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Lecture Impedance Transformation On Smith Cha

The document discusses impedance transformation on Smith charts. It provides the normalized impedance transformation formula and shows how to use it to plot impedances on a Smith chart and transform impedances by rotating around the chart as you move along a transmission line away from the load. An example problem is worked out step-by-step to transform a 50 ohm line terminated with a 50+j25 ohm load at 0.67 wavelengths from the load to determine the input impedance.

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Bill White
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60 views13 pages

Lecture Impedance Transformation On Smith Cha

The document discusses impedance transformation on Smith charts. It provides the normalized impedance transformation formula and shows how to use it to plot impedances on a Smith chart and transform impedances by rotating around the chart as you move along a transmission line away from the load. An example problem is worked out step-by-step to transform a 50 ohm line terminated with a 50+j25 ohm load at 0.67 wavelengths from the load to determine the input impedance.

Uploaded by

Bill White
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electromagnetics:

Microwave Engineering

Impedance Transformation
on Smith Charts
Lecture Outline

• Impedance transformation
• Example 1

2
Impedance
Transformation

3
Normalized Impedance Transformation Formula
The impedance transformation formula was
Z L + jZ 0 tan 
Z in = Z 0
Z 0 + jZ L tan 
This can now be written in terms of the reflection coefficient G.
Z L cos  + jZ 0 sin  0.5Z L ( e j  + e − j  ) + 0.5Z 0 ( e j  − e − j  )
Z in = Z 0 = Z0
Z 0 cos  + jZ L sin  0.5Z 0 ( e j  + e − j  ) + 0.5Z Z ( e j  − e − j  )
= Z0
Z L e j + Z L e − j + Z 0e j − Z 0e − j
= Z0
( Z L + Z 0 ) e j + ( Z L − Z 0 ) e− j
Z 0e j + Z 0e− j + Z L e j − Z Le− j ( Z L + Z 0 ) e j − ( Z L − Z 0 ) e− j
1+
( Z L − Z 0 ) e− j

= Z0
( Z L + Z 0 ) e j
= Z0
1 + Ge − j 2 

1−
( Z L − Z 0 ) e− j 1 − Ge − j 2 
( Z L + Z 0 ) e j
Normalized the input impedance by dividing by Z0.

1 + Ge − j 2 
zin =
1 − Ge − j 2 

4
Interpreting the Formula
The normalized impedance transformation formula was

1 + Ge − j 2 
zin ( )=
1 − Ge − j 2 

Recognizing that G = |G|ejq, this equation can be written as

1 + G e jq e − j 2  1 + G e j (q − 2  )
zin ( )= =
1 − G e j (q − 2  )
jq − j 2 
1− G e e

Thus we see that traversing along the transmission line simply changes the phase of the reflection coefficient.

As we move away from the load and toward the source, we subtract phase from q. On the Smith chart, we rotate
clockwise (CW) around the constant VSWR circle by an amount 2l. A complete rotation corresponds to l/2.

5
Impedance Transformation
on the Smith chart
1. Plot the normalized load impedance on the Smith chart.
2. Move clockwise around the middle of the Smith chart as we move away from the
load (toward generator). One rotation is l/2 in the transmission line.
3. The final point is the input impedance of the line.

6
Example 1

7
Example #1 – Impedance Transformation:
Normalize the Parameters
What is the impedance of a transmission line with intrinsic impedance 𝑍0 = 50 Ω and terminated in a load with
impedance 𝑍𝐿 = 50 + 𝑗25 Ω, at a distance 0.67𝜆 away from the load?

0.67𝜆

𝑍0 = 50 Ω 𝑍𝐿 = 50 + 𝑗25 Ω

8
Example #1 – Impedance Transformation:
Normalize the Parameters
0.67𝜆

𝑍0 = 50 Ω 𝑍𝐿 = 50 + 𝑗25 Ω

0.67𝜆

𝑧𝐿 = 1 + 𝑗0.5 Ω

𝑧𝐿 + 𝑗 tan 𝛽 ℓ 1 + 𝑗0.5 + 𝑗 tan 2𝜋 ⋅ 0.67


𝑧in ℓ = = = 1.299 − 𝑗0.485
1 + 𝑗𝑧𝐿 tan 𝛽 ℓ 1 + 𝑗 1 + 𝑗0.5 tan 2𝜋 ⋅ 0.67
9
Example #1 – Impedance Transformation:
Plot load impedance
0.67𝜆

𝑧𝐿 = 1 + 𝑗0.5 Ω

10
Example #1 – Impedance Transformation:
Walk away from load 0.67l 0.145
0.67𝜆

𝑧𝐿 = 1 + 𝑗0.5 Ω
0.17

Since the Smith chart


repeats every 0.5l,
traversing 0.67l is the
same as traversing 0.17l.

Here we start at 0.145 on


the Smith chart.

We traverse around the


chart to
0.145 + 0.17 = 0.315. 0.315
11
Example #1 – Impedance Transformation:
Determine input impedance
0.67𝜆

Z in
𝑧𝐿 = 1 + 𝑗0.5 Ω

Reflection at the load will be


the same regardless of the
length of line.

Therefore the VSWR will the


same.

The input impedance must


lie on the same VSWR plane.

𝑧in ≈ 1.3 − 𝑗0.5


12
Example #1 – Impedance Transformation:
Denormalize
0.67𝜆

Z in
𝑧𝐿 = 1 + 𝑗0.5 Ω

To determine the actual


input impedance, we
denormalize.

𝑍in = 𝑍0 𝑧in ≈ 50 Ω 1.3 − 𝑗0.5


= 65 − 𝑗25 Ω

13

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