International Journal on Cybernetics & Informatics (IJCI) Vol. 11, No.

4, August 2022

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THREE

SELECTIVE CLOUD PROVIDERS
Rehnuma Tasnim, Afrin Akter Mim,
Salman Hasan Mim, Professor Dr. Md. Ismail Jabiullah

Department of Computer Science & Engineering,

Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

ABSTRACT
Cloud Computing means a place where we can store our valuable information of data and access the
computing and networking services following the pay-as-you-go method without a physical environment. In
the present day, cloud computing offers us powerful computing and storage, high availability and security,
instant accessibility and adaptation, guaranteed scalability and interoperability, and cost and time
effectiveness. Cloud computing has three platforms (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS) with exclusive features which
assure to make easy their work for a client, Organization or Trade to build up any kind of IT business. In
this paper, we managed a comparison of cloud service features and after the comparison, It's simple to
select a certain cloud service from the available features by comparison with three selective cloud
providers like Amazon, Microsoft Azure and Digital Ocean. Using the result of this survey to not only find
the similarities and differences between various elements of cloud computing but also to propose some
topics to look into for further research.

KEYWORDS
Cloud Computing, Trending Cloud Providers, cloud Service feature.

1. INTRODUCTION
Cloud Computing is being lauded as the next-generation shift that combines the internet and
computing, allowing software, material and data to be kept on remote servers that are accessible
via the web from anywhere in the world by computers, phones, and televisions, etc. Needless to
mention, cloud computing isn't a replacement idea. Indeed, John McCarthy a computer pioneer,
predicted, in 1961 that Count would one day be organized as a public-service corporation, and
went on to invest in how it could happen. With the passage of your time, we have a brand new
have to analyze huge data, thus motivating a greatly increased demand for computing. The field
of cloud computing has seen enormous growth in recent years, with a variety of cloud providers
emerging. Some providers have concentrated on the computing elements, offering end-users
services such as CPU, storage, databases, and networking. Cloud computing is a pricing
mechanism that is based on the quantity and duration of services or resources used. Cloud
computing offers a wide range of cloud-based services .All clouds have different features, storage
capacities, billing systems and different methods to produce the services from other clouds.
Differing kinds of service models like Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), Platform-as-a-service
(PaaS) and Software-as-a-service (SaaS) are supported.

All of those approaches had drawbacks, such as high infrastructure costs or inefficient resource
consumption. Cloud computing gives people a better option. It consists of big data centers with a
collection of tightly coupled resources. The needs of the end-user are met by dynamically

David C. Wyld et al. (Eds): AIAD, EDU, COMSCI, IOTCB - 2022

pp. 167-178, 2022. IJCI - 2022 DOI:10.5121/ijci.2022.110413
 International Journal on Cybernetics & Informatics (IJCI) Vol. 11, No.4, August 2022
regulated resources. Similar to conventional utilities, Consumers can use computing resources
from a large pool of resources. The recent problem is that folks don't seem to be aware that which
cloud is suitable and consistent with their requirements, they can’t ready choose the suitable
cloud for or their services among the various clouds managed by different cloud providers.
Various cloud computing service companies have emerged over time. Over the last few years,
cloud computing has been the subject of significant research, with a range of concerns being
debated. Security, privacy, energy management, virtualization, and data management are just a
few of the topics being debated. These providers provide various deployment schemes and repair
models. Realizing this issue, this research paper conducts a comparative analysis of the current
major cloud computing providers. A comparative analysis of various service providers is then
provided.

2. RELATED WORK
This study conducted completely highlights the attempts from the standpoint of next-generation
cellular networking, as well as the open research areas to gain the maximum value from the
combination of telecommunication and cloud computing.[2] This paper's comparative results
show that the features of each cloud storage system play a significant role in the decision-making
process when switching to cloud services.[3] From an economic standpoint, this paper compares
several cloud service providers. It computes the costs of services offered by providers in various
circumstances.[4] They give a measuring analysis of three main Personal Clouds in this paper:
DropBox, Box, and SugarSync. They investigated key components of Personal Cloud storage
services in order to define their performance, with a focus on data transmissions. [6] Researchers
demonstrated Cloud computing from several perspectives, including definitions, characteristics,
and technology. They've depicted a number of representative platforms for Cloud
computing.[7]The benefits and drawbacks of cloud computing, cloud storage systems, and
infrastructure built using web services like Amazon Web Services are discussed in this article.[8].
They highlighted continuing work on a heterogeneous ocean research platform based on modern
decentralized computer and networking architecture.[13]The purpose of this paper is to
investigate Microsoft's Windows Azure technology as well as commonly utilized servers.[14]

3. AN OVERVIEW OF CLOUD MODEL AND PLATFORM

Simply interpretable that instead of storing a file in a local device or computing in a physical
workplace, cloud computing allows you to save any file or access it through the internet and
make it secure, reliable and scalable. Basically, the cloud computing model is divided into two
categories. They are the development model and the service model, each model also has four
categories. Here is a brief of them sequentially.

3.1. Cloud Deployment Model

1) Public cloud: It is accessible and usable for everyone. Public clouds operate in the local
network and anybody can access them for their regular needs. It is mainly used to connect
globally.
2) Private cloud: It’s only accessible by a required company or an organization. A private
cloud is secure to use and owned by a single organization or a person which is mainly for
high-security purposes.
3) Hybrid cloud: Basically it refers to all the functionalities of both public cloud and private
cloud into a system named a hybrid cloud. When a company or organization needs all the
qualities of both private and public cloud then it’s very helpful to use. The private cloud

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makes the organization secure and the public cloud shares the content and activities of the
organization with the customers.
4) Community cloud: When a joint organization needs to exchange its data effectively then it’s
the perfect solution to exchange their data by using the community cloud. Bank organization
is the best example of it.

3.1.1. Cloud Service Model

1) Infrastructure as a service (IaaS): IaaS provides the basic computing infrastructure and it’s
used only for IT administrators by allowing remote servers.
2) Platform as a service (PaaS): PaaS provides a platform where you can develop, test and
manage any kind of small or large applications by a software developer.
3) Software as a service (SaaS): Saas provides to hosts and manages the software applications
on a pay-as-you-go pricing model. Google drive is the best example of it and it’s used by
end customers.
4) Unified communication as a service (UCaas): UCaas is based on a technology which is
called voice over internet protocol (VOIP). UCAS provides support for enterprise telephone,
meetings, unified messaging, instant messaging and presence, mobility, and
communications-enabled business processes. It's similar to the software-as-a-service (SaaS)
model.

Table 1. A Qualitative and Quantitative Comparison table on Amazon, Azure and Digital Ocean

Points/Provider Name Amazon Azure Digital Ocean

Launched 2007 2010 2011

Data-Center 84 42 12

Services Amount 100+ 200+(divided into 18 8+

categories)

The company take Facebook, Netflix, Verizon, MSI Cerberus-tech, Line-

services twitch, LinkedIn, Computer, LG up, Easysize, EMR-
BBC, Adobe, Canon, electronics, NTT bear, Adeva, Hact the
Docker etc America, Wikimedia box, cloudways,
Foundation, News Digital Stage, Obo,
Crop, Intel etc JQuery, GitLab, etc

Global Market 32% 21% 8%

Occupied

Service Model IaaS, PaaS, SaaS IaaS, PaaS, SaaS IaaS, SaaS

Server OS Type Any OS Windows, Linux Windows, Linux

Feature Products 1. Amazon 1. Virtual Machines. 1. Droplets. (Scalable

EC2.(Virtual servers in (Provision Windows virtual machines)
the cloud) and Linux VMs in 2. Kubernetes.
2. Amazon Simple seconds) (Managed Kubernetes
storage.(Scalable 2. Azure Virtual clusters)
storage in the cloud) Desktop. (Enable a 3. App Platform. (Get
3. Amazon Aurora. secure, remote desktop apps to market faster)
(High-performance from anywhere) 4. Databases. (Worry-

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managed relational 3. Azure SQL. free setup &

database) (Modern SQL family maintenance)
4. Amazon for migration and app 5.Spaces.(Simple
DynamoDB.(Managed modernization) object storage)
NoSQL database) 4. Azure Cosmos
5. Amazon RDS. DB.(Build or
(Managed MySQL, modernize scalable &
PostgreSQL, Oracle, high-performance
SQL Server, and apps)
MariaDB) 5. Azure Kubernetes
6. AWS Lambda. (Run service. (Deploy and
code without thinking scale containers on
about managed Kubernetes)
servers) 6. Azure Cognitive
7. Amazon services.(add cognitive
VPC.(Isolated cloud capabilities to apps
resources) with APIs and AI
8. Amazon Lightsail. service)
(launch & manage 7. App Service.
virtual private servers) (quickly create
9. Amazon powerful cloud apps
SageMaker.(Build,trai for web and mobile)
n and deploy machine 8. Azure Playfab.
learning models at (everything you need
scale) to build and operate a
live game on one
platform)
9. Azure
Functions.(execute
event-driven serverless
code with an end-to-
end development)
10. Azure Quantum.
(jump in & explore a
diverse selection of
today’s quantum
hardware, software and
solutions)

Solutions Archiving, Backup and Application Website hosting, Web

restore, Blockchain, development, Data and & Mobile Apps, Video
cloud migration, cloud Analytics, Security and steaming
operations, containers, governance, AI, hosting, Gaming
content delivery, Hybrid cloud and development, Cloud
database migrations, infrastructure, Cloud VPN, Bid data
data lakes and migration and computing,
analytics, DevOps, E- modernization, Internet Startups, SaaS
commerce, Edge of things, Energy, Development, Agency
computing, Front-End Financial support, & Web dev shops,
web & mobile, High Media and Managed cloud hosting
performance Entertainment, providers etc
computing, Hybrid Gaming, HealthCare,
Cloud Architecture, Retail, and
Internet of Things, Manufacturing.
Machine learning, *Azure provides 45+
Modern application solutions.

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development, Remote *Digital Ocean

Work, Scientific provides
Computing, Serverless 10+ solutions.
computing, websites,
Power and utilities,
Semiconductor, sports,
etc.
*Amazon provides 45+
solutions.

Supporting Java, python, ruby, C#, Java, Node Js, Clojure, Go, Java,
Programming PHP, Node Js, Scala TypeScript ect .NET, iOS, Haskell,
Language Haskell, Perl etc Node.js, Perl, python,
Ruby, Scala,
TypeScript

Compute Service EC2, AWS Lamda, Azure Virtual Droplets, Kubernetes,

Amazon Lightsail, Machine(VMs), Azure App Platform
Elastic BaenStalk Container Service,
Azure App Service,
Azure Batch and
Azure Service Fabric

Storage Service Amazon S3, EBS, S3 Disk Storage, Blob Block Storage, Space
Glacier, Flie Storage Storage, File Storage, Storage
Queue Storage

Networking Services Amazon VPC, Azure CDN, Express Virtual Private Cloud,
Amazon Route 53, Route, Virtual Cloud Firewalls, Load
Elastic Load Balancing Network, Azure DNS Balancer, Floating IPs
DNS

Type of Load Application, Network, Azure Load Balancer, Application, Network,

Balancing Gateway Load Internal Load Classic Load Balancer
Balancer Balancer(ILB), Traffic
Manager

Kubernetes Elastic Kubernetes Azure kubernetes Digital Ocean

Service Service Kubernetes
(DOKS)

Algorithm The A9 & A10 It has a large library Elliptic Curve Digital
Algorithm. But A10 from classification, Signature Algorithm
Algorithm is very recommender systems, (ECDSA) instead of
similar to A9. clustering, anomaly RSA.
detection, regression
and text analytics
families for azure
machine learning.

Support available 24/7, Forums, self-help 24/7, forums, live Automated Backups,
resources, chats, telephonic 24/7 Real-Time
documentation communications, Monitoring, Q&A,
documentation tutorial, product doc,
API doc, etc.

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4. CLOUD SERVICE PRODUCT AND COST

Cloud computing provides network, compute and storage services that are simple to use and
access over the internet.

4.1. Networking Service

Cloud networking service refers to connecting the networking resources as a third-party provider.
Every cloud provider has its own networking system and it works in a certain way and is
supported by certain things. We focused only on these selective providers’ Amazon, Azure and
Digital Ocean (As mentioned) networking services. First of all, we know that networking services
mainly provide Load balancer, Support IPv4 and IPv6, Virtualization Network, Content delivery
network, DNS, Private link and DDos Protection.

In computing, load balancing is a term used to refer to the act of allocating a collection of jobs
among a set of resources in order to increase overall processing efficiency. It mainly works to
improve the performance of response time. The load balancer monitors the incoming network
traffic from the clients and finds the next route request to deliver to the registered destination. It
also tracks the suitable destination to ensure the final destination to deliver the resources. There
are many types of load balancers which are mentioned below. IP(Internet Protocol) address is
also known as a unique address. It is mainly used to identify a device. The difference between
IPv4(version 4) and IPv6(version 6) is their size. The size of IPv4 addresses is 32 bits long and
IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long.

In the table, all of these three cloud providers provide IPv4 service. For IPv6, Amazon and Azure
both supported ipv6 but Digital Ocean does not support ipv6.

Devices can share the same capabilities as a traditional physical network across multiple
locations thanks to virtual networking. This feature allows the virtualization method.

The content delivery network feature distributes the networking content in groups where the
distribution process is geographically and all of them are connected to servers. It’s mainly used
for the fast delivery of the content for the clients in different locations which are interconnected
with the servers globally. DNS (Domain Name System) is a hierarchical distributed database that
lets you store and look up IP addresses and other data by name and Amazon, Azure and Digital
Ocean all provide Domain name system services.

In this table, some features are given by the selective cloud providers.

Table 2. A Comparison table on Networking Services

Features Amazon Azure Digital Ocean

Load Balancer Yes Yes Yes

Types of Load- 1.Classic Load 1.Azure Traffic 1.Resize Load

Balancer Balancer, Manager, Balancer,
2.Network Load 2.Azure Load 2. Scale Load Balancer
Balancer(NLBs), Balancer,
3.Application Load 3.Azure Application
Balancer(ALBs), Gateway,
4.Gateway Load 4. Azure Front Door

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Balancer(GWLBs)

Support IPv4 & Yes Yes No

IPv6[2] (Don’t Support IPv6)

Virtual Network[3] Yes Yes Yes

Content Delivery Yes Yes Yes

Network

Provide DNS Yes Yes Yes

Provide Private Link Yes Yes No

DDos Protection Yes Yes No(Cloud Flare)

4.2. Compute Service

Computing Services refers to all information technology and computer systems (including
software, application service provider services, hosted computing services, information
technology and telecommunication hardware, and other equipment) related to the transmission,
storage, maintenance, organization, presentation, generation, processing, or analysis of data and
information, whether in an electronic or non-electronic format, whether in an electronic or non-
electronic format. We focused on the top three cloud providers in this paper: Amazon, Azure, and
Digital Ocean. All of these companies offer a variety of computer services to their clients. As a
result, we select one computing service from each of these cloud providers. We use AWS Lamda
for Amazon, Azure VM for Azure, and Kubernetes for the Digital Ocean. In this table, we
compare these computing services based on a variety of factors such as their billing system,
working method, supported languages, and more.

Table 3. A Comparison table on Compute Services

Features AWS Lamda Azure_VM Kubernetes

Automatic Scaling Scaling is done Azure Virtual To enable autoscaling

automatically on the Machines (VM) is one on an existing node
size of the workload. It of several forms of pool,
scales the application scalable, on-demand navigate to cluster in
running the code in computing resources the Kubernetes section
response to each offered by Azure. An of the control panel.
trigger. The number of Azure VM gives you using Autoscaling in
requests that a client's virtualization Response to Heavy
code can process is flexibility without the Resource. A
limitless. Within need to purchase and walkthrough that
milliseconds of an maintain the physical builds an autoscaling
incident, AWS hardware that runs it. cluster and
Lambda typically starts demonstrates the
running your code. interplay between an
Because Lambda HPA and a CA.
scales dynamically,
efficiency remains
stable as the a number
of events grows.

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Billing Pay only for the code Pay only for what you Pay-as-you-go
running time use payment mechanism

Supported languages C#, Java, python, ruby, C#, Java, Node Js, Clojure, Go, Java,
for computing PHP, Node Js, Scala TypeScript , Run time .NET, iOS, Haskell,
Haskell, Perl etc SQL Server, SPA , Node.js, Perl, python,
Oracle ect Ruby, Scala,
TypeScript

How Does It works

Customer CocaCola, Benchling, Sentara, Pearson, Line-Up, Batch, Kea,

Stedi, etc Canadian Imperial Adeva, Zuar,
Bank of Commerce, CloudWaysetc
Accela,
Forever21

Service Model Over 200 AWS PaaS IaaS

Services and SaaS
application serverless
compute service

Back-up N/A Backup Storage is an Kubernetes Backup is

auto-scaling, reliable a data protection
set of storage accounts solution for vessels
managed by Azure assigned as a
Backup and isolated Kubernetes cluster.
from customer tenants Kubernetes backup
to provide additional applications can
security. Charges for completely back up all
storage are separate files in containers,
from the cost of Azure incremental backups,
Backup Protected or differential backups.
Instances. It is best to run the
Kubernetes backup
software frequently
and periodically to
protect files,
configurations, and
constantly changing
data.

4.3. Storage Service

Traditional network storage and hosted storage are essential to the advancement of cloud storage.
The benefit of cloud storage is that you may access your data from anywhere. Cloud storage
services can store everything from a single piece of information to an entire company's
warehouse. Customers will pay the cloud storage provider based on what they use and how they
transmit data to the cloud. Essentially, the cloud storage client replicates the data to any of the
cloud storage providers’ data servers. Duplicates of data are provided on all or opposite data
servers of cloud storage providers so that there is redundancy in availability which ensures that
even if something goes wrong the customer's data is protected. Most of the systems store
identical data server that uses different power supplies. Because of the rapid development of data
and the need to keep it more secure and longer, businesses must integrate how they handle and
use the information from the moment the information is created until it is destroyed. We now

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have the option of storing all of our data on the Internet. Third parties provide and manage this
off-site storage over the Internet. Cloud Storage implies that a big pool of storage was available
for use with three distinct features: access via the Web Services API over a shaky network
connection, quick availability of enormous amounts of storage, and payment for what you use. It
supports fast scalability. Cloud storage is an offer of cloud computing. Amazon Web Services,
Azure, and Digital Ocean offer many storage tools, but it's not clear which one is best for your
needs. Here's the most popular AWS storage are Amazon S3 (Simple Storage Service), Amazon
EBS (Elastic Block Store), and Amazon S3 Glacier. Azure storage is Disk Storage, Blob Storage,
File Storage, and Queue Storage. And also Digital Ocean storage is Volumes Block Storage,
Space Object Storage. We're here to give you an overview of storage, what they're designed for,
how they differ, and how to use each service.

Table 4. A Comparison table of Storage services

Features AWS Azure Digital Ocean

Storage-related Simple Storage Service Blob Storage, Block Storage,

Services (S3), Queue Storage, Space Object Storage
Elastic Block Storage File Storage,
(EBS), Disk Storage,
Elastic File System Data Lake Storage
(EFS),
Storage Gateway
File Storage

Database-related Aurora, SQL, MySQL, PostgreSQL,

services DBS, MySQL, MongoDB
DynamoDB, PostgreSQL, Redis,
ElastiCache, Data Warehouse, Memgraph,
Redshift, Server Stretch EdgeDB,
Neptune, Database, PhpMyAdmin
Database Migration Cosmos DB,
Service, Table Storage,
Redis Cache,
Data Factory,

Backup services S3 Glacier Archival Storage Droplet Snapshot

Recovery Backups, (snapshot-based
Site Recovery backup system)

Table 4.1. A Comparison table of Storage services

Features Amazon Azure Digital Ocean-

Disk Storage Yes Yes No

Data Backup Yes Yes Yes

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Features Amazon Azure Digital Ocean-

Store and access Yes Yes Yes

unstructured data

File storage Yes Yes No

Data transfer and Yes Yes Yes

edge compute

4.4. Pricing Structure

In this table, we examine pricing types and the price differences for different types of virtual
CPUs for these suppliers.

Table 5. A Comparison table on pricing type

Amazon Azure Digital Ocean

Pricing Type Pay-as-you-go, On- Pay as you go, on- Pay as you go pricing.
demand demand per
second billing

Table 6. A Comparison table on basic virtual machine cost

Virtual CPU Amazon Azure Digital Ocean

1 vCPU 8.50$ 7.59$ 5$

2 vCPU 15.23$ 15.11$ 15$

4vCPU 60.91$ 60.74$ 40$

8 vCPU 121.50$ 121.18$ 80$

5. ANALYSIS OF THE COMPARISON ON AMAZON, AZURE AND DIGITAL

OCEAN
The analysis of the above comparisons shows the following result: Amazon and Azure deliver
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS),
whereas DigitalOcean provides Infrastructure as a ser Service (IaaS). AWS and Azure are better
for large scalable applications, whereas Digital Ocean is better for developers and tiny apps.
Digital Ocean, mainly suitable for small developers and modest enterprises who need to rapidly
set up a small high-performance instance, is its target market. Even still, when it comes to VM
performance on the two platforms, Amazon is being beaten by the scrappy rival. Each provider is
the best for a variety of different tasks. But overall DigitalOcean is best in terms of VPS
Performance based on network speed, CPU usage, web server capacity, CPU-intensive operation
rate, and Sequential read/write rates in our selective three cloud providers. [18]

So simply says that “Digital Ocean is not really an Amazon and Azure competitor”. But in their
continuous triangle pricing battle, Amazon, Microsoft Azure, and Digital Ocean are as

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formidable as ever. If you expect a lot of data outflow, you should search for companies that offer
a substantial provision rather than those that charge by the GB. This is particularly true when data
transmission is not interzonal. Unfortunately, all three cloud companies fail to convey relevant
subscription information in a logical manner, resorting to price structure obfuscation that borders
on nonsense (though Microsoft is a bit better than Amazon and Digital Ocean in this regard).
And, while their cloud products may differ in various ways, Amazon's information page appears
positively byzantine when contrasted with Digital Ocean's no-nonsense approach.

6. FUTURE WORK
This paper enhances in our understanding of cloud services. Despite the fact that we did not
discuss the security provided by these cloud providers. In the future, we plan to expand our
analysis to include more elements, such as how service providers replicate data and identify some
of the top security dangers associated to cloud data, with data loss being the most serious security
concern. Cloud computing will be one of the most in-demand occupations in software
development, with implications for cloud infrastructure security. Industry lacks the necessary
skills to ensure integrity, which is a serious worry. The shortage of trained cyber security
specialists is a moderate to significant worry for 93 percent of business.[17]

7. CONCLUSIONS
This paper provides an overview of the cloud functionalities provided by major service providers.
We compare the most popular cloud providers, including Amazon, Azure, and Digital Ocean.
This document explains the many sorts of disparities between these providers in terms of various
attributes. This study focuses on the primary services provided by various cloud providers, such
as storage, computation, and network services. Data storage, servers, databases, networking, and
software, as well as other tools and applications. are some examples of the resources. In recent
years, any commercial organization has shifted its operations to the cloud, which has shown to be
profitable and attracted the interest of many others. The information gathered in this research
paper will help cloud customers choose the significant cloud provider according to their needs as
well as the services provided by the selected cloud provider.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We, the authors of this paper, would like to express our gratitude to our mentor, for his assistance
in completing this research. And thanks to my university Daffodil International University,
Bangladesh for support.

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AUTHORS

Rehnuma Tasnim. Currently, is pursuing her B.S.C in Computer Science in Computer

Science and Engineering from Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. She
and her team presented their first paper at the International Conference on IoT, Cloud and
Big Data. Her areas of research are Computer networks, cloud infrastructure, IoT,
Machine learning, and Big Data.

Afrin Akter Mim. Currently, is pursuing her B.S.C in Computer Science in Computer
Science and Engineering from Daffodil International University. She and her team
presented this paper at the International Conference on IoT, Cloud and Big Data (IOTCB
2022). Her areas of research are Computer networks, cloud infrastructure, Machine
learning, and Deep Learning.

Salman Hasan Mim is pursuing her B. Sc in Daffodil International University. His

strength is her attitude and he likes to take on challenges. He and his team presented this
paper at the International Conference on IoT, Cloud and Big Data (IOTCB 2022). His
areas of research are Computer Networks, Network Security, IoT, Operating Systems and
Distributed Computing.

Professor Dr. Md. Ismail Jabiullah is currently a Professor at the Department of

computer science engineering, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. He
received his B.sc(Hons) and M.sc in Mathematics with first-class from Dhaka University
and also an honors scholarship from Dhaka University. He obtained a Ph.D. in Computer
science and engineering. His research area is Network Security, Web Security, Software
Security, Internet Security, Image Processing, Computer Vision, Wireless Network,
Cellular Network, Satellite Network, Artificial Intelligence and Neural Networks,
Software Testing, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning. He has published 27 books 78 International
journal papers and 105 conference papers.

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