidence
• Boundary condition for 𝑘
• Angle of reflection & refraction
• Fresnel equations
• Reflectance and Transmittance
• Example – Plot of Reflectance and Transmittance
Slide 2
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Geometry of a
Plane Wave at
Oblique Incidence
Slide 3
Geometry for Oblique Incidence (1 of 6)
Start with a perfectly flat interface
between two materials.
For mathematical convenience, let
the interface lie exactly in the xy
plane.
The coordinates must be drawn so
they form a right‐handed system.
aˆ x aˆ y aˆ z
Slide 4
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Geometry for Oblique Incidence (2 of 6)
Let there be a wave described by
the wave vector 𝑘 be incident
onto the interface from above.
Recall the incident wave vector is:
kinc k x aˆ x k y aˆ y k z aˆ z
kinc k x2 k y2 k z2
2
Slide 5
Geometry for Oblique Incidence (3 of 6)
The incident wave vector 𝑘 and
the surface normal 𝑎 define a
plane. Both of these vectors lie
within this plane.
This is called the plane of
incidence.
Slide 6
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Geometry for Oblique Incidence (4 of 6)
The incident wave vector is
defined by two angles, and .
elevation angle
azimuthal angle
The components of the incident
wave vector can be calculated
from these angles according to
kinc k x aˆ x k y aˆ y k z aˆ z
k x k0 n1 cos sin
k y k0 n1 sin sin
k z k0 n1 cos
Slide 7
Geometry for Oblique Incidence (5 of 6)
The choice of directions for
polarization becomes important
when a device is involved.
The TE polarization is defined to
be perpendicular to the plane of
incidence.
aˆ k
aˆTE z inc
aˆ z kinc
TE polarization
s polarization
polarization
Slide 8
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Geometry for Oblique Incidence (6 of 6)
The TM polarization is defined to
be parallel to the plane of
incidence.
aˆ k
ˆaTM TE inc
aˆTE kinc
TM polarization
p polarization
|| polarization
Slide 9
Convenient Choice for Plane of Incidence (1 of 2)
The incident wave, reflected wave,
and transmitted wave all lie within
the plane of incidence.
Slide 10
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Convenient Choice for Plane of Incidence (2 of 2)
Since everything happens within the plane of
incidence, the plane of incidence can be
rotated to something more convenient to
analyze.
Let the plane of incidence lie in the xz plane.
aˆTE aˆ y , k y 0
This rotation is valid for calculating
angle of reflection, angle of
refraction, and amplitude of the
reflected and transmitted waves.
However, vector quantities like ,
kinc
âTE , , and will be different in
âTM P
the rotated system.
Slide 11
11
Example #1 – TE and TM Directions
In spherical coordinates, a wave is incident at = 30 and = 120 from air into water.
Calculate unit vectors in the TE and TM directions.
Solution
First, the incident wave vector is needed. Since only direction is of concern, the magnitude
k0n1 can be ignored.
kˆxx k0 n1 cos sin kˆx cos 120 sin 30kˆx 0.25
kˆyy k0 n1 sin sin kˆy sin 120 sin 30kˆy 0.4330
kˆzz k0 n1 cos kˆz cos 30 kˆz 0.8660
The TE direction is
aˆ z kinc 0, 0,1 0.25, 0.4330, 0.8660
aˆTE 0.8660, 0.5, 0
aˆ z kinc 0, 0,1 0.25, 0.4330, 0.8660
Slide 12
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Example #1 – TE and TM Directions
In spherical coordinates, a wave is incident at = 30 and = 120 from air into water.
Calculate unit vectors in the TE and TM directions.
Solution cont’d
The TM direction is
aˆTE kinc 0.8660, 0.5, 0 0.25, 0.4330, 0.8660
aˆTM
aˆTE kinc 0.8660, 0.5, 0 0.25, 0.4330, 0.8660
Slide 13
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Boundary Condition
for the Wave Vector .
Slide 14
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Boundary Condition for 𝑘 (1 of 3)
Without making any assumptions, the waves can be written as
jk x jk z
Ei r E0,i e jki r E0,i e x ,i e z ,i
jk x jk z Remember ky = 0 for this analysis.
Er r E0,r e jkr r E0,r e x ,r e z ,r
jk x jk z
Et r E0,t e jkt r E0,t e x ,t e z ,t
However, the only thing of concern here is what is happening exactly on the interface.
Therefore, let z = 0.
jk x jk x
Ei z 0 E0,i e x ,i e0 E0,i e x ,i
jk x jk x
Er z 0 E0,r e x ,r e0 E0,r e x ,r
jk x jk x
Et z 0 E0,t e x ,t e0 E0,t e x ,t
Slide 15
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Boundary Condition for 𝑘 (2 of 3)
Boundary conditions require the tangential components of the electric field 𝐸 to be
continuous across the interface.
Ex ,1 Ex ,2
Ex ,i Ex ,r Ex ,t
jk x ,i x jk x ,r x jk x ,t x
Ex ,i e Ex ,r e Ex ,t e
Slide 16
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Boundary Condition for 𝑘 (3 of 3)
jk x ,i x jk x ,r x jk x ,t x
Ex ,i e Ex ,r e Ex ,t e
jk x ,i x jk x ,r x jk x ,t x
E y ,i e E y ,r e E y ,t e
The only possible way these equations can be satisfied is if
k x ,i k x ,r k x ,t
kx is the tangential component of the wave vector. This is generalized to any orientation of
the plane of incidence as
The tangential components of k are
k1,tan k2,tan continuous across the interface.
It can also be concluded from this that the incident wave, reflected wave, and transmitted
wave all lie within the plane the incidence.
Slide 17
17
What About kz,r and kz,t?
The vector components of a plane wave must satisfy the dispersion relation of the medium the wave is in.
The dispersion relations for the incident, reflected, and transmitted waves are
2
ki k0 n1 k x2,i k z2,i
2
2
kr k0 n1 k x2,r k z2,r
2
2
kt k0 n2 k x2,t k z2,t
2
2
kr k0 n1 k x2 k z2,r k z2,r k0 n1 k x2
2 2
2
kt k0 n2 k x2 k z2,t k z2,t k0 n2 k x2
2 2
Slide 18
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Reflected Wave Vector Component kz,r
From the previous slide, the dispersion relation for the incident and reflected waves were
k z2,i k0 n1 k x2
2
k z2,r k0 n1 k x2
2
From these, it is observed that 𝑘 , 𝑘 ,.
Therefore k z ,r k z ,i
This sign is resolved by recognizing that the reflected
wave is propagating in the –z direction.
It is concluded that
k z ,r k z ,i
Slide 19
19
Example #2 – Transmitted Wave Vector
In spherical coordinates, a wave is incident at = 30 and = 120 from air into water.
Calculate the wave vector of the transmitted wave if the wavelength 1 in air is 6.2832 m and
the refractive index of water is 1.33.
Solution
The incident wave vector is
k1x k0 n1 cos sink1x k cos sin 2 cos sin
k1 y k0 n1 sin sin k1 y k sin sin 2 sin sin
k1z k0 n1 cos k1z k cos 2 cos
20
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Example #2 – Transmitted Wave Vector
In spherical coordinates, a wave is incident at = 30 and = 120 from air into water.
Calculate the wave vector of the transmitted wave if the wavelength 1 in air is 6.2832 m and
the refractive index of water is 1.33.
Solution cont’d
Tangential components of the wave vector are continuous across the interface.
k1x 0.25 k2 x k1x 0.25 m 1
k1 y 0.4330 k2 y k1 y 0.4330 m 1
k1z 0.8660
The longitudinal component of the wave vector is calculated from the dispersion relation.
2
2 2 2
k k k k2 k 2 z
2 2 2
k2 k2 x k2 y
2 2
k2 x k2 y
2 2
2x 2y 2z
2
Slide 21
21
Example #2 – Transmitted Wave Vector
In spherical coordinates, a wave is incident at = 30 and = 120 from air into water.
Calculate the wave vector of the transmitted wave if the wavelength 1 in air is 6.2832 m and
the refractive index of water is 1.33.
Solution cont’d
The longitudinal component is
2 1.33
2 2
2 n
0.25 0.4330
2 2
k2 z k2 x k2 y
2 2
1 6.2832
1.2324 m 1
Altogether, the transmitted wave vector is
k t 0.25aˆ x 0.4330aˆ y 1.2324aˆ z m 1
Slide 22
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Angle of
Reflection &
Refraction
Slide 23
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Law of Reflection
The angle of the incident and reflected wave can be related based on what is already known
about the wave vector components.
k x k0 n1 sin
ky 0
Medium 1
r i
kx kx
k z ,i k0 n1 cos
k z ,i
i r
kinc k z ,r k z ,i
x
Medium 2
z Slide 24
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Geometry of Reflection and Refraction
Medium 1
kx kx
k z ,i
i r
kinc k z ,r k z ,i
x
t
k z2,t k0 n2 k x2
2
Medium 2
kx
z Slide 25
25
Snell’s Law
Recall the dispersion relations for the incident and transmitted waves.
k0 n1 k0 n2
2 2
k x2 k z2,i k x2 k z2,t
k x2
Solving both of these equations for gives
k x2 k0 n1 k z2,i k x2 k0 n2 k z2,t
2 2
The right‐hand side of these equations must be equal.
k0 n1 k z2,i k0 n2 k z2,t
2 2
k0 n1 cos i k0 n2 cos t
2 2
k0 n1 k0 n1 cos i k0 n2 k0 n2 cos t
2 2 2 2
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Summary of Scattering Angles
Snell’s Law Law of Reflection
n1 sin i n2 sin t r i
kinc kref
Medium 1
i r
n1
x
Medium 2
n2 t
ktrn
z Slide 27
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Animation of Reflection & Refraction
Law of Reflection
i r
Snell’s Law
n1 sin i n2 sin t
Slide 28
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Example #3 – Scattering Angles
In spherical coordinates, a wave is incident at = 30 and = 120 from air into water.
Determine the angle of incidence i, angle of reflection r, and angle of transmission t.
Solution
The angle of incidence i was given in the problem to be
i 30
From the law of reflection, the angle of reflection r is
r i 30
From Snell’s law, the angle of transmission t is
n 1.0
n1 sin i n2 sin t t sin 1 1 sin i sin 1 sin 30 22
n
2 1.33
Slide 29
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The Fresnel Equations
Slide 30
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Fresnel Equations
TE, s, Polarization TM, p, || Polarization
31
Derivation of TE Fresnel Equations (1 of 5)
Start with the general expressions for the incident, reflected, and transmitted waves for the
TE polarization.
Ei E0,i aˆ y e 0 1 i
jk n sin x cosi z
Er E0,r aˆ y e jk0 n1 sin r x cosr z
Et E0,t aˆ y e 0 2 t
jk n sin x cos t z
E
Hi 0,i cosi aˆx sini aˆz e jk0n1sini xcosi z
1
E
Hr 0,r cosr aˆx sinr aˆz e 0 1 r
jk n sin xcosr z
1
E
Ht 0,t cost aˆx sint aˆz e 0 2 t
jk n sin xcost z
2
Slide 32
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Derivation of TE Fresnel Equations (2 of 5)
The boundary conditions at the interface are
Ei 0 Er 0 Et 0
xy xy xy
jk0 n1 sin i x jk0 n1 sin r x jk0 n2 sin t x
E0,i e E0,r e E0,t e Snell’s Law
jk0 n1 sin i x jk0 n1 sin r x jk0 n1 sin i x
E0,i e E0,r e E0,t e
E0,i E0,r E0,t
Hi 0 Hr 0 Ht 0
xy xy xy
1 1 2 Snell’s Law
E0,i E0,r E0,t
cosi e jk n sin x
0 1 i
cosr e jk n sin x
0 1 r
cost e jk n sin x
0 1 i
1 1 2
E0,i cosi E0,r cosr E0,t cost
1 1 2
E0,i cosi E0,r cosi E0,t cost
1 1 2
Slide 33
33
Derivation of TE Fresnel Equations (3 of 5)
E0,i cosi E0,r cosi E0,t cost
E0,i E0,r E0,t Eq. (1a) Eq. (1b)
1 1 2
Substituting Eq. (1a) into Eq. (1b) to eliminate E0,t gives
E0,i cos i E0,r cos i E0,t cos t
1 1 2
E0,i cos i
E0,r cos i
E0,i E0,r cos t
1 1 2
E0,r cos i E0,r cos t E0,i cos i E0,i cos t
1 2 1 2
cos i cos t cos i cos t
E0,r E0,i
1 2 1 2
cos i cos t
E0,r 2 E0,r 2 cos i 1 cos t
1
cos i cos t rTE
E0,i E0,i 2 cos i 1 cos t
1 2
Slide 34
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Derivation of TE Fresnel Equations (4 of 5)
E0,i E0,r E0,t
E0,r 2 cosi 1 cost
Eq. (1a) rTE
E0,i 2 cosi 1 cost
Substituting the expression for r into Eq. (1a) to eliminate E0,r gives
E0,i E0,r E0,t
2 cos i 1 cos t
E0,i E0,i E0,t
2 cos i 1 cos t
cos i 1 cos t
E0,i 1 2 E0,t E0,t 22 cos i
2 cos i 1 cos t tTE
E0,i 2 cos i 1 cos t
E0,t cos i 1 cos t
1 2
E0,i 2 cos i 1 cos t
E0,t 2 cos i 1 cos t 2 cos i 1 cos t
E0,i 2 cos i 1 cos t 2 cos i 1 cos t
Slide 35
35
Derivation of TE Fresnel Equations (5 of 5)
E0,i E0,r E0,t Eq. (1a)
Divide Eq. (1a) by E0,i to get
E0,i E0,r E0,t
E0,i E0,r E0,t
E0,i E0,i
E0,i E0,r E0,t
E0,i E0,i E0,i
1 rTE tTE
Slide 36
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Derivation of TM Fresnel Equations (1 of 6)
Start with the general expressions for the incident, reflected, and transmitted waves for
the TM polarization.
Ei E0,i cos i aˆ x sin i aˆ z e 0 1 t
jk n sin x cos t z
Er E0,r cos r aˆ x sin r aˆ z e 0 1 t
jk n sin x cos t z
Et E0,t cos t aˆ x sin t aˆ z e 0 2 t
jk n sin x cos t z
E jk n sin x cosi z
H i 0,i aˆ y e 0 1 i
1
E0,r jk0 n1 sinr x cosr z
Hr aˆ y e
1
E0,t jk0 n2 sin t x cos t z
Ht aˆ y e
2
Slide 37
37
Derivation of TM Fresnel Equations (2 of 6)
The boundary conditions for the electric field at the interface are
Ei 0 Er 0 Et 0
xy xy xy
Slide 38
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Derivation of TM Fresnel Equations (3 of 6)
The boundary conditions for the magnetic field at the interface are
Hi 0 Hr 0 Ht 0
xy xy xy
Slide 39
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Derivation of TM Fresnel Equations (4 of 6)
cos t E0,i E0,r E0,t
E0,i E0,r E0,t Eq. (1a) Eq. (1b)
cos i 1 1 2
Substituting Eq. (1a) into Eq. (1b) to eliminate E0,t gives
E0,i E0,r E0,t
1 1 2
cos i
E0,i E0,r cos t
E0,i E0,r
1 1 2
E0,i E cos i E0,r cos i
E0,r
0,i
1 1 2 cos t 2 cos t
E0,r cos i E0,r E0,i E0,i cos i
2 cos t 1 1 2 cos t
E0,r 2 cos t 1 cos i
1 cos i 1
E0,r
1 1 cos i
E0,i rTM
2 cos t 1
1 2 cos t E0,i 2 cos t 1 cos i
1 1 cos i
E0,r 1 2 cos t
E0,i 1 cos i 1
2 cos t 1
Slide 40
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Derivation of TM Fresnel Equations (5 of 6)
cos t E0,r 2 cost 1 cosi
E0,i E0,r E0,t Eq. (1a) rTM
cos i E0,i 2 cost 1 cosi
41
Derivation of TM Fresnel Equations (6 of 6)
cos t
E0,i E0,r E0,t Eq. (1a)
cos i
Divide Eq. (1a) by E0,i to get
cos t
E0,i E0,r E0,t
cos i
cos t
E0,t
E0,i E0,r cos i
E0,i E0,i
E0,i E0,r E0,t cos t cos t
1 rTM tTM
E0,i E0,i E0,i cos i cos i
Slide 42
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Example #4 – Fresnel Equations
In spherical coordinates, a wave is incident at = 30 and = 120 from air into water.
Calculate the reflection and transmission coefficients for both TE and TM polarizations.
Solution
The material impedances are
0 376.73 0 376.73
1 376.73 2 283.26
n1 1.0 n2 1.33
The scattering angles were previously found to be
i r 30 t 22
The reflection coefficient for the TE polarization is then
2 cos i 1 cos t 283.26 cos 30 376.73 cos 22
rTE 0.1749
2 cos i 1 cos t 283.26 cos 30 376.73 cos 22
Slide 43
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Example #4 – Fresnel Equations
In spherical coordinates, a wave is incident at = 30 and = 120 from air into water.
Calculate the reflection and transmission coefficients for both TE and TM polarizations.
Solution cont’d
The reflection coefficient for the TM polarization is
2 cos t 1 cos i 283.26 cos 22 376.73 cos 30
rTM 0.1080
2 cos t 1 cos i 283.26 cos 22 376.73 cos 30
The transmission coefficient for the TE polarization is
tTE 1 rTE 1 0.1749 0.8251
The transmission coefficient for the TM polarization is
cos t cos i
1 rTM tTM tTM 1 rTM cos 30 1 0.1080 0.8332
cos i cos t cos 22
Slide 44
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Reflectance &
Transmittance
Slide 45
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Fresnel Equations for Complex Media
The Fresnel equations for complex media remain the same as lossless media as long as the
impedance and angles are made complex.
E 0,r t cos i i cos t E 0,r t cos t i cos i
rTE rTM
E 0,i t cos i i cos t E 0,i t cos t i cos i
E 2t cos i E 2t cos i
tTE 0,t tTM 0,t
E 0,i t cos i i cos t E 0,i t cos t i cos i
1 rTE tTE cos t
1 rTM tTM
cos i
Slide 46
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Definition of R and T
The reflection and transmission coefficients relate the amplitudes of the reflected and
transmitted waves relative to the incident wave.
E 0,r E 0,t
r t
E0,i E 0,i
The reflectance and transmittance describes the fraction of power that is reflected or
transmitted from the interface.
Pr Pt
R T
Pi Pi
Slide 47
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Power Flow
In the frequency‐domain, the RMW Poynting vector describes power flow. It is calculated
from the electric and magnetic fields as
1
Re E H *
2
In medium 1, there exists the incident wave and reflected wave.
E1 Einc Eref H1 H inc H ref
Substituting these into the definition of the complex Poynting vector gives
1 1 1
Re Einc H inc Re Eref H ref Re Einc H ref Eref H inc
2 2 2
Power of incident wave Power of reflected wave Cross term – power flow due to
interference between incident and
reflected wave when there is loss.
Slide 48
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What Carries Power To and From the Interface?
The flow of power is described by the complex Poynting vector ℘.
However, it is only the components of the Poynting vector that are perpendicular to the
interface that carry power to and from the interface.
i r
z ,i z ,r
x ,i x ,r
Medium 1
x
Medium 2
t
z ,t
x ,t
z
Slide 49
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𝑧 Components of Poynting Vectors (TE)
Incident Wave Reflected Wave
E 2
E 2
0,inc 0,ref
z ,inc
Re cos inc z ,ref
Re cos inc
2
inc 2
inc
Transmitted Wave Cross Term
E 2
0,trn cos inc
E
z ,trn
Re cos trn
z ,c Re E
E E
2trn
2inc
0,inc 0,ref 0,inc 0,ref
Slide 50
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𝑧 Components of Poynting Vectors (TM)
Incident Wave Reflected Wave
E 2
E 2
0,inc
cos inc cos inc
0,ref
z ,inc
Re z ,ref
Re
2inc 2inc
Transmitted Wave Cross Term
E 2
0,trn cos inc E
z ,trn
Re cos z ,c Re
E E E
2trn
trn
2inc
0,inc 0,ref 0,inc 0,ref
Slide 51
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Reflectance & Transmittance
Reflectance (TE) Reflectance (TM)
2 2
RTE rTE RTM rTM
Transmittance (TE) Transmittance (TM)
2 inc
*
cos trn
*
2 inc
*
cos trn
TTE tTE Re * TTM tTM Re *
cos * cos
trn inc trn inc
Conservation of Power (TE) Conservation of Power (TM)
RTE TTE 1 RTM TTM 1
Slide 52
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Summary for TE Polarization
Fresnel Equations
E 0,r t cos i i cos t E 0,t 2t cos i
rTE tTE 1 rTE tTE
E 0,i t cos i i cos t E 0,i t cos i i cos t
Power Flow
Conservation: RTE TTE 1
2
Reflectance (Lossy + Lossless): RTE rTE
2 * cos trn
*
Transmittance (Lossy): TTE tTE Re inc *
trn cos inc
*
Slide 53
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Summary for TM Polarization
Fresnel Equations
E 0,r t cos t i cos i E 0,t 2t cos i cos t
rTM tTM 1 rTM tTM
E 0,i t cos t i cos i E 0,i t cos t i cos i cos i
Power Flow
Conservation: RTM TTM 1
2
Reflectance (Lossy + Lossless): RTM rTM
2 * cos trn
Transmittance (Lossy): TTM tTM Re inc
trn cos inc
*
Slide 54
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Relation Between the Parameters
For lossless materials, the transmittance reduces to
2 i cos t
Tt
t cos t
1 cos t
2
tTE 2 2
TTE 2 cos i tTE TTE t
TE
2 1 cos t
2 2
TTM tTM tTM TTM tTM
2 cos i
Slide 55
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Total Reflectance and Transmittance
A wave incident onto a surface may have both TE and TM components. Power in the source
wave is therefore
Pinc PTE,inc PTM,inc
It follows that the total power reflected and transmitted is
Pref RTE PTE,inc RTM PTM,inc Ptrn TTE PTE,inc TTM PTM,inc
Pref RTE PTE,inc RTM PTM,inc Ptrn TTE PTE,inc TTM PTM,inc
R T
Pinc PTE,inc PTM,inc Pinc PTE,inc PTM,inc
Slide 56
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Example #5 – Fresnel Equations
In spherical coordinates, a wave is incident at = 30 and = 120 from air into water.
Calculate the reflectance and transmittance for both TE and TM polarizations.
Solution
The reflectance for the TE polarization is
2 2
RTE rTE 0.1749 0.0306 3.1%
The reflectance for the TM polarization is
2 2
RTM rTM 0.1080 0.0117 1.2%
Slide 57
57
Example #5 – Fresnel Equations
In spherical coordinates, a wave is incident at = 30 and = 120 from air into water.
Calculate the reflectance and transmittance for both TE and TM polarizations.
Solution, cont’d
The transmittance for the TE polarization is
2 cos t 2 376.73 cos 22
TTE tTE 1 0.8251 0.9694 96.9%
2 cos i 283.26 cos 30
The transmittance for the TM polarization is
2 cos t 2 376.73 cos 22
TTM tTM 1 0.8332 0.9885 98.8%
2 cos i 283.26 cos 30
Slide 58
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Example #6 – Power Conservation
In spherical coordinates, a wave is incident at = 30 and = 120 from air into water.
Confirm power conservation for reflectance and transmittance of the TE and TM
polarizations.
Solution
Power conservation for the TE polarization is
RTE TTE 3.1% 96.9% 100%
Power conservation for the TM polarization is
RTM TTM 1.2% 98.8% 100%
Slide 59
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Example – Plot of
Fresnel Equations
Slide 60
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Plots of the Fresnel Equations
Low to High Index High to Low Index
(n1 = 1.0 and n2 = 1.5) (n1 = 1.5 and n2 = 1.0)
Slide 61
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31