Lecture Rectangular Waveguide
Lecture Rectangular Waveguide
Electromagnetics:
Electromagnetic Field Theory
The Rectangular Waveguide
Lecture Outline
• What is a rectangular waveguide?
• TM Analysis
• TE Analysis
• Visualization of Modes
• Conclusions
Slide 2
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What is a Rectangular
Waveguide?
Slide 3
Geometry of Rectangular Waveguide
y
Standard size convention: a b
b
,
a x
z
Slide 4
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Analysis of Rectangular Waveguide
Rectangular waveguides are
analyzed a bit like each axis were
its own parallel plate waveguide.
Slide 5
Notes on the Rectangular Waveguide
• Most classic waveguide example
• Some of the first waveguides used for microwaves
• Not a transmission line because it has only one
conductor
• Does not support a TEM mode
• Exhibits a low‐frequency cutoff below which no waves
will propagate
Slide 6
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TE Analysis
Slide 7
Recall TE Analysis
The governing equation for TE analysis is
2 H 0, z 2 H 0, z
kc2 H 0, z 0 kc2 k 2 2
x 2 y 2
After a solution is obtained, the remaining field
components are calculated according to
j H 0, z j H 0, z
H 0, x E0, x
kc2 x kc2 y
j H 0, z j H 0, z
H 0, y E0, y
kc2 y kc2 x
E0, z 0
Slide 8
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General Form of the Solution
From the geometry of the waveguide, the general form of the
solution can be immediately written as
H z x, y, z H 0, z x, y e j z
Viewing the rectangular waveguide as the combination of
two parallel plate waveguides, apply separation of variables
to write H0,z(x,y) as the product of two functions.
H 0, z x, y X x Y y
Slide 9
Separation of Variables (1 of 3)
The solution is written as the product of two 1D functions, X(x) and Y(y). Substitute this
solution back into the differential equation.
H 0, z x, y X x Y y
2 H 0, z 2 H 0, z
kc2 H 0, z 0
x 2 y 2
2 XY 2 XY
kc2 XY 0 To be compact, drop the 𝑥 and 𝑦 notation.
x 2 y 2
2 X 2Y
Y X kc2 XY 0 Move 𝑋 𝑥 out of the 𝜕⁄𝜕𝑥 operation and 𝑌 𝑦 out of the 𝜕⁄𝜕𝑦 operation.
x 2 y 2
1 d 2 X 1 d 2Y The derivatives become ordinary because X(x) and Y(y) have only one
kc2 0
X dx 2 Y dy 2 independent variable each.
Slide 10
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Separation of Variables (2 of 3)
First, attention is focused on the x‐dependence in the differential equation.
1 d 2 X 1 d 2Y
2
2
kc2 0
X dx Y dy
d2X
k x2
This definition of 𝑘 lets the differential
2
k x2 X 0
equation be written as a wave equation. dx
Second, attention is focused on the y‐dependence in the differential equation.
1 d2X 1 d 2Y
kc
2
0
X dx 2 Y dy 2
d 2Y
k 2 This definition of 𝑘 lets the differential k y2Y 0
y equation be written as a wave equation. dy 2
Slide 11
Separation of Variables (3 of 3)
If all of this is correct, then it should be possible to add the two new differential equations
together to get the original differential equation.
d2X 1 d2X
k x2 X 0 k x2 0
dx 2 X dx 2
d 2Y 1 d 2Y
dy 2
k y2Y 0 + Y dy 2 k y2 0
1 d 2 X 1 d 2Y
k x2 k y2 0
X dx 2 Y dy 2
The original differential equation is obtained if
Original differential equation
kc2 k x2 k y2 1 d 2 X 1 d 2Y
kc2 0
X dx 2 Y dy 2
Slide 12
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General Solution
There are now two differential equations to solve.
d2X d 2Y
k x2 X 0 k y2Y 0
dx 2 dy 2
These are essentially the same differential equation so their solution has the same general
form.
d2X
k x2 X 0 X x A cos k x x B sin k x x PP waveguide along x
dx 2
d 2Y
k y2Y 0 Y y C cos k y y D sin k y y PP waveguide along y
dy 2
The overall solution is the product of X(x) and Y(y).
Slide 13
Electromagnetic Boundary Conditions
y
Boundary conditions require that the
tangential component of the electric field
E0, x x, b 0
be zero at the boundary with a perfect
conductor.
b
E0, y 0, y 0
, E0, y a, y 0
a x
z E0, x x, 0 0
Slide 14
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E0,x and E0,y
In order to apply the boundary conditions, the electric field components E0,x and E0,y must
be derived from the expression for H0,z.
j H 0, z
E0, x x, y
kc2 y
j
A cos k x x B sin k x x C cos k y y D sin k y y
kc2 y
j
k y A cos k x x B sin k x x C sin k y y D cos k y y
kc2
j H 0, z
E0, y x, y
kc2 x
j
A cos k x x B sin k x x C cos k y y D sin k y y
kc2 x
j
k x A sin k x x B cos k x x C cos k y y D sin k y y
kc2 Slide 15
Apply Boundary Conditions (1 of 2)
At the x = 0 boundary,
0 E0, y 0, y
j
k x A sin 0 B cos 0 C cos k y y D sin k y y
kc2
j
k x B C cos k y y D sin k y y B0
kc2
At the x = a boundary,
0 E0, y a, y
j
k x A sin k x a C cos k y y D sin k y y
kc2
A = 0 leads to a trivial solution. It must be the sin(kxa) term that enforces the BC.
Slide 16
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Apply Boundary Conditions (2 of 2)
At the y = 0 boundary,
0 E0, x x, 0
j
k y A cos k x x B sin k x x C sin 0 D cos 0
kc2
j
k y A cos k x x B sin k x x D D0
kc2
At the y = b boundary,
0 E0, x x, b
j
k y A cos k x x B sin k x x C sin k y b
kc2
C = 0 leads to a trivial solution. It must be the sin(kyb) term that enforces the BC.
Revised Solution for H0,z
It was determined that B = D = 0 so the expression for H0,z becomes
H 0, z x, y AC cos k x x cos k y y
The product AC is written as a single constant Amn.
Also, recall the conditions for kx and ky.
m n
k x a m kx k y b n ky
a b
m x n y
H 0, z x, y Amn cos cos
a b
Slide 18
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Entire Solution (1 of 2)
The final expression for H0,z is
m x n y
H 0, z x, y Amn cos cos E0, z x, y 0
a b
From this, the other field components are
j n m x n y
E0, x x, y 2
Amn cos sin
kc b a b
j m m x n y
E0, y x, y 2
Amn sin cos
kc a a b
j mn m m x n y
H 0, x x, y 2
Amn sin cos
kc a a b
j mn n m x n y
H 0, y x, y Amn cos sin
kc2b a b
Slide 19
Entire Solution (2 of 2)
The overall electric and magnetic fields at any position are
j n m x n y j mn z
E x x, y , z Amn cos sin e
kc2b a b
j m m x n y j mn z
E y x, y , z 2
Amn sin cos e
kc a a b
E z x, y , z 0
j mn m m x n y j mn z
H x x, y , z 2
Amn sin cos e
kc a a b
j mn n m x n y j mn z
H y x, y , z 2
Amn cos sin e
kc b a b
m x n y j mn z
H z x, y, z Amn cos cos e
a b
Slide 20
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Phase Constant,
Recall the cutoff wave number
kc2 k x2 k y2
After analyzing the boundary conditions, this expression can be written as
2 2
m n
kc2
a b
The phase constant is therefore
kc2 k 2 2
2 k 2 kc2
2 2
m n
mn k k k
2 2
c
2
a b
Slide 21
Cutoff Frequency, fc
Recall the expression for the phase constant
mn k 2 kc2
The phase constant must be a real number for a guided mode. This requires
k kc
k kc
2 2
kc kc 1 m n
f c,mn
2 2 a b
2 f c kc
Slide 22
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Characteristic Impedance, ZTE
The characteristic impedance 𝑍 of the TE mode is
j n m x n y j z
Amn cos sin e
Ex 2
kc b a b k
Z TE
Hy j mn n m x n y j z mn mn
Amn cos sin e
kc2b a b
Slide 23
Cutoff for First‐Order TE Mode (1 of 2)
The cutoff frequency for the TEmn mode was found to be
2 2
1 m n
f c,mn
2 a b
What about the TE00 mode?
TE 00 m n 0
2 2
1 0 0 The TE00 mode does not exist because it is impossible for a
f c,00 0 mode in this waveguide to have a cutoff frequency of 0 Hz.
2 a b
Slide 24
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Cutoff for First‐Order TE Mode (2 of 2)
What about the TE01 mode?
TE 01 m 0, n 1
2 2
1 0 1 1
f c,01
2 a b 2b
What about the TE10 mode?
TE10 m 1, n 0
2 2
1 1 0 1
f c,10
2 a b 2a
Single Mode Operation (1 of 2)
Over what range of frequencies does a rectangular waveguide supports only a single TE mode?
f c1 f f c2
Low‐Frequency Cutoff
1
The lower frequency cutoff was just found. f c1
2a
High‐Frequency Cutoff
The high‐frequency cutoff is the frequency where the second‐order TE mode is supported. This could be the
TE01, TE11 or TE20 mode. All must be considered.
2 2
1 0 1 1 TE11 will always have a higher cutoff frequency than TE01.
TE 01 : f c,01
2 a b 2b
The second‐order mode depends on choice of a and b.
2 2 2
1 1 b
TE11 : f c,11 1
2 a b 2b a
2 2 f c ,01 a 2b
1 2 0 1 2b fc 2
TE 20 : f c,20
2 a b 2b a f c ,20 a 2b (typical)
Slide 26
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Single Mode Operation (2 of 2)
Bandwidth
Typical rectangular waveguides will have a > 2b, so
1 1
f c1 fc 2
2a a
1 1 1
f f c2 f c1
a 2a 2a
Fractional Bandwidth
Continuing the assumption that a > 2b, the fractional bandwidth can be calculated from fc1 and fc2 above as
follows
1 1
f f c2 f c1 f f a 2a 2
FBW 2 c2 c1 2 66.7%
f c f c2 f c1 2 f c2 f c1 1
1 3
a 2a
Slide 27
Example #1 – TE Mode Analysis (1 of 4)
Suppose there exists an air‐filled rectangular waveguide with a = 3 cm and b = 2 cm.
What is the cutoff frequency of the waveguide?
1 c0 299792458 m s
f c1 5.0 GHz
2a 2a r r 2 0.03 m 1.0 1.0
Over what range of frequencies is the waveguide single mode?
Observing that a < 2b, so the second‐order mode is TE01.
1 c0 299792458 m s
fc 2 7.5 GHz
2b 2b r r 2 0.02 m 1.0 1.0
Slide 28
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Example #1 – TE Mode Analysis (2 of 4)
What is the fractional bandwidth of the waveguide?
f f f 7.5 5.0
FBW 100% 200% 2 1 200% 40%
f f 2 f1 7.5 5.0
Plot the phase constant and effective refractive index for the first‐order and second‐order
modes from DC up to 15 GHz.
2 2
2 f
TE10 : 1
c0 a
2 2
The phase constant m n
mn k
2
is calculated as: a b 2 f
2 2
TE01: 2
c0 b
The effective c
refractive index is k0 neff neff 0
calculated as: 2 f 2 f
c0
Slide 29
Example #1 – TE Mode Analysis (3 of 4)
Plot the phase constant and effective refractive index for the first‐order and second‐order
modes from DC up to 15 GHz.
2 2 2 2
2 f 2 f c0 c0
1 2 neff,1 1 neff,2 2
c0 a c0 b 2 f 2 f
Slide 30
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Example #1 – TE Mode Analysis (4 of 4)
Plot the velocity of the modes as a function of frequency.
c0 c0
v1 v2
neff,1 neff,2
Are the modes travelling faster than the speed of light?
Slide 31
Summary of TE Analysis
Field Solution
j n m x n y jmn z
E x x, y , z Amn cos sin e
kc2b a b
j m m x n y j mn z
E y x, y , z Amn sin cos e
kc2 a a b
E z x, y , z 0 ,
j m m x n y jmn z
ab
H x x, y, z mn2 Amn sin cos e
kc a a b
j mn n m x n y jmn z
H y x, y , z Amn cos sin e • TE00 mode does not exist
kc2b a b
• TE10 is the lowest order TE mode
m x n y jmn z
H z x, y, z Amn cos cos e
a b
Slide 32
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TM Analysis
Slide 33
Recall TM Analysis
The governing equation for TM analysis is
2 E0, z 2 E0, z
kc2 E0, z 0 H 0, z 0 kc2 k 2 2
x 2 y 2
After a solution is obtained, the remaining field
components are calculated according to
j E0, z j E0, z
H 0, x E0, x
kc2 y kc2 x
j E0, z j E0, z
H 0, y E0, y
kc2 x kc2 y
Slide 34
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General Form of the Solution
From the geometry of the waveguide, the general form of
the solution can be immediately written as
Ez x, y, z E0, z x, y e j z
Viewing the rectangular waveguide as the combination of
two parallel plate waveguides, apply separation of
variables to write E0,z(x,y) as the product of two functions.
E0, z x, y X x Y y
Slide 35
Separation of Variables (1 of 3)
The solution is written as the product of two 1D functions, X(x) and Y(y). Substitute this
solution back into the differential equation.
E0, z x, y X x Y y
2 E0, z 2 E0, z
kc2 E0, z 0
x 2 y 2
2 XY 2 XY
kc2 XY 0 To be compact, drop the 𝑥 and 𝑦 notation.
x 2 y 2
2 X 2Y
Y X kc2 XY 0 Move 𝑋 𝑥 out of the 𝜕⁄𝜕𝑥 operation and 𝑌 𝑦 out of the 𝜕⁄𝜕𝑦 operation.
x 2 y 2
1 d 2 X 1 d 2Y The derivatives become ordinary because X(x) and Y(y) have only one
kc2 0
X dx 2 Y dy 2 independent variable each.
Slide 36
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Separation of Variables (2 of 3)
First, attention is focused on the x‐dependence in the differential equation.
1 d 2 X 1 d 2Y
2
2
kc2 0
X dx Y dy
d2X
k x2
This definition of 𝑘 lets the differential
2
k x2 X 0
equation be written as a wave equation. dx
Second, attention is focused on the y‐dependence in the differential equation.
1 d2X 1 d 2Y
kc
2
0
X dx 2 Y dy 2
d 2Y
k 2 This definition of 𝑘 lets the differential k y2Y 0
y equation be written as a wave equation. dy 2
Slide 37
Separation of Variables (3 of 3)
It should be possible to add the two new differential equations together to get the original
differential equation.
d2X 1 d2X
k x2 X 0 k x2 0
dx 2 X dx 2
d 2Y 1 d 2Y
dy 2
k y2Y 0 + Y dy 2 k y2 0
1 d 2 X 1 d 2Y
k x2 k y2 0
X dx 2 Y dy 2
The original differential equation is obtained if
Original differential equation
kc2 k x2 k y2 1 d 2 X 1 d 2Y
kc2 0
X dx 2 Y dy 2
Slide 38
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General Solution
There are now two differential equations to solve.
d2X d 2Y
k x2 X 0 k y2Y 0
dx 2 dy 2
These are essentially the same differential equation so their solution
has the same general form.
d2X
k x2 X 0 X x A cos k x x B sin k x x PP waveguide along x
dx 2
d 2Y
k y2Y 0 Y y C cos k y y D sin k y y PP waveguide along y
dy 2
The overall solution is the product of X(x) and Y(y).
Electromagnetic Boundary Conditions
BCs require that the tangential component
y of the electric field be zero at the boundary
E0, z x, b 0 with a perfect conductor. E0,z is tangential
to all interfaces so it is just used directly.
There is no need to calculate E0,x or E0,y.
b
E0, z 0, y 0
, E0, z a, y 0
a x
z E0, z x, 0 0
Slide 40
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Apply Boundary Conditions (1 of 2)
At the x = 0 boundary,
0 E0, z 0, y
A cos 0 B sin 0 C cos k y y D sin k y y
A C cos k y y D sin k y y A0
At the x = a boundary,
0 E0, z a, y
B sin k x a C cos k y y D sin k y y
B = 0 leads to a trivial solution. It must be the sin(kxa) term that enforces the BC.
Slide 41
Apply Boundary Conditions (2 of 2)
At the y = 0 boundary,
0 E0, z x, 0
A cos k x x B sin k x x C cos 0 D sin 0
A cos k x x B sin k x x C C 0
At the y = b boundary,
0 E0, z x, b
A cos k x x B sin k x x D sin k y b
D = 0 leads to a trivial solution. It must be the sin(kyb) term that enforces the BC.
Slide 42
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Revised Solution for E0,z
It was determined that A = C = 0 so the expression for E0,z becomes
Also, recall the conditions for kx and ky.
m n
k x a m kx k y b n ky
a b
m x n y
E0, z x, y Bmn sin sin
a b
Entire Solution (1 of 2)
The final expression for E0,z is
m x n y
E0, z x, y Bmn sin sin H 0, z x, y 0
a b
From this, the other field components are
j mn m m x n y
E0, x x, y Bmn cos sin
kc2 a a b
j mn n m x n y
E0, y x, y Bmn sin cos
kc2b a b
j n m x n y
H 0, x x, y 2
Bmn sin cos
kc b a b
j m m x n y
H 0, y x, y 2
Bmn cos sin
kc a a b
Slide 44
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Entire Solution (2 of 2)
The overall electric and magnetic fields at any position are
j mn m m x n y jmn z
E x x, y , z 2
Bmn cos sin e
kc a a b
j mn n m x n y jmn z
E y x, y , z 2
Bmn sin cos e
kc b a b
m x n y j mn z
Ez x, y, z Bmn sin sin e
a b
j n m x n y jmn z
H x x, y , z 2
Bmn sin cos e
kc b a b
j m m x n y jmn z
H y x, y , z 2
Bmn cos sin e
kc a a b
H z x, y , z 0
Slide 45
Phase Constant,
Recall the cutoff wave number
kc2 k x2 k y2
After analyzing the boundary conditions, this expression can be written as
2 2
m n
k
2
c
a b
The phase constant is therefore
kc2 k 2 2
2 k 2 kc2
2 2
m n
mn k 2 kc2 k 2
a b
Slide 46
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Cutoff Frequency, fc
Recall the expression for the phase constant
mn k 2 kc2
The phase constant must be a real number for a guided mode. This requires
k kc
k kc 2 2
kc 1 m n
f c,mn
kc 2 2 a b
2 f c kc This is the same equation as for the TE modes.
Slide 47
Characteristic Impedance, ZTM
The characteristic impedance 𝑍 for the TM mode is
j mn m m x n y j z
Bmn cos sin e
Ex 2
kc a a b
Z TM mn mn
Hy j m m x n y j z k
2
Bmn cos sin e
kc a a b
Slide 48
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Cutoff for First‐Order TM Mode (1 of 2)
The cutoff frequency for the TMmn mode was found to be
2 2
1 m n
f c,mn
2 a b
etc.
Slide 49
Cutoff for First‐Order TM Mode (2 of 2)
What combination of m and n minimizes fc?
2 2
1 m n
f c,mn
2 a b
The TM11 mode will have the lowest cutoff frequency.
m 1, n 1
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
f c1
2 a b 2 a b
CAUTION: It cannot yet be said that the TM11 is the fundamental mode
because the TE modes have not been checked.
Slide 50
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Example #2 – TM Mode Analysis (1 of 3)
Given an air‐filled rectangular waveguide with a = 3 cm and b = 2 cm.
What is the cutoff frequency of the waveguide?
2 2
1
f c1
2 a b
2 2
1
2 0 r 0 r a b
2 2
1
2 0 0 r r a b 1
Recall that c0
c0
2
1 1
2 0 0
2 r r a b
2 2
299792458 m s 1 1
9.0 GHz
2 1.0 1.0 0.03 m 0.02 m
Slide 51
Example #2 – TM Mode Analysis (2 of 3)
Plot the phase constant and effective refractive index for the first‐order mode from DC up
to 15 GHz. 2
2 2 2
The phase constant m n 2 f
is calculated as: mn k 2 TM11:
a b c0 a
The effective c0
refractive index is k0 neff neff
calculated as: 2 f 2 f
c0
Slide 52
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Example #2 – TM Mode Analysis (3 of 3)
Plot the velocity of the modes as a function of frequency.
c0
v
neff
Are our modes travelling faster than the speed of light?
Slide 53
Summary of TM Analysis
Field Solution
j mn m m x n y j mn z
E x x, y , z Bmn cos sin e
kc2 a a b
j mn n m x n y j mn z
E y x, y , z Bmn sin cos e
kc2b a b ,
m x n y j mn z ab
Ez x, y, z Bmn sin sin e
a b
j n m x n y j mn z
H x x, y , z Bmn sin cos e
kc2b a b • m ≠ 0 and n ≠ 0, so TM00, TM01, TM02, TM10, TM20, etc.
are not supported modes.
j m m x n y j mn z
H y x, y , z Bmn cos sin e • TM11 is the lowest order TM mode
kc2 a a b
H z x, y , z 0
Slide 54
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Visualization of Modes
Slide 55
Animation of TE10
Notice one bright spot along x and zero along y. (m = 1, n = 0)
Slide 56
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Animation of TE20
Notice two bright spots along x and zero along y. (m = 2, n = 0)
Slide 57
Animation of TE01
Notice zero bright spots along x and one along y. (m = 0, n = 1)
Slide 58
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Animation of TE11
Notice one bright spot along x and one along y. (m = 1, n = 1)
Slide 59
Animation of TE21
Notice two bright spots along x and one along y. (m = 2, n = 1)
Slide 60
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Animation of TM11
Slide 61
Conclusions
Slide 62
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The Fundamental Mode
The fundamental mode is the mode which has the lowest cutoff frequency. This is either the
TE10 or the TM11 mode.
2
1 1
f c,TE
2 a It can be observed that the TE10 mode will
2 2
always have the lowest cutoff frequency.
1 1 1
f c,TM
2 a b
It is concluded that the TE10 mode is the fundamental mode of the waveguide.
This is also called the dominant mode. When multiple modes are excited, usually most of
the power ends up in the fundamental mode.
Slide 63
Example #3 – Mode Analysis (1 of 3)
m n TE Cutoff TM Cutoff
Given an air‐filled rectangular waveguide ---
0
---
0
--------- ---------
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Example #3 – Mode Analysis (2 of 3)
Given an air‐filled rectangular waveguide
with a = 4 cm and b = 2 cm, Mode Cutoff
------ ---------
Over what range of frequencies is this TE10 3.74 GHz
TE20 7.48 GHz
waveguide single mode? TE01 7.48 GHz
TE11 8.37 GHz
An easy way to do this is to calculate a table using a TM11 8.37 GHz
desktop computer. TE21 10.58 GHz
TM21 10.58 GHz
Then sort the table in order of increasing cutoff frequency. TE30 11.22 GHz
TE31 13.49 GHz
TM31 13.49 GHz
TE40 14.96 GHz
TE02 14.96 GHz
TE12 15.43 GHz
TM12 15.43 GHz
TE41 16.73 GHz
Slide 65
Example #3 – Mode Analysis (3 of 3)
Given an air‐filled rectangular waveguide Mode Cutoff
------ ---------
with a = 4 cm and b = 2 cm, TE10 3.74 GHz
TE20 7.48 GHz
TE01 7.48 GHz
Over what range of frequencies is this TE11 8.37 GHz
waveguide single mode? TM11 8.37 GHz
TE21 10.58 GHz
An easy way to do this is to calculate a table using a TM21 10.58 GHz
TE30 11.22 GHz
desktop computer. TE31 13.49 GHz
TM31 13.49 GHz
Then sort the table in order of increasing cutoff frequency. TE40 14.96 GHz
TE02 14.96 GHz
It is immediately seen that the TE10 mode is the TE12 15.43 GHz
TM12 15.43 GHz
fundamental mode with the lowest cutoff frequency of 3.74 GHz. TE41 16.73 GHz
Slide 66
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Key Points
• The rectangular waveguide is not a transmission line because it
has less than two conductors.
• When filled with a homogeneous dielectric, the rectangular
waveguide supports TE and TM modes, but not TEM.
• The cutoff frequencies for TEmn and TMmn modes are the same.
• The TE00 mode does not exist.
• For TMmn modes, m ≠ 0 and n ≠ 0 .
• The TE10 is the dominant mode because the TM10 mode does not
exist.
• Phase velocity of the modes exceeds the vacuum speed of light.
Slide 67
Summary of Rectangular Waveguide
Parameter TEmn TMmn
m = n = 0 not allowed m 0 and n 0
k
kc m a n b m a n b
2 2 2 2
k k
2 2
c k k
2 2
c
c 2 kc 2 kc 2 d n
m x n y j z
Ez 0 Bmn sin sin
a b
e
mn
Slide 68
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